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Penley MJ, Greenberg AB, Khalid A, Namburar SR, Morran LT. No measurable fitness cost to experimentally evolved host defence in the Caenorhabditis elegans-Serratia marcescens
host-parasite system. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:1976-1981. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arooj Khalid
- Department of Biology; Emory University; Atlanta GA USA
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Faria VG, Martins NE, Paulo T, Teixeira L, Sucena É, Magalhães S. Evolution of Drosophila resistance against different pathogens and infection routes entails no detectable maintenance costs. Evolution 2015; 69:2799-809. [PMID: 26496003 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens exert a strong selective pressure on hosts, entailing host adaptation to infection. This adaptation often affects negatively other fitness-related traits. Such trade-offs may underlie the maintenance of genetic diversity for pathogen resistance. Trade-offs can be tested with experimental evolution of host populations adapting to parasites, using two approaches: (1) measuring changes in immunocompetence in relaxed-selection lines and (2) comparing life-history traits of evolved and control lines in pathogen-free environments. Here, we used both approaches to examine trade-offs in Drosophila melanogaster populations evolving for over 30 generations under infection with Drosophila C Virus or the bacterium Pseudomonas entomophila, the latter through different routes. We find that resistance is maintained after up to 30 generations of relaxed selection. Moreover, no differences in several classical life-history traits between control and evolved populations were found in pathogen-free environments, even under stresses such as desiccation, nutrient limitation, and high densities. Hence, we did not detect any maintenance costs associated with resistance to pathogens. We hypothesize that extremely high selection pressures commonly used lead to the disproportionate expression of costs relative to their actual occurrence in natural systems. Still, the maintenance of genetic variation for pathogen resistance calls for an explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vítor G Faria
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Nelson E Martins
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tânia Paulo
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Luís Teixeira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Élio Sucena
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Apartado 14, 2781-901, Oeiras, Portugal. .,Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, edifício C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Sara Magalhães
- cE3c: Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, edifício C2, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Nepoux V, Babin A, Haag C, Kawecki TJ, Le Rouzic A. Quantitative genetics of learning ability and resistance to stress in Drosophila melanogaster. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:543-56. [PMID: 25691979 PMCID: PMC4328760 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though laboratory evolution experiments have demonstrated genetic variation for learning ability, we know little about the underlying genetic architecture and genetic relationships with other ecologically relevant traits. With a full diallel cross among twelve inbred lines of Drosophila melanogaster originating from a natural population (0.75 < F < 0.93), we investigated the genetic architecture of olfactory learning ability and compared it to that for another behavioral trait (unconditional preference for odors), as well as three traits quantifying the ability to deal with environmental challenges: egg-to-adult survival and developmental rate on a low-quality food, and resistance to a bacterial pathogen. Substantial additive genetic variation was detected for each trait, highlighting their potential to evolve. Genetic effects contributed more than nongenetic parental effects to variation in traits measured at the adult stage: learning, odorant perception, and resistance to infection. In contrast, the two traits quantifying larval tolerance to low-quality food were more strongly affected by parental effects. We found no evidence for genetic correlations between traits, suggesting that these traits could evolve at least to some degree independently of one another. Finally, inbreeding adversely affected all traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Nepoux
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Babin
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Haag
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHA Montpellier 5, FR-34293, France
| | - Tadeusz J Kawecki
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Le Rouzic
- Laboratoire Evolution Génome et Spéciation, UPR 9034, CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette, FR-91198, France
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Duncan AB, Fellous S, Kaltz O. REVERSE EVOLUTION: SELECTION AGAINST COSTLY RESISTANCE IN DISEASE-FREE MICROCOSM POPULATIONS OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM. Evolution 2011; 65:3462-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Wölfle S, Trienens M, Rohlfs M. Experimental evolution of resistance against a competing fungus in Drosophila melanogaster. Oecologia 2009; 161:781-90. [PMID: 19597847 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-009-1414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Competition between microorganisms and arthropods has been shown to be an important ecological interaction determining animal development and spatial distribution patterns in saprophagous communities. In fruit-inhabiting Drosophila, variation in insect developmental success is not only determined by species-specific effects of various noxious filamentous fungi but, as suggested by an earlier study, also by additive genetic variation in the ability to successfully withstand the negative impact of the fungi. If this variation represents a direct adaptive response to the degree to which insect breeding substrates are infested with harmful fungi, genetic variation for successful development in the presence of fungi could be maintained by variation in infestation of resource patches with fungi. We selected for the ability to resist the negative influence of mould by maintaining replicated Drosophila melanogaster populations on substrates infested with Aspergillus nidulans. After five cycles of exposure to the fungus during the larval stage, the selected populations were compared with unselected control populations regarding adult survival and reproduction to reveal an evolved resistance against the fungal competitor. On fungus-infested larval feeding substrates, emerged adults from mould-selected populations had higher survival rates and higher early fecundity than the control populations. In the unselected populations, females had higher mortality rates than males, and a high proportion of both females and males appeared to be unable to lay eggs or fertilise eggs, respectively. When larvae developed on non-infested food we found indications of a loss of resistance to abiotic and starvation stress in the adult stage in flies from the selected populations. This suggests that there are costs associated with an increase in resistance against the microbial competitor. We discuss the underlying mechanisms that might have selected for increased resistance against harmful fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Wölfle
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24098 Kiel, Germany
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Alghamdi A, Raine NE, Rosato E, Mallon EB. No evidence for an evolutionary trade-off between learning and immunity in a social insect. Biol Lett 2009; 5:55-7. [PMID: 18957358 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response affects learning and memory in insects. Given this and the known fitness costs of both the immune system and learning, does an evolutionary trade-off exist between these two systems? We tested this by measuring the learning ability of 12 bumble-bee (Bombus terrestris) colonies in a free-flying paradigm. We then tested their immune response using the zone of inhibition assay. We found a positive relationship between colony learning performance and immune response, that is, fast-learning colonies also show high levels of antimicrobial activity. We conclude that there is no a priori reason to demand an evolutionary relationship between two traits that are linked physiologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alghamdi
- Biology Department, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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