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Hoikkala A, Poikela N. Adaptation and ecological speciation in seasonally varying environments at high latitudes: Drosophila virilis group. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:85-104. [PMID: 35060806 PMCID: PMC8786326 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2021.2016327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Living in high latitudes and altitudes sets specific requirements on species’ ability to forecast seasonal changes and to respond to them in an appropriate way. Adaptation into diverse environmental conditions can also lead to ecological speciation through habitat isolation or by inducing changes in traits that influence assortative mating. In this review, we explain how the unique time-measuring systems of Drosophila virilis group species have enabled the species to occupy high latitudes and how the traits involved in species reproduction and survival exhibit strong linkage with latitudinally varying photoperiodic and climatic conditions. We also describe variation in reproductive barriers between the populations of two species with overlapping distributions and show how local adaptation and the reinforcement of prezygotic barriers have created partial reproductive isolation between conspecific populations. Finally, we consider the role of species-specific chromosomal inversions and the X chromosome in the development of reproductive barriers between diverging lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Noora Poikela
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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2
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3
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Wiberg RAW, Tyukmaeva V, Hoikkala A, Ritchie MG, Kankare M. Cold adaptation drives population genomic divergence in the ecological specialist, Drosophila montana. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:3783-3796. [PMID: 34047417 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Detecting signatures of ecological adaptation in comparative genomics is challenging, but analysing population samples with characterised geographic distributions, such as clinal variation, can help identify genes showing covariation with important ecological variation. Here, we analysed patterns of geographic variation in the cold-adapted species Drosophila montana across phenotypes, genotypes and environmental conditions and tested for signatures of cold adaptation in population genomic divergence. We first derived the climatic variables associated with the geographic distribution of 24 populations across two continents to trace the scale of environmental variation experienced by the species, and measured variation in the cold tolerance of the flies of six populations from different geographic contexts. We then performed pooled whole genome sequencing of these six populations, and used Bayesian methods to identify SNPs where genetic differentiation is associated with both climatic variables and the population phenotypic measurements, while controlling for effects of demography and population structure. The top candidate SNPs were enriched on the X and fourth chromosomes, and they also lay near genes implicated in other studies of cold tolerance and population divergence in this species and its close relatives. We conclude that ecological adaptation has contributed to the divergence of D. montana populations throughout the genome and in particular on the X and fourth chromosomes, which also showed highest interpopulation FST . This study demonstrates that ecological selection can drive genomic divergence at different scales, from candidate genes to chromosome-wide effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A W Wiberg
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - V Tyukmaeva
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M G Ritchie
- Centre for Biological Diversity, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - M Kankare
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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4
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Sztepanacz JL, Houle D. Allometry constrains the evolution of sexual dimorphism in Drosophila across 33 million years of divergence. Evolution 2021; 75:1117-1131. [PMID: 33638384 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism is widely viewed as adaptive, reflecting the evolution of males and females toward divergent fitness optima. Its evolution, however, may often be constrained by the shared genetic architecture of the sexes, and by allometry. Here, we investigated the evolution of sexual size dimorphism, shape dimorphism, and their allometric relationship, in the wings of 82 taxa in the family Drosophilidae that have been diverging for at least 33 million years. Shape dimorphism among species was remarkably similar, with males characterized by longer, thinner wings than females. There was, however, quantitative variation among species in both size and shape dimorphism, with evidence that they have adapted to different evolutionary optima in different clades on timescales of about 10 million years. Within species, shape dimorphism was predicted by size, and among species, there was a strong relationship between size dimorphism and shape dimorphism. Allometry constrained the evolution of shape dimorphism for the two most variable traits we studied, but dimorphism was evolutionary labile in other traits. The keys for disentangling alternative explanations for dimorphism evolution are studies of natural and sexual selection, together with a deeper understanding of how microevolutionary parameters of evolvability relate to macroevolutionary patterns of divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Sztepanacz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.,Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306
| | - David Houle
- Department of Biology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 32306
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5
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Different diets can affect attractiveness of Drosophila melanogaster males via changes in wing morphology. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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6
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Vujić A, Šašić Zorić L, Ačanski J, Likov L, Radenković S, Djan M, Milić D, Šebić A, Ranković M, Khaghaninia S. Hide-and-seek with hoverflies: Merodon aureus – a species, a complex or a subgroup? Zool J Linn Soc 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In order to disentangle the currently confused interpretations and nomenclature of Merodon aureus and M. aeneus, we have reviewed all existing type material and species names known to us as assigned synonyms of these taxa. We resolve M. aeneus as being a junior synonym of M. aureus. We designate a lectotype for M. aureus and a neotype for M. aeneus. Additionally, we provide evidence that M. aureus, together with two newly discovered taxa (M. calidus sp. nov. and M. ortus sp. nov.), represent a complex of cryptic species named the M. aureus species complex. This complex, together with the M. unicolor species complex and the species M. pumilus, is part of the M. aureus subgroup. The M. unicolor species complex comprises two cryptic species: M. unicolor and M. albidus sp. nov. The new species are described by applying an integrative taxonomic approach using several data types (COI and 28S rRNA genes, geometric morphometry of the wings, ecological and distributional data). Based on the COI gene sequence analysis and distributional data, the pupa previously described as an immature stage of the species M. aureus is redefined as an immature stage of the new species M. calidus. Speciation within the M. aureus subgroup is discussed in the context of the phylogeographic history in the studied region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ante Vujić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Šašić Zorić
- University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Ačanski
- University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, Dr Zorana Đinđića 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Laura Likov
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Snežana Radenković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Mihajla Djan
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dubravka Milić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Anja Šebić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milica Ranković
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Samad Khaghaninia
- University of Tabriz, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Tabriz, Iran
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7
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Iglesias PP, Soto IM, Soto EM, Calderón L, Hurtado J, Hasson E. Rapid divergence of courtship song in the face of neutral genetic homogeneity in the cactophilic fly Drosophila buzzatii. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P Iglesias
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio M Soto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo M Soto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano Calderón
- CONICET-Instituto de Biología Agrícola de Mendoza (IBAM), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Juan Hurtado
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban Hasson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires (IEGEBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Benelli G, Donati E, Romano D, Ragni G, Bonsignori G, Stefanini C, Canale A. Is bigger better? Male body size affects wing-borne courtship signals and mating success in the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae). INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 23:869-880. [PMID: 26173571 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Variations in male body size are known to affect inter- and intrasexual selection outcomes in a wide range of animals. In mating systems involving sexual signaling before mating, body size often acts as a key factor affecting signal strength and mate choice. We evaluated the effect of male size on courtship displays and mating success of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Wing vibrations performed during successful and unsuccessful courtships by large and small males were recorded by high-speed videos and analyzed through frame-by-frame analysis. Mating success of large and small males was investigated. The effect of male-male competition on mating success was evaluated. Male body size affected both male courtship signals and mating outcomes. Successful males showed wing-borne signals with high frequencies and short interpulse intervals. Wing vibrations displayed by successful large males during copulation attempt had higher frequencies over smaller males and unsuccessful large males. In no-competition conditions, large males achieved higher mating success with respect to smaller ones. Allowing large and small males to compete for a female, large males achieve more mating success over smaller ones. Mate choice by females may be based on selection of the larger males, able to produce high-frequency wing vibrations. Such traits may be indicative of "good genes," which under sexual selection could means good social-interaction genes, or a good competitive manipulator of conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Benelli
- Insect Behaviour Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Donati
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Donato Romano
- Insect Behaviour Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Ragni
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Gabriella Bonsignori
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- The BioRobotics Institute, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Angelo Canale
- Insect Behaviour Group, Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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9
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Male genital claspers influence female mate acceptance in the stick insect Clitarchus hookeri. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2163-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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10
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Noguerales V, García-Navas V, Cordero PJ, Ortego J. The role of environment and core-margin effects on range-wide phenotypic variation in a montane grasshopper. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2129-2142. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Noguerales
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos - IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
- Department of Integrative Ecology; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Sevilla Spain
| | - V. García-Navas
- Department of Integrative Ecology; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Sevilla Spain
| | - P. J. Cordero
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural; Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos - IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM); Ciudad Real Spain
| | - J. Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology; Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC); Sevilla Spain
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11
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Veltsos P, Gregson E, Morrissey B, Slate J, Hoikkala A, Butlin RK, Ritchie MG. The genetic architecture of sexually selected traits in two natural populations of Drosophila montana. Heredity (Edinb) 2015. [PMID: 26198076 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the genetic architecture of courtship song and cuticular hydrocarbon traits in two phygenetically distinct populations of Drosophila montana. To study natural variation in these two important traits, we analysed within-population crosses among individuals sampled from the wild. Hence, the genetic variation analysed should represent that available for natural and sexual selection to act upon. In contrast to previous between-population crosses in this species, no major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected, perhaps because the between-population QTLs were due to fixed differences between the populations. Partitioning the trait variation to chromosomes suggested a broadly polygenic genetic architecture of within-population variation, although some chromosomes explained more variation in one population compared with the other. Studies of natural variation provide an important contrast to crosses between species or divergent lines, but our analysis highlights recent concerns that segregating variation within populations for important quantitative ecological traits may largely consist of small effect alleles, difficult to detect with studies of moderate power.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Veltsos
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - E Gregson
- Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield, UK
| | - B Morrissey
- Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Slate
- Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - R K Butlin
- Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Alfred Denny Building, Sheffield, UK.,Sven Lovén Centre-Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - M G Ritchie
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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12
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Puniamoorthy N. Behavioural barriers to reproduction may evolve faster than sexual morphology among populations of a dung fly (Sepsidae). Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Perrard A, Baylac M, Carpenter JM, Villemant C. Evolution of wing shape in hornets: why is the wing venation efficient for species identification? J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2665-75. [PMID: 25345804 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Wing venation has long been used for insect identification. Lately, the characterization of venation shape using geometric morphometrics has further improved the potential of using the wing for insect identification. However, external factors inducing variation in wing shape could obscure specific differences, preventing accurate discrimination of species in heterogeneous samples. Here, we show that interspecific difference is the main source of wing shape variation within social wasps. We found that a naive clustering of wing shape data from taxonomically and geographically heterogeneous samples of workers returned groups congruent with species. We also confirmed that individuals can be reliably attributed to their genus, species and populations on the basis of their wing shape. Our results suggested that the shape variation reflects the evolutionary history with a potential influence of other factors such as body shape, climate and mimicry selective pressures. However, the high dimensionality of wing shape variation may have prevented absolute convergences between the different species. Wing venation shape is thus a taxonomically relevant marker combining the accuracy of quantitative characters with the specificity required for identification criteria. This marker may also highlight adaptive processes that could help understand the wing's influence on insect flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perrard
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA; UMR 7205 ISYEB, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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14
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Jennings JH, Etges WJ, Schmitt T, Hoikkala A. Cuticular hydrocarbons of Drosophila montana: geographic variation, sexual dimorphism and potential roles as pheromones. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 61:16-24. [PMID: 24373710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sexual selection within populations can play an important role in speciation when divergence in mating signals and their corresponding preferences occur along different coevolutionary trajectories in different populations. In insects, one potential target of sexual selection is the blend of cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), which often show intra- and interspecific variation, sexual dimorphism and may act as pheromones. In Drosophila montana, a cold-adapted, circumboreal member of the Drosophila virilis species group, flies from different populations have been found to show significant premating isolation as well as variation in male mating signal (song) and female preference. While the role of male courtship song in mate choice has been studied extensively, CHCs in this species have received little attention. In this study, we identified most of the CHCs found on the cuticle of D. montana and characterized population divergence and sexual dimorphism of CHC profiles among flies established from three natural populations - one European and two North American. We also studied their potential role as pheromones by analyzing CHCs of flies used in female-choice mating experiments. We report significant population×sex effects on CHC profiles, as well as significant relationships between some CHC principal components and particular mating behaviours, such as female attractiveness and male mating success, providing evidence that CHCs may play a role in mate choice in this species. The study also provides evidence for variation in the degree to which CHCs play a role in chemical communication among these populations, which may have an influence on the speciation process itself, and could be due to variation in interactions with other closely-related species that occur sympatrically with D. montana in some, but not other, parts of its distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson H Jennings
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, AR 72701, USA; Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland.
| | - William J Etges
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, AR 72701, USA
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany; Ecological Networks, Faculty of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anneli Hoikkala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
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15
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Kulikov AM, Mel’nikov AI, Gornostaev NG, Lazebny OE. Dominance status of shape of male genitalia in interspecific crosses of some Drosophila virilis group species. RUSS J GENET+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795413060069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Menezes BF, Vigoder FM, Peixoto AA, Varaldi J, Bitner-Mathé BC. The influence of male wing shape on mating success in Drosophila melanogaster. Anim Behav 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Giglio EM, Dyer KA. Divergence of premating behaviors in the closely related species Drosophila subquinaria and D. recens. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:365-74. [PMID: 23467696 PMCID: PMC3586646 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Most animal species use distinctive courship patterns to choose among potential mates. Over time, the sensory signaling and preferences used during courtship can diverge among groups that are reproductively isolated. This divergence of signal traits and preferences is thought to be an important cause of behavioral isolation during the speciation process. Here, we examine the sensory modalities used in courtship by two closely related species, Drosophila subquinaria and Drosophila recens, which overlap in geographic range and are incompletely reproductively isolated. We use observational studies of courtship patterns and manipulation of male and female sensory modalities to determine the relative roles of visual, olfactory, gustatory, and auditory signals during conspecific mate choice. We find that sex-specific, species-specific, and population-specific cues are used during mate acquisition within populations of D. subquinaria and D. recens. We identify shifts in both male and female sensory modalities between species, and also between populations of D. subquinaria. Our results indicate that divergence in mating signals and preferences have occurred on a relatively short timescale within and between these species. Finally, we suggest that because olfactory cues are essential for D. subquinaria females to mate within species, they may also underlie variation in behavioral discrimination across populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Giglio
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia Athens, GA, 30602
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18
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Two distinct genomic regions, harbouring the period and fruitless genes, affect male courtship song in Drosophila montana. Heredity (Edinb) 2012; 108:602-8. [PMID: 22234247 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic signals often have a significant role in pair formation and in species recognition. Determining the genetic basis of signal divergence will help to understand signal evolution by sexual selection and its role in the speciation process. An earlier study investigated quantitative trait locus for male courtship song carrier frequency (FRE) in Drosophila montana using microsatellite markers. We refined this study by adding to the linkage map markers for 10 candidate genes known to affect song production in Drosophila melanogaster. We also extended the analyses to additional song characters (pulse train length (PTL), pulse number (PN), interpulse interval, pulse length (PL) and cycle number (CN)). Our results indicate that loci in two different regions of the genome control distinct features of the courtship song. Pulse train traits (PTL and PN) mapped to the X chromosome, showing significant linkage with the period gene. In contrast, characters related to song pulse properties (PL, CN and carrier FRE) mapped to the region of chromosome 2 near the candidate gene fruitless, identifying these genes as suitable loci for further investigations. In previous studies, the pulse train traits have been found to vary substantially between Drosophila species, and so are potential species recognition signals, while the pulse traits may be more important in intra-specific mate choice.
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19
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Rowe L, Arnqvist G. Sexual selection and the evolution of genital shape and complexity in water striders. Evolution 2011; 66:40-54. [PMID: 22220863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Animal genitalia show two striking but incompletely understood evolutionary trends: a great evolutionary divergence in the shape of genitalic structures, and characteristic structural complexity. Both features are thought to result from sexual selection, but explicit comparative tests are hampered by the fact that it is difficult to quantify both morphological complexity and divergence in shape. We undertake a comparative study of multiple nongenitalic and male genital traits in a clade of 15 water strider species to quantify complexity and shape divergence. We show that genital structures are more complex and their shape more divergent among species than nongenital traits. Further, intromittent genital traits are more complex and have evolved more divergently than nonintromittent genital traits. More importantly, shape and complexity of nonintromittent genital traits show correlated evolution with indices of premating sexual selection and intromittent genital traits with postmating sexual selection, suggesting that the evolution of different components of genital morphology are shaped independently by distinct forms of sexual selection. Our quantitative results provide direct comparative support for the hypothesis that sexual selection is associated with morphological complexity in genitalic traits and highlight the importance of quantifying morphological shape and complexity, rather than size in studies of genital evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Locke Rowe
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.
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Schäfer MA, Routtu J, Vieira J, Hoikkala A, Ritchie MG, Schlötterer C. Multiple quantitative trait loci influence intra-specific variation in genital morphology between phylogenetically distinct lines of Drosophila montana. J Evol Biol 2011; 24:1879-86. [PMID: 21635604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02316.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of animal genitalia has gained renewed interest because of their potential roles during sexual selection and early stages of species formation. Although central to understanding the evolutionary process, knowledge of the genetic basis of natural variation in genital morphology is limited to a very few species. Using an outbred cross between phylogenetically distinct lines of Drosophila montana, we characterized quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the size and shape of the distiphallus, a prominent part of the male intromittent organ. Our microsatellite-based linkage analysis shows that intra-specific variation in the distiphallus involves several QTLs of largely additive effect and that a highly significant QTL co-localizes with the same inversion where we have earlier localized a large QTL for a sexually selected courtship song trait. The latter indicates that inversions can play an important role in shaping the evolution of rapidly evolving traits with a potential influence on speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Schäfer
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Jennings JH, Mazzi D, Ritchie MG, Hoikkala A. Sexual and postmating reproductive isolation between allopatric Drosophila montana populations suggest speciation potential. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:68. [PMID: 21396136 PMCID: PMC3065424 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Widely distributed species with populations adapted to different environmental conditions can provide valuable opportunities for tracing the onset of reproductive incompatibilities and their role in the speciation process. Drosophila montana, a D. virilis group species found in high latitude boreal forests in Nearctic and Palearctic regions around the globe, could be an excellent model system for studying the early stages of speciation, as a wealth of information concerning this species' ecology, mating system, life history, genetics and phylogeography is available. However, reproductive barriers between populations have hereto not been investigated. Results We report both pre- and postmating barriers to reproduction between flies from European (Finnish) and North American (Canadian) populations of Drosophila montana. Using a series of mate-choice designs, we show that flies from these two populations mate assortatively (i.e., exhibit significant sexual isolation) while emphasizing the importance of experimental design in these kinds of studies. We also assessed potential postmating isolation by quantifying egg and progeny production in intra- and interpopulation crosses and show a significant one-way reduction in progeny production, affecting both male and female offspring equally. Conclusion We provide evidence that allopatric D. montana populations exhibit reproductive isolation and we discuss the potential mechanisms involved. Our data emphasize the importance of experimental design in studies on premating isolation between recently diverged taxa and suggest that postmating barriers may be due to postcopulatory-prezygotic mechanisms. D. montana populations seem to be evolving multiple barriers to gene flow in allopatry and our study lays the groundwork for future investigations of the genetic and phenotypic mechanisms underlying these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson H Jennings
- Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, 40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Puniamoorthy N, Kotrba M, Meier R. Unlocking the "Black box": internal female genitalia in Sepsidae (Diptera) evolve fast and are species-specific. BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:275. [PMID: 20831809 PMCID: PMC2944183 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The species-specificity of male genitalia has been well documented in many insect groups and sexual selection has been proposed as the evolutionary force driving the often rapid, morphological divergence. The internal female genitalia, in sharp contrast, remain poorly studied. Here, we present the first comparative study of the internal reproductive system of Sepsidae. We test the species-specificity of the female genitalia by comparing recently diverged sister taxa. We also compare the rate of change in female morphological characters with the rate of fast-evolving, molecular and behavioral characters. RESULTS We describe the ectodermal parts of the female reproductive tract for 41 species representing 21 of the 37 described genera and define 19 morphological characters with discontinuous variation found in eight structures that are part of the reproductive tract. Using a well-resolved molecular phylogeny based on 10 genes, we reconstruct the evolution of these characters across the family [120 steps; Consistency Index (CI): 0.41]. Two structures, in particular, evolve faster than the rest. The first is the ventral receptacle, which is a secondary sperm storage organ. It accounts for more than half of all the evolutionary changes observed (7 characters; 61 steps; CI: 0.46). It is morphologically diverse across genera, can be bi-lobed or multi-chambered (up to 80 chambers), and is strongly sclerotized in one clade. The second structure is the dorsal sclerite, which is present in all sepsids except Orygma luctuosum and Ortalischema albitarse. It is associated with the opening of the spermathecal ducts and is often distinct even among sister species (4 characters; 16 steps; CI: 0.56). CONCLUSIONS We find the internal female genitalia are diverse in Sepsidae and diagnostic for all species. In particular, fast-evolving structures like the ventral receptacle and dorsal sclerite are likely involved in post-copulatory sexual selection. In comparison to behavioral and molecular data, the female structures are evolving 2/3 as fast as the non-constant third positions of the COI barcoding gene. They display less convergent evolution in characters (CI = 0.54) than the third positions or sepsid mating behavior (CICOI = 0.36; CIBEHAV = 0.45).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Puniamoorthy
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biological Sciences and University Scholars Programme, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Marion Kotrba
- Bavarian State collection of Zoology, Münchhausenstrasse 21, D-81247 Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Meier
- Department of Biological Sciences and University Scholars Programme, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Colbeck GJ, Sillett TS, Webster MS. Asymmetric discrimination of geographical variation in song in a migratory passerine. Anim Behav 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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SCHÄFER MA, MAZZI D, KLAPPERT K, KAURANEN H, VIEIRA J, HOIKKALA A, RITCHIE MG, SCHLÖTTERER C. A microsatellite linkage map forDrosophila montanashows large variation in recombination rates, and a courtship song trait maps to an area of low recombination. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:518-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01916.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Debat V, Debelle A, Dworkin I. Plasticity, canalization, and developmental stability of the Drosophila wing: joint effects of mutations and developmental temperature. Evolution 2009; 63:2864-76. [PMID: 19624729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic effects of genetic and environmental manipulations have been rarely investigated simultaneously. In addition to phenotypic plasticity, their effect on the amount and directions of genetic and phenotypic variation is of particular evolutionary importance because these constitute the material for natural selection. Here, we used heterozygous insertional mutations of 16 genes involved in the formation of the Drosophila wing. The flies were raised at two developmental temperatures (18 degrees C and 28 degrees C). Landmark-based geometric morphometrics was used to analyze the variation of the wing size and shape at different hierarchical levels: among genotypes and temperatures; among individuals within group; and fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Our results show that (1) the phenotypic effects of the mutations depend on temperature; (2) reciprocally, most mutations affect wing plasticity; (3) both temperature and mutations modify the levels of FA and of among individuals variation within lines. Remarkably, the patterns of shape FA seem unaffected by temperature whereas those associated with individual variation are systematically altered. By modifying the direction of available phenotypic variation, temperature might thus directly affect the potential for further evolution. It suggests as well that the developmental processes responsible for developmental stability and environmental canalization might be partially distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Debat
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 5202, Département Systématique et Evolution, 75005 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Environmental stress has been suggested to be a major evolutionary force, both through inducing strong selection and because of its direct impact on developmental buffering processes that alter the evolvability of organisms. In particular, temperature has attracted much attention because of its importance as an ecological feature and the relative ease with which it can be experimentally manipulated in the lab. Evolution Canyon, Lower Nahal Oren, Israel, is a well studied natural site where ecological parameters are suspected to drive evolutionary differentiation. In this study, using Drosophila melanogaster isofemale lines derived from wild flies collected on both slopes of the canyon, we investigated the effect of developmental temperature upon the different components of phenotypic variation of a complex trait: the wing. Combining geometric and traditional morphometrics, we find only limited evidence for a differentiation among slopes. Investigating simultaneously phenotypic plasticity, genetic variation among isofemale lines, variation among individuals and fluctuating asymmetry, we could not identify a consistent effect of the stressful conditions encountered on the south facing slope. The prevailing structuring effect is that of the experimentally manipulated temperature which clearly influences wing mean size and shape. Variability, in contrast, is not consistently affected by temperature. Finally, we investigated the specific relationship between individual variation and fluctuating asymmetry. Using metric multi-dimensional scaling we show that the related patterns of wing shape variation are not identical, supporting the view that the underlying developmental processes are to a certain extent different.
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Routtu J, Hoikkala A, Kankare M. Microsatellite-based species identification method for Drosophila virilis group species. Hereditas 2007; 144:213-21. [PMID: 18031356 DOI: 10.1111/j.2007.0018-0661.02021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Species of the D. virilis group are widely used in evolutionary research, but the individuals of different species are difficult to distinguish from each other morphologically. We constructed a fast and easy microsatellite-based identification method for the species of the group occurring sympatrically in northern Europe. The neighbor joining tree based on 14 microsatellite loci also gave a good resolution of the species divergence pattern in the whole group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Routtu
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Variation in Male Courtship Song Traits in Drosophila virilis: The Effects of Selection and Drift on Song Divergence at the Intraspecific Level. Behav Genet 2007; 38:82-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-007-9173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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