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Abildtrup Nielsen N, Dawson SM, Torres Ortiz S, Wahlberg M, Martin MJ. Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori) produce both narrowband high-frequency and broadband acoustic signals. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 155:1437-1450. [PMID: 38364047 DOI: 10.1121/10.0024820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Odontocetes produce clicks for echolocation and communication. Most odontocetes are thought to produce either broadband (BB) or narrowband high-frequency (NBHF) clicks. Here, we show that the click repertoire of Hector's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus hectori) comprises highly stereotypical NBHF clicks and far more variable broadband clicks, with some that are intermediate between these two categories. Both NBHF and broadband clicks were made in trains, buzzes, and burst-pulses. Most clicks within click trains were typical NBHF clicks, which had a median centroid frequency of 130.3 kHz (median -10 dB bandwidth = 29.8 kHz). Some, however, while having only marginally lower centroid frequency (median = 123.8 kHz), had significant energy below 100 kHz and approximately double the bandwidth (median -10 dB bandwidth = 69.8 kHz); we refer to these as broadband. Broadband clicks in buzzes and burst-pulses had lower median centroid frequencies (120.7 and 121.8 kHz, respectively) compared to NBHF buzzes and burst-pulses (129.5 and 130.3 kHz, respectively). Source levels of NBHF clicks, estimated by using a drone to measure ranges from a single hydrophone and by computing time-of-arrival differences at a vertical hydrophone array, ranged from 116 to 171 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m, whereas source levels of broadband clicks, obtained from array data only, ranged from 138 to 184 dB re 1 μPa at 1 m. Our findings challenge the grouping of toothed whales as either NBHF or broadband species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoline Abildtrup Nielsen
- Marine Biological Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark
| | - Stephen M Dawson
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Sara Torres Ortiz
- Marine Biological Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark
| | - Magnus Wahlberg
- Marine Biological Research Center, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5300 Kerteminde, Denmark
| | - Morgan J Martin
- Center for Marine Acoustics, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Sterling, Virginia 20166, USA
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Ivanchikova J, Tregenza N. Validation of the F-POD-A fully automated cetacean monitoring system. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293402. [PMID: 37976270 PMCID: PMC10656029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The F-POD, an echolocation-click logging device, is commonly used for passive acoustic monitoring of cetaceans. This paper presents the first assessment of the error-rate of fully automated analysis by this system, a description of the F-POD hardware, and a description of the KERNO-F v1.0 classifier which identifies click trains. Since 2020, twenty F-POD loggers have been used in the BlackCeTrends project by research teams from Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Türkiye, and Ukraine with the aim of investigating trends of relative abundance in populations of cetaceans of the Black Sea. Acoustic data from this project analysed here comprises 9 billion raw data clicks in total, of which 297 million were classified by KERNO-F as Narrow Band High Frequency (NBHF) clicks (harbour porpoise clicks) and 91 million as dolphin clicks. Such data volumes require a reliable automated system of analysis, which we describe. A total of 16,805 Detection Positive Minutes (DPM) were individually inspected and assessed by a visual check of click train characteristics in each DPM. To assess the overall error rate in each species group we investigated 2,000 DPM classified as having NBHF clicks and 2,000 DPM classified as having dolphin clicks. The fraction of NBHF DPM containing misclassified NBHF trains was less than 0.1% and for dolphins the corresponding error-rate was 0.97%. For both species groups (harbour porpoises and dolphins), these error-rates are acceptable for further study of cetaceans in the Black Sea using the automated classification without further editing of the data. The main sources of errors were 0.17% of boat sonar DPMs misclassified as harbour porpoises, and 0.14% of harbour porpoise DPMs misclassified as dolphins. The potential to estimate the rate at which these sources generate errors makes possible a new predictive approach to overall error estimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ivanchikova
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Patris J, Malige F, Hamame M, Glotin H, Barchasz V, Gies V, Marzetti S, Buchan S. Medium-term acoustic monitoring of small cetaceans in Patagonia, Chile. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15292. [PMID: 37334123 PMCID: PMC10276556 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Coastal dolphins and porpoises such as the Chilean dolphin (Cephalorhynchus eutropia), the Peale's dolphin (Lagenorhynchus australis), and the Burmeister's porpoise (Phocoena spinipinnis) inhabit the remote areas of Chilean Patagonia. Human development is growing fast in these parts and may constitute a serious threat to such poorly known species. It is thus urgent to develop new tools to try and study these cryptic species and find out more about their behavior, population levels, and habits. These odontocetes emit narrow-band high-frequency (NBHF) clicks and efforts have been made to characterize precisely their acoustic production. Passive acoustic monitoring is a common way to study these animals. Nevertheless, as the signal frequency is usually higher than 100 kHz, storage problems are acute and do not allow for long-term monitoring. The solutions for recording NBHF clicks are usually twofold: either short duration, opportunistic recording from a small boat in presence of the animals (short-term monitoring) or long-term monitoring using devices including a click detector and registering events rather than sound. We suggest, as another possibility, medium-term monitoring, arguing that today's devices have reached a level of performance allowing for a few days of continual recording even at these extremely high frequencies and in difficult conditions, combined with a long-term click detector. As an example, during 2021, we performed a quasi-continuous recording for one week with the Qualilife High-Blue recorder anchored in a fjord near Puerto Cisnes, Region de Aysen, Chile. We detected more than 13,000 clicks, grouped in 22 periods of passing animals. Our detected clicks are quite similar to precedent results but, due to the large number of clicks recorded, we find a larger variability of parameters. Several rapid sequences of clicks (buzz) were found in the recordings and their features are consistent with previous studies: on average they have a larger bandwidth and a lower peak frequency than the usual clicks. We also installed in the same place a click detector (C-POD) and the two devices compare well and show the same number and duration of periods of animals presence. Passages of odontocetes were happening on average each three hours. We thus confirm the high site fidelity for the species of dolphins emitting NBHF clicks present in this zone. Finally, we confirm that the combined use of recording and detection devices is probably a good alternative to study these poorly known species in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franck Malige
- Laboratoire Informatique et Systèmes (LIS), CNRS UMR 7020, Toulon, France
| | - Madeleine Hamame
- Centro de Investigación en Ecosistemas de la Patagonia (CIEP), Coyhaique, Chile
| | - Hervé Glotin
- Laboratoire Informatique et Systèmes (LIS), CNRS UMR 7020, Toulon, France
- Scientific Microsystems for Internet of Things (SMIoT), Université de Toulon et du Var, Toulon, France
| | - Valentin Barchasz
- Scientific Microsystems for Internet of Things (SMIoT), Université de Toulon et du Var, Toulon, France
| | - Valentin Gies
- Scientific Microsystems for Internet of Things (SMIoT), Université de Toulon et du Var, Toulon, France
- Institut Matériaux Microélectronique Nanosciences de Provence (IM2NP), CNRS UMR 7334, Toulon, France
| | - Sebastian Marzetti
- Scientific Microsystems for Internet of Things (SMIoT), Université de Toulon et du Var, Toulon, France
- Institut Matériaux Microélectronique Nanosciences de Provence (IM2NP), CNRS UMR 7334, Toulon, France
| | - Susannah Buchan
- Center for Oceanographic Research COPAS COASTAL, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Avanzado en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile
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Ferguson SH, Higdon JW, Schmidt C, Pomerleau C, Matthews CJD. Investigating the Relationship Between Body Shape and Life History Traits in Toothed Whales: Can Body Shape Predict Fast-Slow Life Histories? Evol Biol 2023; 50:300-317. [PMID: 37576439 PMCID: PMC10415445 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-023-09605-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
A widespread pattern in vertebrate life-history evolution is for species to evolve towards either fast or slow life histories; however, the underlying causes of this pattern remain unclear. Toothed whales (Odontoceti) are a diverse group with a range of body sizes and life histories, making them an ideal model to investigate potential drivers of this dichotomy. Using ancestral reconstruction, we identified that certain groups of odontocetes evolved more-streamlined, presumably faster, body shapes around the same time that killer whales (Orcinus orca) evolved into whale predators approximately 1 Mya during the Pleistocene. This suggests that the evolution of a streamlined body shape may have been an adaptation to escape killer whale predation, leading to longer life-history events. To test this hypothesis, we performed a cluster analysis of odontocete whales and confirmed the dual pattern of life-history traits, with one group referred to as 'reproducers' characterized by early age of maturity, short gestation, short interbirth interval, and short lifespan, and the other group referred to as 'bet-hedgers' exhibiting the opposite pattern. However, we found that life history grouping was relatively unrelated to whale shape (i.e., more streamlined or less streamlined). Therefore, we incorporated principal component results into mixed effects models, and the model results indicated that body shape was positively related to neonate length (a measure of investment in progeny), but not significantly related to the temporal life-history traits. Thus, whale body shape is not a sufficient explanation for the evolution of fast-slow life histories in odontocete whales. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11692-023-09605-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H. Ferguson
- Fisheries & Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 1M6 Canada
| | - Jeff W. Higdon
- Higdon Wildlife Consulting, 912 Ashburn Street, Winnipeg, MB R3G 3C9 Canada
| | - Chloe Schmidt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Leipzig-Halle-Jena, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinne Pomerleau
- National Defence, Government of Canada, Nanoose Bay, BC V9P 9J9 Canada
| | - Cory J. D. Matthews
- Fisheries & Oceans Canada, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB R3T 1M6 Canada
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Zhao L, Giorli G, Caruso F, Dong L, Gong Z, Lin M, Li S. Echolocation clicks of free-ranging Indo-Pacific finless porpoises (Neophocaena phocaenoides) in Hainan waters. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 153:1934. [PMID: 37002078 DOI: 10.1121/10.0017655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The echolocation clicks of free-ranging Indo-Pacific finless porpoises (IPFPs, Neophocaena phocaenoides) have been rarely studied in the wild. This paper aims at describing the echolocation-click characteristics of IPFPs and examining whether IPFPs adapt their sonar system to the habitats in Hainan waters, China. The echolocation clicks were recorded using a 13 elements star-shaped array of hydrophones. A total of 65 on-axis clicks were identified and analyzed. IPFPs use echolocation clicks with a source level (SL) of 158 ± 9 dB re: 1 μPa peak-peak, mean peak, and centroid frequency of 134 ± 3 kHz, -3 dB bandwidth of 14 ± 2 kHz and produce at inter-click intervals of 104 ± 51 ms. The results relative to other porpoises show that finless porpoises in Hainan waters produce clicks with moderate SLs and high peak frequency. These results could be useful in detecting the presence and estimating the density of IPFPs during passive acoustic monitoring in the study area and serve to shed light on the interpopulation variation of click characteristics of finless porpoises as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Zhao
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Giacomo Giorli
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Coasts and Oceans, 301 Evans Bay Parade, Greta Point, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Lijun Dong
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Zining Gong
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Mingli Lin
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, 572000, China
| | - Songhai Li
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sanya, 572000, China
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Aguirre-Fernández G, Jost J, Hilfiker S. First records of extinct kentriodontid and squalodelphinid dolphins from the Upper Marine Molasse (Burdigalian age) of Switzerland and a reappraisal of the Swiss cetacean fauna. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13251. [PMID: 35602890 PMCID: PMC9119297 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The Swiss Upper Marine Molasse (OMM) documents a transgression event dated to around 21 to 17 million years in which dolphin and other vertebrate remains have been reported. We revised the whole cetacean (whales and dolphins) OMM assemblage available in main collections, focusing on the identification and interpretation of periotics (bone that contains the inner ear). Periotics are rare, but they provide the richest taxonomic information in the sample and hint to environmental associations. Micro-computerized tomography allowed the reconstruction of bony labyrinths for comparisons and environmental interpretations. Three families are represented by periotics: Kentriodontidae, Squalodelphinidae and Physeteridae. The cetacean taxonomic composition of the Swiss OMM reinforces biogeographical patterns reported for the Mediterranean and Paratethys during the Burdigalian at a regional scale and the Calvert cetacean fauna of the northwest Atlantic at oceanic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Hilfiker
- Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Current affiliation: Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Coye C, Zuberbühler K, Lemasson A. The Evolution of Vocal Communication: Inertia and Divergence in Two Closely Related Primates. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Zeh JM, Dombroski JRG, Parks SE. Preferred shallow-water nursery sites provide acoustic crypsis to southern right whale mother-calf pairs. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220241. [PMID: 35620006 PMCID: PMC9115009 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Adaptations to sound production behaviour can reduce the detectability of animal signals by eavesdroppers in a phenomenon known as acoustic crypsis. We propose that acoustic crypsis can include selection of locations that affect how sound transmits through the environment: habitats with poor acoustic propagation can minimize the range of detectability of animal signals. We investigated the potential for the preferred habitats of southern right whales to confer acoustic crypsis. We modelled acoustic propagation and range of detection of calls from southern right whales in the shallow, sandy, near shore waters where mothers and calves aggregate during the calving season. At three nursery sites across three continents in the southern hemisphere, results showed that the depth at which right whales are most commonly sighted has the most limited acoustic detection range for their calls. Thus, these habitats allow mother-calf pairs to remain acoustically cryptic from potential eavesdroppers, both predators and conspecifics, when their calves are the most vulnerable. Our results provide preliminary evidence that, in addition to other behavioural strategies, the use of habitats with poor acoustic propagation can contribute to acoustic crypsis. This adaptation may be a widespread and underappreciated mechanism for avoidance of eavesdroppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Zeh
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Susan E. Parks
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA
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Behavioral responses to predatory sounds predict sensitivity of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise within a soundscape of fear. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2114932119. [PMID: 35312354 PMCID: PMC9060435 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114932119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustic signals travel efficiently in the marine environment, allowing soniferous predators and prey to eavesdrop on each other. Our results with four cetacean species indicate that they use acoustic information to assess predation risk and have evolved mechanisms to reduce predation risk by ceasing foraging. Species that more readily gave up foraging in response to predatory sounds of killer whales also decreased foraging more during 1- to 4-kHz sonar exposures, indicating that species exhibiting costly antipredator responses also have stronger behavioral reactions to anthropogenic noise. This advance in our understanding of the drivers of disturbance helps us to predict what species and habitats are likely to be most severely impacted by underwater noise pollution in oceans undergoing increasing anthropogenic activities. As human activities impact virtually every animal habitat on the planet, identifying species at-risk from disturbance is a priority. Cetaceans are an example taxon where responsiveness to anthropogenic noise can be severe but highly species and context specific, with source–receiver characteristics such as hearing sensitivity only partially explaining this variability. Here, we predicted that ecoevolutionary factors that increase species responsiveness to predation risk also increase responsiveness to anthropogenic noise. We found that reductions in intense-foraging time during exposure to 1- to 4-kHz naval sonar and predatory killer whale sounds were highly correlated (r = 0.92) across four cetacean species. Northern bottlenose whales ceased foraging completely during killer whale and sonar exposures, followed by humpback, long-finned pilot, and sperm whales, which reduced intense foraging by 48 to 97%. Individual responses to sonar were partly predicted by species-level responses to killer whale playbacks, implying a similar level of perceived risk. The correlation cannot be solely explained by hearing sensitivity, indicating that species- and context-specific antipredator adaptations also shape cetacean responses to human-made noise. Species that are more responsive to predator presence are predicted to be more disturbance sensitive, implying a looming double whammy for Arctic cetaceans facing increased anthropogenic and predator activity with reduced ice cover.
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Kimura SS, Sagara T, Yoda K, Ponnampalam LS. Habitat preference of two sympatric coastal cetaceans in Langkawi, Malaysia, as determined by passive acoustic monitoring. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2022. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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Kimura SS, Sagara T, Yoda K, Ponnampalam LS. Acoustic identification of the sympatric species Indo-Pacific finless porpoise and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin: an example from Langkawi, Malaysia. BIOACOUSTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2021.1998796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoko S. Kimura
- Distinguished Doctoral Program of Platforms, Center for Educational Program Promotion in Graduate School, Kyoto University, Yoshida Hon-machi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoka Sagara
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Yoda
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Louisa S. Ponnampalam
- The MareCet Research Organization, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Churchill M, Baltz C. Evolution of orbit size in toothed whales (Artiodactyla: Odontoceti). J Anat 2021; 239:1419-1437. [PMID: 34287886 PMCID: PMC8602015 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For many marine tetrapods, vision is important for finding food and navigating underwater, and eye size has increased to improve the capture of light in dim ocean depths. Odontocete whales, in contrast, rely instead on echolocation for navigation and prey capture. We tested whether the evolution of echolocation has influenced the orbit size, a proxy for eye size, and examined how orbit size evolved over time. We also assessed variation in orbit size amongst whales and tested how body size, diving ability, sound production, foraging habitat, and prey capture strategy influenced the orbit size using phylogenetic independent contrasts and phylogenetic ANOVAs. Using measurements of orbit length and bizygomatic width, we calculated proportional orbit size for 70 extant and 29 extinct whale taxa, with an emphasis on Odontoceti. We then performed ancestral character state reconstruction on a time-calibrated composite phylogeny. Our analysis revealed that there was no shift in proportional orbit size from archaeocetes through stem odontocetes, indicating that the evolution of echolocation did not influence the orbit size. Proportional orbit size increased in Ziphiidae, Phocoenidae, and Cephalorhynchus. Proportional orbit size decreased in Balaenidae, Physeteridae, Platanistidae, and Lipotidae. Body size, diving ability, foraging environment, and prey capture strategy had a significant influence on orbit size, but only without phylogenetic correction. An increase in orbit size is associated with deep diving behavior in beaked whales, while progenesis and retention of juvenile features into adulthood explain the pattern observed in Phocoenidae and Cephalorhynchus. Decrease in proportional orbit size is associated with adaptation toward murky freshwater environments in odontocetes and skim feeding in balaenids. Our study reveals that the evolution of echolocation had little effect on orbit size, which is variable in whales, and that adaptation for different feeding modes and habitat explains some of this variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Churchill
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin OshkoshOshkoshWIUSA
| | - Colin Baltz
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin OshkoshOshkoshWIUSA
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Hamilton RA, Starkhammar J, Gazda SK, Connor RC. Separating overlapping echolocation: An updated method for estimating the number of echolocating animals in high background noise levels. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 150:709. [PMID: 34470329 DOI: 10.1121/10.0005756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Much can be learned by investigating the click trains of odontocetes, including estimating the number of vocalizing animals and comparing the acoustic behavior of different individuals. Analyzing such information gathered from groups of echolocating animals in a natural environment is complicated by two main factors: overlapping echolocation produced by multiple animals at the same time, and varying levels of background noise. Starkhammar et al. [(2011a). Biol. Lett. 7(6), 836-839] described an algorithm that measures and compares the frequency spectra of individual clicks to identify groups of clicks produced by different individuals. This study presents an update to this click group separation algorithm that improves performance by comparing multiple click characteristics. There is a focus on reducing error when high background noise levels cause false click detection and recordings are of a limited frequency bandwidth, making the method applicable to a wide range of existing datasets. This method was successfully tested on recordings of free-swimming foraging dolphins with both low and high natural background noise levels. The algorithm can be adjusted via user-set parameters for application to recordings with varying sampling parameters and to species of varying click characteristics, allowing for estimates of the number of echolocating animals in free-swimming groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Hamilton
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
| | | | - Stefanie K Gazda
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Richard C Connor
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts 02747, USA
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Martin MJ, Torres Ortiz S, Reyes Reyes MV, Marino A, Iñíguez Bessega M, Wahlberg M. Commerson’s dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) can relax acoustic crypsis. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-021-03035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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15
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Malinka CE, Tønnesen P, Dunn CA, Claridge DE, Gridley T, Elwen SH, Teglberg Madsen P. Echolocation click parameters and biosonar behaviour of the dwarf sperm whale ( Kogia sima). J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/6/jeb240689. [PMID: 33771935 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.240689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dwarf sperm whales (Kogia sima) are small toothed whales that produce narrow-band high-frequency (NBHF) echolocation clicks. Such NBHF clicks, subject to high levels of acoustic absorption, are usually produced by small, shallow-diving odontocetes, such as porpoises, in keeping with their short-range echolocation and fast click rates. Here, we sought to address the problem of how the little-studied and deep-diving Kogia can hunt with NBHF clicks in the deep sea. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that Kogia produce NBHF clicks with longer inter-click intervals (ICIs), higher directionality and higher source levels (SLs) compared with other NBHF species. We did this by deploying an autonomous deep-water vertical hydrophone array in the Bahamas, where no other NBHF species are present, and by taking opportunistic recordings of a close-range Kogia sima in a South African harbour. Parameters from on-axis clicks (n=46) in the deep revealed very narrow-band clicks (root mean squared bandwidth, BWRMS, of 3±1 kHz), with SLs of up to 197 dB re. 1 µPa peak-to-peak (μPapp) at 1 m, and a half-power beamwidth of 8.8 deg. Their ICIs (mode of 245 ms) were much longer than those of porpoises (<100 ms), suggesting an inspection range that is longer than detection ranges of single prey, perhaps to facilitate auditory streaming of a complex echo scene. On-axis clicks in the shallow harbour (n=870) had ICIs and SLs in keeping with source parameters of other NBHF cetaceans. Thus, in the deep, dwarf sperm whales use a directional, but short-range echolocation system with moderate SLs, suggesting a reliable mesopelagic prey habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe E Malinka
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pernille Tønnesen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte A Dunn
- Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation (BMMRO), Sandy Point, Abaco, Bahamas.,Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Diane E Claridge
- Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation (BMMRO), Sandy Point, Abaco, Bahamas.,Sea Mammal Research Unit, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Tess Gridley
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7605, South Africa.,Sea Search Research and Conservation, Muizenberg, Cape Town 7945, South Africa
| | - Simon H Elwen
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7605, South Africa.,Sea Search Research and Conservation, Muizenberg, Cape Town 7945, South Africa
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Laeta M, Ruenes GF, Siciliano S, Oliveira JA, Galatius A. Variation in cranial asymmetry among the Delphinoidea. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The remarkable directional cranial asymmetry of odontocete skulls has been proposed to be related to sound production. We investigated the variation in quality and quantity of cranial asymmetry in the superfamily Delphinoidea using geometric morphometrics and then investigated the relationship between asymmetry and aspects of sound production. In the average asymmetric shape, the dorsal aspect of the skull outline and interparietal suture crest were displaced to the right, while the nasal septum, nasal bones and right premaxilla were displaced to the left. The nasal bone, premaxilla and maxilla were all larger on the right side. Three delphinoid families presented similar expressions of asymmetry; however, the magnitude of the asymmetry varied. The Monodontidae showed the greatest magnitude of asymmetry, whereas the Phocoenidae were much less asymmetric. The most speciose family, the Delphinidae, presented a wide spectrum of asymmetry, with globicephalines and lissodelphinines among the most and least asymmetric species, respectively. Generalized linear models explaining the magnitude of asymmetry with characteristics of echolocation clicks, habitat use and size revealed associations with source level, dive depth and centroid size. This supports a relationship between asymmetry and sound production, with more asymmetric species emitting louder sounds. For example, louder clicks would be beneficial for prey detection at longer ranges in deeper waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Laeta
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos, Praia Seca, Araruama, RJ, Brazil
| | - Greicy F Ruenes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense “Darcy Ribeiro”, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, Brazil
| | - Salvatore Siciliano
- Laboratório de Biodiversidade, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Grupo de Estudos de Mamíferos Marinhos da Região dos Lagos, Praia Seca, Araruama, RJ, Brazil
| | - João A Oliveira
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Vertebrados, Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anders Galatius
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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An Alternative Molecular View of Evolution: How DNA was Altered over Geological Time. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215081. [PMID: 33147730 PMCID: PMC7662466 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Four natural phenomena are cited for their defiance of conventional neo-Darwinian analysis: human intelligence; cat domesticity; the Cambrian explosion; and convergent evolution. 1. Humans are now far more intelligent than needed in their hunting–gathering days >10,000 years ago. 2. Domestic cats evolved from wildcats via major genetic and physical changes, all occurring in less than 12,000 years. 3. The Cambrian explosion refers to the remarkable expansion of species that mystifies evolutionists, as there is a total lack of fossil evidence for precursors of this abundant new life. 4. Convergent evolution often involves formation of complex, multigene traits in two or more species that have no common ancestor. These four evolutionary riddles are discussed in terms of a proposed “preassembly” mechanism in which genes and gene precursors are collected silently and randomly over extensive time periods within huge non-coding sections of DNA. This is followed by epigenetic release of the genes, when the environment so allows, and by natural selection. In neo-Darwinism, macroevolution of complex traits involves multiple mutation/selections, with each of the resulting intermediates being more favorable to the species than the previous one. Preassembly, in contrast, invokes natural selection only after a partially or fully formed trait is already in place. Preassembly does not supplant neo-Darwinism but, instead, supplements neo-Darwinism in those important instances where the classical theory is wanting.
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Kuroda M, Miki N, Matsuishi TF. Determinants of echolocation click frequency characteristics in small toothed whales: recent advances from anatomical information. Mamm Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kuroda
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University 3‐1‐1 Minato‐cho Hakodate Hokkaido041‐8611Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Miki
- Future University Hakodate 116‐2 Kamedanakano‐cho Hakodate Hokkaido041‐8655Japan
| | - Takashi Fritz Matsuishi
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences Hokkaido University 3‐1‐1 Minato‐cho Hakodate Hokkaido041‐8611Japan
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Coombs EJ, Clavel J, Park T, Churchill M, Goswami A. Wonky whales: the evolution of cranial asymmetry in cetaceans. BMC Biol 2020; 18:86. [PMID: 32646447 PMCID: PMC7350770 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00805-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike most mammals, toothed whale (Odontoceti) skulls lack symmetry in the nasal and facial (nasofacial) region. This asymmetry is hypothesised to relate to echolocation, which may have evolved in the earliest diverging odontocetes. Early cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) such as archaeocetes, namely the protocetids and basilosaurids, have asymmetric rostra, but it is unclear when nasofacial asymmetry evolved during the transition from archaeocetes to modern whales. We used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods to reconstruct the evolution of asymmetry in the skulls of 162 living and extinct cetaceans over 50 million years. RESULTS In archaeocetes, we found asymmetry is prevalent in the rostrum and also in the squamosal, jugal, and orbit, possibly reflecting preservational deformation. Asymmetry in odontocetes is predominant in the nasofacial region. Mysticetes (baleen whales) show symmetry similar to terrestrial artiodactyls such as bovines. The first significant shift in asymmetry occurred in the stem odontocete family Xenorophidae during the Early Oligocene. Further increases in asymmetry occur in the physeteroids in the Late Oligocene, Squalodelphinidae and Platanistidae in the Late Oligocene/Early Miocene, and in the Monodontidae in the Late Miocene/Early Pliocene. Additional episodes of rapid change in odontocete skull asymmetry were found in the Mid-Late Oligocene, a period of rapid evolution and diversification. No high-probability increases or jumps in asymmetry were found in mysticetes or archaeocetes. Unexpectedly, no increases in asymmetry were recovered within the highly asymmetric ziphiids, which may result from the extreme, asymmetric shape of premaxillary crests in these taxa not being captured by landmarks alone. CONCLUSIONS Early ancestors of living whales had little cranial asymmetry and likely were not able to echolocate. Archaeocetes display high levels of asymmetry in the rostrum, potentially related to directional hearing, which is lost in early neocetes-the taxon including the most recent common ancestor of living cetaceans. Nasofacial asymmetry becomes a significant feature of Odontoceti skulls in the Early Oligocene, reaching its highest levels in extant taxa. Separate evolutionary regimes are reconstructed for odontocetes living in acoustically complex environments, suggesting that these niches impose strong selective pressure on echolocation ability and thus increased cranial asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen J Coombs
- Genetics, Evolution, and Environment Department, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Julien Clavel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Travis Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Morgan Churchill
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Genetics, Evolution, and Environment Department, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Macaulay JDJ, Malinka CE, Gillespie D, Madsen PT. High resolution three-dimensional beam radiation pattern of harbour porpoise clicks with implications for passive acoustic monitoring. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:4175. [PMID: 32611133 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The source properties and radiation patterns of animal vocalisations define, along with propagation and noise conditions, the active space in which these vocalisations can be detected by conspecifics, predators, prey, and by passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). This study reports the 4π (360° horizontal and vertical) beam profile of a free-swimming, trained harbour porpoise measured using a 27-element hydrophone array. The forward echolocation beam is highly directional, as predicted by a piston model, and is consistent with previous measurements. However, at off-axis angles greater than ±30°, the beam attenuates more rapidly than the piston model and no side lobes are present. A diffuse back beam is also present with levels about -30 dB relative to the source level. In PAM, up to 50% of detections can be from portions of the beam profile with distorted click spectra, although this drops substantially for higher detection thresholds. Simulations of the probability of acoustically detecting a harbour porpoise show that a traditional piston model can underestimate the probability of detection compared to the actual three-dimensional radiation pattern documented here. This highlights the importance of empirical 4π measurements of beam profiles of toothed whales, both to improve understanding of toothed whale biology and to inform PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D J Macaulay
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of Saint Andrews, East Sands, Saint Andrews, Fife, KY16 9LB, United Kingdom
| | - Chloe E Malinka
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Douglas Gillespie
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of Saint Andrews, East Sands, Saint Andrews, Fife, KY16 9LB, United Kingdom
| | - Peter T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Griffiths ET, Archer F, Rankin S, Keating JL, Keen E, Barlow J, Moore JE. Detection and classification of narrow-band high frequency echolocation clicks from drifting recorders. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 147:3511. [PMID: 32486776 DOI: 10.1121/10.0001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the California Current off the United States West Coast, there are three offshore cetacean species that produce narrow-band high frequency (NBHF) echolocation pulses: Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) and two species of Kogia. NBHF pulses exist in a highly specialized acoustic niche thought to be outside the hearing range of killer whales and other potential mammal-eating odontocetes. Very little is known about the dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (K. sima and K. breviceps), including their NBHF pulse characteristics. This paper presents a multivariate clustering method using data from unmanned drifting acoustic recorders and visually verified porpoise recordings to discriminate between probable porpoise and Kogia clicks. Using density clustering, this study finds three distinct clusters whose geographic distributions are consistent with the known habitat range for Kogia and Dall's porpoise. A Random Forest classification model correctly assigned 97% of the clicks to their cluster. Visually verified Dall's porpoise clicks from towed hydrophones were strongly associated with one of the clusters, while a second cluster tended to be outside the geographic range of Dall's porpoise and unlike the Dall's porpoise cluster. These clicks, presumed to be made by Kogia, exhibited greater spectral variance than previous Kogia echolocation studies. It is possible that the structure of Kogia NBHF pulses may not be as stereotypical as previously described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily T Griffiths
- Ocean Associates, Inc., 4007 N Abingdon Street, Arlington, Virginia 22207, USA
| | - Frederick Archer
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Boulevard, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Shannon Rankin
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Boulevard, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jennifer L Keating
- Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1000 Pope Road, Marine Sciences Building 312, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
| | - Eric Keen
- Marine Ecology and Telemetry Research, Seabeck, Washington 98380, USA
| | - Jay Barlow
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Boulevard, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Moore
- Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 8901 La Jolla Shores Boulevard, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Fear of Killer Whales Drives Extreme Synchrony in Deep Diving Beaked Whales. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13. [PMID: 32029750 PMCID: PMC7005263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear of predation can induce profound changes in the behaviour and physiology of prey species even if predator encounters are infrequent. For echolocating toothed whales, the use of sound to forage exposes them to detection by eavesdropping predators, but while some species exploit social defences or produce cryptic acoustic signals, deep-diving beaked whales, well known for mass-strandings induced by navy sonar, seem enigmatically defenceless against their main predator, killer whales. Here we test the hypothesis that the stereotyped group diving and vocal behaviour of beaked whales has benefits for abatement of predation risk and thus could have been driven by fear of predation over evolutionary time. Biologging data from 14 Blainville’s and 12 Cuvier’s beaked whales show that group members have an extreme synchronicity, overlapping vocal foraging time by 98% despite hunting individually, thereby reducing group temporal availability for acoustic detection by killer whales to <25%. Groups also perform a coordinated silent ascent in an unpredictable direction, covering a mean of 1 km horizontal distance from their last vocal position. This tactic sacrifices 35% of foraging time but reduces by an order of magnitude the risk of interception by killer whales. These predator abatement behaviours have likely served beaked whales over millions of years, but may become maladaptive by playing a role in mass strandings induced by man-made predator-like sonar sounds.
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Parks SE, Cusano DA, Van Parijs SM, Nowacek DP. Acoustic crypsis in communication by North Atlantic right whale mother-calf pairs on the calving grounds. Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190485. [PMID: 31594493 PMCID: PMC6832179 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals with dependent young often rely on cryptic behaviour to avoid detection by potential predators. In the mysticetes, large baleen whales, young calves are known to be vulnerable to direct predation from both shark and orca predators; therefore, it is possible that mother–calf pairs may show cryptic behaviours to avoid the attention of predators. Baleen whales primarily communicate through low-frequency acoustic signals, which can travel over long ranges. In this study, we explore the potential for acoustic crypsis, a form of cryptic behaviour to avoid predator detection, in North Atlantic right whale mother–calf pairs. We predicted that mother–calf pairs would either show reduced calling rates, reduced call amplitude or a combination of these behavioural modifications when compared with other demographic groups in the same habitat. Our results show that right whale mother–calf pairs have a strong shift in repertoire usage, significantly reducing the number of higher amplitude, long-distance communication signals they produced when compared with juvenile and pregnant whales in the same habitat. These observations show that right whale mother–calf pairs rely upon acoustic crypsis, potentially to minimize the risk of acoustic eavesdropping by predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Parks
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 114 Life Sciences Complex, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Dana A Cusano
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 114 Life Sciences Complex, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
| | - Sofie M Van Parijs
- NOAA Fisheries, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Douglas P Nowacek
- Nicholas School of the Environment and the Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. School of Engineering, Duke University Marine Lab, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA
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Interacting effects of vessel noise and shallow river depth elevate metabolic stress in Ganges river dolphins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15426. [PMID: 31659202 PMCID: PMC6817857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In riverine ‘soundscapes’, complex interactions between sound, substrate type, and depth create difficulties in assessing impacts of anthropogenic noise pollution on freshwater fauna. Underwater noise from vessels can negatively affect endangered Ganges river dolphins (Platanista gangetica), which are ‘almost blind’ and rely entirely on high-frequency echolocation clicks to sense their environment. We conducted field-based acoustic recordings and modelling to assess acoustic responses of Platanista to underwater noise exposure from vessels in the Ganga River (India), which is now being transformed into a major waterway. Dolphins showed enhanced activity during acute noise exposure and suppressed activity during chronic exposure. Increase in ambient noise levels altered dolphin acoustic responses, strongly masked echolocation clicks, and more than doubled metabolic stress. Noise impacts were further aggravated during dry-season river depth reduction. Maintaining ecological flows, downscaling of vessel traffic, and propeller modifications to reduce cavitation noise, could help mitigate noise impacts on Ganges river dolphins.
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Frainer G, Moreno IB, Serpa N, Galatius A, Wiedermann D, Huggenberger S. Ontogeny and evolution of the sound-generating structures in the infraorder Delphinida (Odontoceti: Delphinida). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blz118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe ontogeny of the structures involved in sound generation and modulation in dolphins was investigated through a comparison of the soft nasal structures of foetal, perinatal, neonatal and adult specimens of Pontoporiidae, Phocoenidae and Delphinidae. Foetal samples were sectioned at 10 µm in the saggital and coronal planes, and stained for histological examination. Computed tomography and magentic resonance imaging scan series were combined with new data to represent the ontogenetic stages of the three groups. The images were analysed in 3D-Slicer to characterize the general head topography. The origins of the melon and the vestibular air sac were detected between Carnegie stages C16 and F22. The three groups analysed showed distinct formation of the nasal plug and nasal plug muscles, mainly with regard to the loss of fat pathways (or their maintenance in Pontoporiidae) and the development of the nasal plug muscles on both sides (during perinatal development of Phocoenidae) or just on the left side (during postnatal development in Delphinidae). Broadband vocalizing delphinidans might have evolved under heterochronic events acting on the formation of sound-generating structures such as the rostrum and vestibular air sacs, and on the transformation of the branches of the melon, probably leading to a reduced directionality of the sonar beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Frainer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR/UFRGS), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Imbé, Brazil
- Department II of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ignacio B Moreno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR/UFRGS), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Imbé, Brazil
| | - Nathalia Serpa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CECLIMAR/UFRGS), Campus Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Imbé, Brazil
| | - Anders Galatius
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Dirk Wiedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
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Mishima Y, Morisaka T, Ishikawa M, Karasawa Y, Yoshida Y. Pulsed call sequences as contact calls in Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:409. [PMID: 31370601 DOI: 10.1121/1.5116692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pacific white-sided dolphins are a group-living species and appear to exchange "contact calls" to maintain group cohesion. The aim of this study was to find and characterize their contact calls. Calls were recorded from two females at Osaka Aquarium KAIYUKAN (OAK) and three females at Izu-Mito Sea Paradise (IMSP). Because they often produced pulsed calls consecutively, a "pulsed call sequence" was defined as three or more successive pulsed calls occurring within 325 ms, which was calculated using a bout analysis. The pulsed call sequences increased during separation periods and decreased during reunions and were used for vocal exchange, suggesting that the sequences are contact calls in Pacific white-sided dolphins. Most of the pulsed call sequences were classified into unique types; several stereotyped, repeated patterns were found. One sequence type was found at OAK and the two dolphins shared the type; they exchanged sequences with type matching. On the other hand, three sequence types were found in IMSP and the three dolphins shared all of the types; however, each dolphin preferentially used different types and frequently exchanged with their own favorite types but not with type matching. These results suggest that the sequence type may function as an individual and/or group identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Mishima
- Department of Marine Resources and Energy, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 4-5-7, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8477, Japan
| | - Tadamichi Morisaka
- Cetacean Research Center, Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577, Kurimamachiya-cho, Tsu-shi, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Megumi Ishikawa
- Osaka Aquarium KAIYUKAN, 1-1-10, Kaigandori, Minato-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka, 552-0022, Japan
| | - Yuu Karasawa
- Izu-Mito Sea Paradise, 3-1, Nagahama, Uchiura, Numazu-shi, Shizuoka, 410-0295, Japan
| | - Yayoi Yoshida
- Department of Environmental and Societal Affairs, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka-shi, Shizuoka, 424-8610, Japan
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Smith AB, Pacini AF, Nachtigall PE, Laule GE, Aragones LV, Magno C, Suarez LJA. Transmission beam pattern and dynamics of a spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 145:3595. [PMID: 31255135 DOI: 10.1121/1.5111347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Toothed whales possess a sophisticated biosonar system by which ultrasonic clicks are projected in a highly directional transmission beam. Beam directivity is an important biosonar characteristic that reduces acoustic clutter and increases the acoustic detection range. This study measured click characteristics and the transmission beam pattern from a small odontocete, the spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostis). A formerly stranded individual was rehabilitated and trained to station underwater in front of a 16-element hydrophone array. On-axis clicks showed a mean duration of 20.1 μs, with mean peak and centroid frequencies of 58 and 64 kHz [standard deviation (s.d.) ±30 and ±12 kHz], respectively. Clicks were projected in an oval, vertically compressed beam, with mean vertical and horizontal beamwidths of 14.5° (s.d. ± 3.9) and 16.3° (s.d. ± 4.6), respectively. Directivity indices ranged from 14.9 to 27.4 dB, with a mean of 21.7 dB, although this likely represents a broader beam than what is normally produced by wild individuals. A click subset with characteristics more similar to those described for wild individuals exhibited a mean directivity index of 23.3 dB. Although one of the broadest transmission beams described for a dolphin, it is similar to other small bodied odontocetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Smith
- Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Aude F Pacini
- Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Paul E Nachtigall
- Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, Hawaii 96744, USA
| | - Gail E Laule
- Ocean Adventure, Camayan Wharf, West Ilanin Forest, Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
| | - Lemnuel V Aragones
- Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Carlo Magno
- Ocean Adventure, Camayan Wharf, West Ilanin Forest, Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
| | - Leo J A Suarez
- Ocean Adventure, Camayan Wharf, West Ilanin Forest, Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines
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28
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Martin MJ, Elwen SH, Kassanjee R, Gridley T. To buzz or burst-pulse? The functional role of Heaviside's dolphin, Cephalorhynchus heavisidii, rapidly pulsed signals. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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29
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Galatius A, Olsen MT, Steeman ME, Racicot RA, Bradshaw CD, Kyhn LA, Miller LA. Raising your voice: evolution of narrow-band high-frequency signals in toothed whales (Odontoceti). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Galatius
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Morten Tange Olsen
- Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | | | - Rachel A Racicot
- W. M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, USA
- The Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Catherine D Bradshaw
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, UK
| | - Line A Kyhn
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lee A Miller
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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30
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Jensen FH, Johnson M, Ladegaard M, Wisniewska DM, Madsen PT. Narrow Acoustic Field of View Drives Frequency Scaling in Toothed Whale Biosonar. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3878-3885.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Nikolich K, Frouin-Mouy H, Acevedo-Gutiérrez A. Clear diel patterns in breeding calls of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) at Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the breeding season, male harbor seals (Phoca vitulina Linnaeus, 1758) produce underwater calls for sexual advertisement. The daily and seasonal timing of these calls is influenced by female availability (i.e., tidal haul-out patterns, foraging behavior, and oestrus cycle). Therefore, temporal patterns of male calling can provide clues about patterns of female behavior. We collected underwater recordings during the 2014 breeding season at Hornby Island, British Columbia, Canada, and examined the relationships of light level, progression of breeding season, and tide relative to call presence or absence and calling rate. Calls were 15 times more likely to occur at night than during the day. Nocturnal peaks in calling rate have been observed in other harbor seal populations and have been attributed to tidal haul-out patterns and nocturnal foraging of females. In this study, tide level did not have a significant effect on calling rate, and female foraging behavior was not monitored. One acoustic observation of mammal-eating killer whale (Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758)) calls was followed by 48 h of decreased calling rate. We infer that predation risk influences the temporal pattern of male calling at this location and suggest further study to support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Nikolich
- Department of Biology, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA
| | - Héloïse Frouin-Mouy
- JASCO Applied Sciences Canada Ltd., 2305-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8 Canada
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32
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Capella JJ, Félix F, Flórez-González L, Gibbons J, Haase B, Guzman HM. Geographic and temporal patterns of non-lethal attacks on humpback whales by killer whales in the eastern South Pacific and the Antarctic Peninsula. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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33
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Click emission in Dall's porpoise Phocoenoides dalli, focusing on physical properties of tissues. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202426. [PMID: 30216345 PMCID: PMC6138359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) is one of most common North Pacific porpoise species, for which information on sound-emitting processes is limited. To evaluate the mechanism of click emission in the head of this porpoise, the distribution of acoustic impedance in head tissues was calculated using density and Young's modulus'which is a measure of linear resistance to linear compression. Two Dall's porpoise heads were examined: one for macroscopic dissection, and one for investigating the distribution of acoustic impedance calculated from CT-measured density, and Young's modulus measured by creep meter. Acoustic impedance increased from the dorsal bursae to the melon's emitting surface, with impedance matching observed at the boundary between the emitting surface and seawater, and was more similar in distribution to Young's modulus than it was to density. The distribution of acoustic impedance differed from that of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), despite similarities in the sound-producing organs in the heads of Dall's and harbor porpoises. A comparison of the physical properties of Dall's and harbor porpoise head tissues suggests that hypertrophic vestibular sacs and an oval emitting surface are common characteristics in Phocoenidae.
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34
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Martin MJ, Gridley T, Elwen SH, Jensen FH. Heaviside's dolphins ( Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) relax acoustic crypsis to increase communication range. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:rspb.2018.1178. [PMID: 30051842 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The costs of predation may exert significant pressure on the mode of communication used by an animal, and many species balance the benefits of communication (e.g. mate attraction) against the potential risk of predation. Four groups of toothed whales have independently evolved narrowband high-frequency (NBHF) echolocation signals. These signals help NBHF species avoid predation through acoustic crypsis by echolocating and communicating at frequencies inaudible to predators such as mammal-eating killer whales. Heaviside's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) are thought to exclusively produce NBHF echolocation clicks with a centroid frequency around 125 kHz and little to no energy below 100 kHz. To test this, we recorded wild Heaviside's dolphins in a sheltered bay in Namibia. We demonstrate that Heaviside's dolphins produce a second type of click with lower frequency and broader bandwidth in a frequency range that is audible to killer whales. These clicks are used in burst-pulses and occasional click series but not foraging buzzes. We evaluate three different hypotheses and conclude that the most likely benefit of these clicks is to decrease transmission directivity and increase conspecific communication range. The expected increase in active space depends on background noise but ranges from 2.5 (Wenz Sea State 6) to 5 times (Wenz Sea State 1) the active space of NBHF signals. This dual click strategy therefore allows these social dolphins to maintain acoustic crypsis during navigation and foraging, and to selectively relax their crypsis to facilitate communication with conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J Martin
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, c/o Sea Search Research and Conservation NPC, 4 Bath Rd, Cape Town 7945, South Africa
| | - Tess Gridley
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, c/o Sea Search Research and Conservation NPC, 4 Bath Rd, Cape Town 7945, South Africa
| | - Simon H Elwen
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, c/o Sea Search Research and Conservation NPC, 4 Bath Rd, Cape Town 7945, South Africa
| | - Frants H Jensen
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Rd, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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35
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Coye C, Ouattara K, Arlet ME, Lemasson A, Zuberbühler K. Flexible use of simple and combined calls in female Campbell's monkeys. Anim Behav 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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Sørensen PM, Wisniewska DM, Jensen FH, Johnson M, Teilmann J, Madsen PT. Click communication in wild harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Sci Rep 2018; 8:9702. [PMID: 29946073 PMCID: PMC6018799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Social delphinids employ a vocal repertoire of clicks for echolocation and whistles for communication. Conversely, the less social and acoustically cryptic harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) only produce narrow-band high-frequency (NBHF) clicks with properties that appear poorly suited for communication. Nevertheless, these small odontocetes likely mediate social interactions, such as mate choice and mother-calf contact, with sound. Here, we deployed six tags (DTAG3) on wild porpoises in Danish waters for a total of 96 hours to investigate if the patterns and use of stereotyped NBHF click trains are consistent with a communication function. We show that wild porpoises produce frequent (up to 27 • min-1), high-repetition rate click series with repetition rates and output levels different from those of foraging buzzes. These sounds are produced in bouts and frequently co-occur with emission of similar sounds by nearby conspecifics, audible on the tags for >10% of the time. These results suggest that social interactions are more important to this species than their limited social encounters at the surface may indicate and that these interactions are mediated by at least two broad categories of calls composed of short, high-repetition rate click trains that may encode information via the repetition rate of their stereotyped NBHF clicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Sørensen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Moellers Allé 3, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - D M Wisniewska
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Moellers Allé 3, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Ocean View Blvd, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - F H Jensen
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, DK, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6b, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - M Johnson
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Moellers Allé 3, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, United Kingdom
| | - J Teilmann
- Marine Mammal Research, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - P T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, C.F. Moellers Allé 3, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, DK, Høegh-Guldbergs Gade 6b, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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37
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Soldevilla MS, Baumann-Pickering S, Cholewiak D, Hodge LEW, Oleson EM, Rankin S. Geographic variation in Risso's dolphin echolocation click spectra. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 142:599. [PMID: 28863585 DOI: 10.1121/1.4996002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Discrimination of bioacoustic signals to the species or population level is critical for using passive acoustic monitoring to study cetacean ecology. Risso's dolphins off southern California have distinctive peaks and notches in their echolocation clicks, but it was unknown whether Risso's dolphins from other geographic areas have similarly distinctive click spectra and whether populations are acoustically distinct. This study investigates using clicks for species and population identification by characterizing the spectral structure of Risso's dolphin echolocation clicks recorded over wide-ranging geographic regions including the U.S. waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, and North Pacific Ocean; and international waters of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. All recordings with Risso's dolphin clicks exhibited the spectral peak and notch pattern described off southern California, indicating the presence of peak banding patterns is useful for species discrimination. Geographic regions were a significant explanatory factor for variability in the frequencies of click spectral peaks, with relatively higher frequency peaks and notches found off Hawaii compared to California waters and off the southeast U.S. compared to the Gulf of Mexico. In the North Atlantic Ocean, a latitudinal cline in frequencies was evident. Potential causes of acoustic variation within and among acoustic encounters are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Soldevilla
- Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Services, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida 33149, USA
| | - Simone Baumann-Pickering
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0205, USA
| | - Danielle Cholewiak
- Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Services, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Lynne E W Hodge
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Road, Beaufort, North Carolina 28516, USA
| | - Erin M Oleson
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Services, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1845 Wasp Boulevard, Honolulu, Hawaii 96818, USA
| | - Shannon Rankin
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Services, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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38
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Cremer MJ, Holz AC, Bordino P, Wells RS, Simões-Lopes PC. Social sounds produced by franciscana dolphins, Pontoporia blainvillei (Cetartiodactyla, Pontoporiidae). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 141:2047. [PMID: 28372148 DOI: 10.1121/1.4978437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) whistles were documented for the first time during 2003-2013 in Babitonga Bay estuary, South Brazil, together with burst pulses. Recordings were made from small boats under good sea conditions, and recording equipment that allowed analysis of sounds up to 96 kHz. The recordings were made in the presence of 2-31 franciscana dolphins. During 23 h and 53 min, 90 whistles and 51 burst pulse series were recorded. Although Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) inhabit nearby waters, none were observed in the area during the recordings. The authors recorded ten types of whistles. The initial frequency varied between 1.6 and 94.6 kHz, and the final frequency varied between 0.7 and 94.5 kHz; the authors were not able to determine if dolphin whistles exceeded the 96 kHz recording limit of the authors' equipment, although that is likely, especially because some whistles showed harmonics. Whistle duration varied between 0.008 and 0.361 s. Burst pulses had initial frequencies between 69 and 82.1 kHz (77 ± 3.81). These results showed that P. blainvillei produces whistles and burst pulses, although they seem to be produced infrequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Jussara Cremer
- Projeto Toninhas, Universidade da Região de Joinville, UNIVILLE, P.O. Box 110, 89240-000, São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Annelise Colin Holz
- Projeto Toninhas, Universidade da Região de Joinville, UNIVILLE, P.O. Box 110, 89240-000, São Francisco do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Pablo Bordino
- Fundación Aquamarina, Del Besugo 1525, (7167) Pinamar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Randall S Wells
- Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, Chicago Zoological Society, c/o Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, Florida 34236, USA
| | - Paulo César Simões-Lopes
- Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, P.O. Box 5102, 88040-970, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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39
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Racicot RA, Gearty W, Kohno N, Flynn JJ. Comparative anatomy of the bony labyrinth of extant and extinct porpoises (Cetacea: Phocoenidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Racicot
- The Dinosaur Institute; Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County; Los Angeles CA USA
- Smithsonian Institution; P. O. Box 37012 MRC 121 Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - William Gearty
- Department of Geological Sciences; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - Naoki Kohno
- Department of Geology and Paleontology; Division of Biotic Evolution; National Museum of Nature and Science; Tokyo Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Tsukuba; Japan
| | - John J. Flynn
- Department of Vertebrate Paleontology; Division of Paleontology; American Museum of Natural History; New York NY USA
- Richard Gilder Graduate School; American Museum of Natural History; New York NY USA
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40
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del Castillo DL, Segura V, Flores DA, Cappozzo HL. Cranial development and directional asymmetry in Commerson’s dolphin,Cephalorhynchus commersonii commersonii: 3D geometric morphometric approach. J Mammal 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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41
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Kremers D, Célérier A, Schaal B, Campagna S, Trabalon M, Böye M, Hausberger M, Lemasson A. Sensory Perception in Cetaceans: Part I—Current Knowledge about Dolphin Senses As a Representative Species. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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42
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Galatius A, Goodall RNP. Skull shapes of the Lissodelphininae: radiation, adaptation and asymmetry. J Morphol 2016; 277:776-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Natalie P. Goodall
- Museo Acatushún de Aves y Mamiferos Marines Australes (AMMA); Tierra del Fuego Argentina
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43
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Thornton SW, Mclellan WA, Rommel SA, Dillaman RM, Nowacek DP, Koopman HN, Pabst DA. Morphology of the Nasal Apparatus in Pygmy (Kogia Breviceps) and Dwarf (K. Sima) Sperm Whales. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 298:1301-26. [PMID: 25931415 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Odontocete echolocation clicks are generated by pneumatically driven phonic lips within the nasal passage, and propagated through specialized structures within the forehead. This study investigated the highly derived echolocation structures of the pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (K. sima) sperm whales through careful dissections (N = 18 K. breviceps, 6 K. sima) and histological examinations (N = 5 K. breviceps). This study is the first to show that the entire kogiid sound production and transmission pathway is acted upon by complex facial muscles (likely derivations of the m. maxillonasolabialis). Muscles appear capable of tensing and separating the solitary pair of phonic lips, which would control echolocation click frequencies. The phonic lips are enveloped by the "vocal cap," a morphologically complex, connective tissue structure unique to kogiids. Extensive facial muscles appear to control the position of this structure and its spatial relationship to the phonic lips. The vocal cap's numerous air crypts suggest that it may reflect sounds. Muscles encircling the connective tissue case that surrounds the spermaceti organ may change its shape and/or internal pressure. These actions may influence the acoustic energy transmitted from the phonic lips, through this lipid body, to the melon. Facial and rostral muscles act upon the length of the melon, suggesting that the sound "beam" can be focused as it travels through the melon and into the environment. This study suggests that the kogiid echolocation system is highly tunable. Future acoustic studies are required to test these hypotheses and gain further insight into the kogiid echolocation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Thornton
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Rd, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403
| | - William A Mclellan
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Rd, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403
| | - Sentiel A Rommel
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Rd, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403
| | - Richard M Dillaman
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Rd, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403
| | - Douglas P Nowacek
- Nicholas School of the Environment and Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University Marine Laboratory, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd, Beaufort, North Carolina, 28516
| | - Heather N Koopman
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Rd, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403
| | - D Ann Pabst
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Rd, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403
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44
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Wang ZT, W L Au W, Rendell L, Wang KX, Wu HP, Wu YP, Liu JC, Duan GQ, Cao HJ, Wang D. Apparent source levels and active communication space of whistles of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl River Estuary and Beibu Gulf, China. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1695. [PMID: 26893973 PMCID: PMC4756734 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Knowledge of species-specific vocalization characteristics and their associated active communication space, the effective range over which a communication signal can be detected by a conspecific, is critical for understanding the impacts of underwater acoustic pollution, as well as other threats. Methods. We used a two-dimensional cross-shaped hydrophone array system to record the whistles of free-ranging Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in shallow-water environments of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and Beibu Gulf (BG), China. Using hyperbolic position fixing, which exploits time differences of arrival of a signal between pairs of hydrophone receivers, we obtained source location estimates for whistles with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR ≥10 dB) and not polluted by other sounds and back-calculated their apparent source levels (ASL). Combining with the masking levels (including simultaneous noise levels, masking tonal threshold, and the Sousa auditory threshold) and the custom made site-specific sound propagation models, we further estimated their active communication space (ACS). Results. Humpback dolphins produced whistles with average root-mean-square ASL of 138.5 ± 6.8 (mean ± standard deviation) and 137.2 ± 7.0 dB re 1 µPa in PRE (N = 33) and BG (N = 209), respectively. We found statistically significant differences in ASLs among different whistle contour types. The mean and maximum ACS of whistles were estimated to be 14.7 ± 2.6 (median ± quartile deviation) and 17.1± 3.5 m in PRE, and 34.2 ± 9.5 and 43.5 ± 12.2 m in BG. Using just the auditory threshold as the masking level produced the mean and maximum ACSat of 24.3 ± 4.8 and 35.7 ± 4.6 m for PRE, and 60.7 ± 18.1 and 74.3 ± 25.3 m for BG. The small ACSs were due to the high ambient noise level. Significant differences in ACSs were also observed among different whistle contour types. Discussion. Besides shedding some light for evaluating appropriate noise exposure levels and information for the regulation of underwater acoustic pollution, these baseline data can also be used for aiding the passive acoustic monitoring of dolphin populations, defining the boundaries of separate groups in a more biologically meaningful way during field surveys, and guiding the appropriate approach distance for local dolphin-watching boats and research boat during focal group following.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Tao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Hawaii, HI, United States of America; Current affiliation: Division of Marine Science and Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Beaufort, NC, United States of America
| | - Whitlow W L Au
- Marine Mammal Research Program, Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii , Hawaii, HI , United States of America
| | - Luke Rendell
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews , Fife , United Kingdom
| | - Ke-Xiong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, Hubei , China
| | - Hai-Ping Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Qinzhou University , Guangxi , China
| | - Yu-Ping Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jian-Chang Liu
- Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport , Guangzhou , China
| | - Guo-Qin Duan
- Hongkong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Authority , Guangzhou , China
| | - Han-Jiang Cao
- Hongkong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge Authority , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ding Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wuhan, Hubei , China
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de Freitas M, Jensen FH, Tyne J, Bejder L, Madsen PT. Echolocation parameters of Australian humpback dolphins (Sousa sahulensis) and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) in the wild. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 137:3033-41. [PMID: 26093395 DOI: 10.1121/1.4921277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Echolocation is a key sensory modality for toothed whale orientation, navigation, and foraging. However, a more comparative understanding of the biosonar properties of toothed whales is necessary to understand behavioral and evolutionary adaptions. To address this, two free-ranging sympatric delphinid species, Australian humpback dolphins (Sousa sahulensis) and Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), were studied. Biosonar clicks from both species were recorded within the same stretch of coastal habitat in Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia, using a vertical seven element hydrophone array. S. sahulensis used biosonar clicks with a mean source level of 199 ± 3 dB re 1 μPa peak-peak (pp), mean centroid frequency of 106 ± 11 kHz, and emitted at interclick intervals (ICIs) of 79 ± 33 ms. These parameters were similar to click parameters of sympatric T. aduncus, characterized by mean source levels of 204 ± 4 dB re 1 μPa pp, centroid frequency of 112 ± 9 kHz, and ICIs of 73 ± 29 ms. These properties are comparable to those of other similar sized delphinids and suggest that biosonar parameters are independent of sympatric delphinids and possibly driven by body size. The dynamic biosonar behavior of these delphinids may have, consequently, allowed for adaptations to local environments through high levels of control over sonar beam properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda de Freitas
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 1131, C.F. Moellers Alle 3, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Frants H Jensen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Julian Tyne
- Murdoch University Cetacean Research Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Lars Bejder
- Murdoch University Cetacean Research Unit, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Peter T Madsen
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Building 1131, C.F. Moellers Alle 3, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Hirose A, Nakamura G, Kato H. Some Aspects on an Asymmetry of Nasal Bones in Toothed Whales. MAMMAL STUDY 2015. [DOI: 10.3106/041.040.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Vollmer N, Hayek LA, Heithaus M, Connor R. Further evidence of a context-specific agonistic signal in bottlenose dolphins: the influence of consortships and group size on the pop vocalization. BEHAVIOUR 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pops are a low-frequency, pulsed vocalization produced by Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiopscf.aduncus) in Shark Bay, Western Australia and are often heard when male alliances are consorting or ‘herding’ a female. Previous research indicated that pops produced in this context are an agonistic ‘come-hither’ demand produced by males and directed at female consorts. Here we examine pop occurrence during focal follows on bottlenose dolphin alliances with and without female consorts present. Regression analysis was conducted to determine if pop numbers were higher in the presence of female consorts, and if variables including group size alone and the interaction between presence/absence of a consortship and group size, influenced pop production. While the presence or absence of a consortship significantly affected the number of pops, average group size had no significant effect on pop production. Our research provides further evidence that the pop vocalization plays an important role in consortships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Vollmer
- National Systematics Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Lee-Ann C. Hayek
- Smithsonian Institution, Mathematics and Statistics, MRC-121, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Michael R. Heithaus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151 St., North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Richard C. Connor
- Department of Biology, UMASS-Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, MA 02747, USA
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Yoshida YM, Morisaka T, Sakai M, Iwasaki M, Wakabayashi I, Seko A, Kasamatsu M, Akamatsu T, Kohshima S. Sound variation and function in captive Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii). Behav Processes 2014; 108:11-9. [PMID: 25225038 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii), one of the smallest dolphin species, has been reported to produce only narrow-band high-frequency (NBHF) clicks and no whistles. To clarify their sound repertoire and examine the function of each type, we analysed the sounds and behaviour of captive Commerson's dolphins in Toba Aquarium, Japan. All recorded sounds were NBHF clicks with peak frequency >110kHz. The recorded click-trains were categorised into four types based on the changing pattern of their Inter-click intervals (ICI): Decreasing type, with continuously decreasing ICI during the last part of the train; Increasing type, with continuously increasing ICI during the last part; Fluctuating type, with fluctuating ICI; and Burst-pulse type, with very short and constant ICI. The frequency of the Decreasing type increased when approaching an object newly introduced to the tank, suggesting that the sound is used for echolocation on approach. The Burst-pulse type suddenly increased in front of the object and was often oriented towards it, suggesting that it was used for echolocation in close proximity to the object. In contrast, the Increasing type was rarely recorded during approach, but increased when a dolphin approached another dolphin. The Increasing and Burst-pulse types also increased when dolphins began social behaviours. These results suggest that some NBHF clicks have functions other than echolocation, such as communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi M Yoshida
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Tanaka-sekiden, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan.
| | - Tadamichi Morisaka
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Tanaka-sekiden, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan; Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan
| | - Mai Sakai
- Institute of Innovative Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1, Orido, Shimizu-ku, Shizuoka 424-8610, Japan; JSPS, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Mari Iwasaki
- Tokyo Institute of Technology, W3-43 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | | | - Atsushi Seko
- Toba Aquarium, 3-3-6, Toba-city, Mie 517-8517, Japan
| | | | - Tomonari Akamatsu
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Hasaki, Ibaraki 314-0408, Japan; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0075, Japan
| | - Shiro Kohshima
- Wildlife Research Center, Kyoto University, Tanaka-sekiden, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8203, Japan
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49
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Fenton B, Jensen FH, Kalko EKV, Tyack PL. Sonar Signals of Bats and Toothed Whales. BIOSONAR 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9146-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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50
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Dunn C, Hickmott L, Talbot D, Boyd I, Rendell L. Mid-frequency broadband sounds of Blainville's beaked whales. BIOACOUSTICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09524622.2012.757540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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