1
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Zhang H, Sun C, Sun Q, Li Y, Zhou C, Sun C. Susceptibility of acute myeloid leukemia cells to ferroptosis and evasion strategies. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1275774. [PMID: 37818101 PMCID: PMC10561097 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1275774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly aggressive hematologic malignancy with a 5-year survival rate of less than 30%. Continuous updating of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies has not been effective in improving the clinical benefit of AML. AML cells are prone to iron metabolism imbalance due to their unique pathological characteristics, and ferroptosis is a novel cell death mode that is dominated by three cellular biological processes: iron metabolism, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism. An in-depth exploration of the unique ferroptosis mechanism in AML can provide new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. This study summarizes recent studies on ferroptosis in AML cells and suggests that the metabolic characteristics, gene mutation patterns, and dependence on mitochondria of AML cells greatly increase their susceptibility to ferroptosis. In addition, this study suggests that AML cells can establish a variety of strategies to evade ferroptosis to maintain their survival during the process of occurrence and development, and summarizes the related drugs targeting ferroptosis pathway in AML treatment, which provides development directions for the subsequent mechanism research and clinical treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyun Zhang
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chunjie Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qi Sun
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang, China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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2
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Cheng EL, Cardle II, Kacherovsky N, Bansia H, Wang T, Zhou Y, Raman J, Yen A, Gutierrez D, Salipante SJ, des Georges A, Jensen MC, Pun SH. Discovery of a Transferrin Receptor 1-Binding Aptamer and Its Application in Cancer Cell Depletion for Adoptive T-Cell Therapy Manufacturing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13851-13864. [PMID: 35875870 PMCID: PMC10024945 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The clinical manufacturing of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells includes cell selection, activation, gene transduction, and expansion. While the method of T-cell selection varies across companies, current methods do not actively eliminate the cancer cells in the patient's apheresis product from the healthy immune cells. Alarmingly, it has been found that transduction of a single leukemic B cell with the CAR gene can confer resistance to CAR T-cell therapy and lead to treatment failure. In this study, we report the identification of a novel high-affinity DNA aptamer, termed tJBA8.1, that binds transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), a receptor broadly upregulated by cancer cells. Using competition assays, high resolution cryo-EM, and de novo model building of the aptamer into the resulting electron density, we reveal that tJBA8.1 shares a binding site on TfR1 with holo-transferrin, the natural ligand of TfR1. We use tJBA8.1 to effectively deplete B lymphoma cells spiked into peripheral blood mononuclear cells with minimal impact on the healthy immune cell composition. Lastly, we present opportunities for affinity improvement of tJBA8.1. As TfR1 expression is broadly upregulated in many cancers, including difficult-to-treat T-cell leukemias and lymphomas, our work provides a facile, universal, and inexpensive approach for comprehensively removing cancerous cells from patient apheresis products for safe manufacturing of adoptive T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmeline L Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Ian I Cardle
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States.,Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Nataly Kacherovsky
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Harsh Bansia
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Tong Wang
- Nanoscience Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Yunshi Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Jai Raman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Albert Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
| | - Dominique Gutierrez
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States.,Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Stephen J Salipante
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7110, United States
| | - Amédée des Georges
- Structural Biology Initiative, CUNY Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States.,Ph.D. Programs in Biochemistry and Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Seattle Children's Therapeutics, Seattle, Washington 98101, United States.,Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-5061, United States
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3
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Binding of the anticancer Ti(IV) complex phenolaTi to serum proteins: Thermodynamic and kinetic aspects. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 232:111817. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Weber S, Parmon A, Kurrle N, Schnütgen F, Serve H. The Clinical Significance of Iron Overload and Iron Metabolism in Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Front Immunol 2021; 11:627662. [PMID: 33679722 PMCID: PMC7933218 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.627662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelodysplasticsyndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are clonal hematopoietic stem cell diseases leading to an insufficient formation of functional blood cells. Disease-immanent factors as insufficient erythropoiesis and treatment-related factors as recurrent treatment with red blood cell transfusions frequently lead to systemic iron overload in MDS and AML patients. In addition, alterations of function and expression of proteins associated with iron metabolism are increasingly recognized to be pathogenetic factors and potential vulnerabilities of these diseases. Iron is known to be involved in multiple intracellular and extracellular processes. It is essential for cell metabolism as well as for cell proliferation and closely linked to the formation of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, iron can influence the course of clonal myeloid disorders, the leukemic environment and the occurrence as well as the defense of infections. Imbalances of iron homeostasis may induce cell death of normal but also of malignant cells. New potential treatment strategies utilizing the importance of the iron homeostasis include iron chelation, modulation of proteins involved in iron metabolism, induction of leukemic cell death via ferroptosis and exploitation of iron proteins for the delivery of antileukemic drugs. Here, we provide an overview of some of the latest findings about the function, the prognostic impact and potential treatment strategies of iron in patients with MDS and AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weber
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Parmon
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nina Kurrle
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frank Schnütgen
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hubert Serve
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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5
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Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Kovacevic Z, Jansson PJ, Sahni S, Huang MLH, Lane DJ, Lok H, Richardson DR. Exploiting Cancer Metal Metabolism using Anti-Cancer Metal- Binding Agents. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:302-322. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170705120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metals are vital cellular elements necessary for multiple indispensable biological processes of living organisms, including energy transduction and cell proliferation. Interestingly, alterations in metal levels and also changes in the expression of proteins involved in metal metabolism have been demonstrated in a variety of cancers. Considering this and the important role of metals for cell growth, the development of drugs that sequester metals has become an attractive target for the development of novel anti-cancer agents. Interest in this field has surged with the design and development of new generations of chelators of the thiosemicarbazone class. These ligands have shown potent anticancer and anti-metastatic activity in vitro and in vivo. Due to their efficacy and safe toxicological assessment, some of these agents have recently entered multi-center clinical trials as therapeutics for advanced and resistant tumors. This review highlights the role and changes in homeostasis of metals in cancer and emphasizes the pre-clinical development and clinical assessment of metal ion-binding agents, namely, thiosemicarbazones, as antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M. Merlot
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Danuta S. Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J. Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Michael L.-H. Huang
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Darius J.R. Lane
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Hiu Lok
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Des R. Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, The University of Sydney, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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6
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Leoh LS, Kim YK, Candelaria PV, Martínez-Maza O, Daniels-Wells TR, Penichet ML. Efficacy and Mechanism of Antitumor Activity of an Antibody Targeting Transferrin Receptor 1 in Mouse Models of Human Multiple Myeloma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3485-3494. [PMID: 29654211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) is an attractive target for Ab-mediated cancer therapy. We previously developed a mouse/human chimeric IgG3 Ab (ch128.1) targeting human TfR1, which exhibits direct in vitro cytotoxicity against certain human malignant B cells through TfR1 degradation and iron deprivation. ch128.1 also demonstrates exceptional antitumor activity against the B cell malignancy multiple myeloma (MM) in xenograft models of SCID-Beige mice bearing either disseminated ARH-77 or KMS-11 cells in an early disease setting. Interestingly, this activity is observed even against KMS-11 cells, which show no sensitivity to the direct cytotoxic activity of ch128.1 in vitro. To understand the contributions of the Fc fragment, we generated a ch128.1 mutant with impaired binding to FcγRs and to the complement component C1q, which retains binding to the neonatal Fc receptor. We now report that this mutant Ab does not show antitumor activity in these two MM models, indicating a crucial role of the Fc fragment in the antitumor activity of ch128.1, which can be attributed to effector functions (Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, Ab-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis, and/or complement-dependent cytotoxicity). Interestingly, in the KMS-11 model, complement depletion does not affect protection, whereas macrophage depletion does. Consistent with this observation, we found that ch128.1 induces Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and Ab-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis against KMS-11 cells in the presence of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Finally, we found that ch128.1 therapy effectively increases survival in a late MM disease setting. Our results suggest that macrophages play a major role in ch128.1-mediated antitumor protection in our models and that ch128.1 can be effective against human B cell malignancies such as MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Sum Leoh
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yoon Kyung Kim
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Pierre V Candelaria
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90024; and
| | - Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095; .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,UCLA AIDS Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90024; and.,The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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7
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Loza-Rosas SA, Saxena M, Delgado Y, Gaur K, Pandrala M, Tinoco AD. A ubiquitous metal, difficult to track: towards an understanding of the regulation of titanium(iv) in humans. Metallomics 2017; 9:346-356. [PMID: 28164202 PMCID: PMC5397357 DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite the ubiquitous nature of titanium(iv) and several examples of its beneficial behavior in different organisms, the metal remains underappreciated in biology. There is little understanding of how the metal might play an important function in the human body. Nonetheless, a new insight is obtained regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the blood speciation of the metal to maintain it in a nontoxic and potentially bioavailable form for use in the body. This review surveys the literature on Ti(iv) application in prosthetics and in the development of anticancer therapeutics to gain an insight into soluble Ti(iv) influx in the body and its long-term impact. The limitation in analytical tools makes it difficult to depict the full picture of how Ti(iv) is transported and distributed throughout the body. An improved understanding of Ti function and its interaction with biomolecules will be helpful in developing future technologies for its imaging in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Loza-Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, San Juan, PR 00969, USA.
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8
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Tortorella S, Karagiannis TC. Transferrin Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis: A Useful Target for Cancer Therapy. J Membr Biol 2014; 247:291-307. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-014-9637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Transferrin-conjugated SNALPs encapsulating 2'-O-methylated miR-34a for the treatment of multiple myeloma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:217365. [PMID: 24683542 PMCID: PMC3943297 DOI: 10.1155/2014/217365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Stable nucleic acid lipid vesicles (SNALPs) encapsulating miR-34a to treat multiple myeloma (MM) were developed. Wild type or completely 2'-O-methylated (OMet) MiR-34a was used in this study. Moreover, SNALPs were conjugated with transferrin (Tf) in order to target MM cells overexpressing transferrin receptors (TfRs). The type of miR-34a chemical backbone did not significantly affect the characteristics of SNALPs in terms of mean size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential, while the encapsulation of an OMet miR-34a resulted in a significant increase of miRNA encapsulation into the SNALPs. On the other hand, the chemical conjugation of SNALPs with Tf resulted in a significant decrease of the zeta potential, while size characteristics and miR-34a encapsulation into SNALPs were not significantly affected. In an experimental model of MM, all the animals treated with SNALPs encapsulating miR-34a showed a significant inhibition of the tumor growth. However, the use of SNALPs conjugated with Tf and encapsulating OMet miR-34a resulted in the highest increase of mice survival. These results may represent the proof of concept for the use of SNALPs encapsulating miR-34a for the treatment of MM.
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10
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Merlot AM, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Novel chelators for cancer treatment: where are we now? Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:973-1006. [PMID: 22424293 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Under normal circumstances, cellular iron levels are tightly regulated due to the potential toxic effects of this metal ion. There is evidence that tumors possess altered iron homeostasis, which is mediated by the perturbed expression of iron-related proteins, for example, transferrin receptor 1, ferritin and ferroportin 1. The de-regulation of iron homeostasis in cancer cells reveals a particular vulnerability to iron-depletion using iron chelators. In this review, we examine the absorption of iron from the gut; its transport, metabolism, and homeostasis in mammals; and the molecular pathways involved. Additionally, evidence for alterations in iron processing in cancer are described along with the perturbations in other biologically important transition metal ions, for example, copper(II) and zinc(II). These changes can be therapeutically manipulated by the use of novel chelators that have recently been shown to be highly effective in terms of inhibiting tumor growth. RECENT ADVANCES Such chelators include those of the thiosemicarbazone class that were originally thought to target only ribonucleotide reductase, but are now known to have multiple effects, including the generation of cytotoxic radicals. CRITICAL ISSUES Several chelators have shown marked anti-tumor activity in vivo against a variety of solid tumors. An important aspect is the toxicology and the efficacy of these agents in clinical trials. FUTURE DIRECTIONS As part of the process of the clinical assessment of the new chelators, an extensive toxicological assessment in multiple animal models is essential for designing appropriate dosing protocols in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Merlot
- Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Callens C, Moura IC, Lepelletier Y, Coulon S, Renand A, Dussiot M, Ghez D, Benhamou M, Monteiro RC, Bazarbachi A, Hermine O. Recent advances in adult T-cell leukemia therapy: focus on a new anti-transferrin receptor monoclonal antibody. Leukemia 2007; 22:42-8. [PMID: 17898788 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HTLV-I is an endemic retrovirus responsible for the adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). This aggressive lymphoid proliferation is associated with a bad prognosis due to the resistance of HTLV-I-infected cells to most classical chemotherapeutic agents. Here we review recent advances in ATLL immunotherapy. We particularly focus on promising data from our group, characterizing a new mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb A24) against the human transferrin receptor (TfR-1). Monoclonal antibodies to target cell differentiation markers on ATLL cells have already been proposed as therapeutic agents. However, in clinical trials acute forms of ATLL were resistant to these immunotherapies. A24 binds TfR-1 (K(d) 2.7 nM) and competes with transferrin for receptor binding. It blocks the proliferation of malignant cells (TfR-1(high)), such as HTLV-I-infected T cells but not of resting cells. A24 induces TfR-1 endocytosis in lysosomal compartments where the receptor is degraded leading to intracellular iron deprivation. In HTLV-I-infected cells, A24 targets and induces apoptosis of both chronic and acute ATLL forms, independent of antibody aggregation, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or complement addition. The antibody efficacy was confirmed in animal models. We are currently developing strategies to use A24 in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Callens
- CNRS UMR 8147, Université Paris 5, Faculté de Médecine Necker, Paris, France
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12
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Daniels TR, Delgado T, Rodriguez JA, Helguera G, Penichet ML. The transferrin receptor part I: Biology and targeting with cytotoxic antibodies for the treatment of cancer. Clin Immunol 2006; 121:144-58. [PMID: 16904380 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The transferrin receptor (TfR) is a cell membrane-associated glycoprotein involved in the cellular uptake of iron and in the regulation of cell growth. Iron uptake occurs via the internalization of iron-loaded transferrin (Tf) mediated by the interaction with the TfR. In addition, the TfR may also contain other growth regulatory properties in certain normal and malignant cells. The elevated levels of TfR in malignancies, its relevance in cancer, and the extracellular accessibility of this molecule make it an excellent antigen for the treatment of cancer using antibodies. The TfR can be targeted by monoclonal antibodies specific for the extracellular domain of the receptor. In this review, we summarize advancements in the basic physiology of the TfR including structure, function, and expression. We also discuss the efficacy of targeting the TfR using cytotoxic antibodies that inhibit cell growth and/or induce apoptosis in targeted malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy R Daniels
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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13
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Ng PP, Helguera G, Daniels TR, Lomas SZ, Rodriguez JA, Schiller G, Bonavida B, Morrison SL, Penichet ML. Molecular events contributing to cell death in malignant human hematopoietic cells elicited by an IgG3-avidin fusion protein targeting the transferrin receptor. Blood 2006; 108:2745-54. [PMID: 16804109 PMCID: PMC1895578 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that an anti-human transferrin receptor IgG3-avidin fusion protein (anti-hTfR IgG3-Av) inhibits the proliferation of an erythroleukemia-cell line. We have now found that anti-hTfR IgG3-Av also inhibits the proliferation of additional human malignant B and plasma cells. Anti-hTfR IgG3-Av induces internalization and rapid degradation of the TfR. These events can be reproduced in cells treated with anti-hTfR IgG3 cross-linked with a secondary Ab, suggesting that they result from increased TfR cross-linking. Confocal microscopy of cells treated with anti-hTfR IgG3-Av shows that the TfR is directed to an intracellular compartment expressing the lysosomal marker LAMP-1. The degradation of TfR is partially blocked by cysteine protease inhibitors. Furthermore, cells treated with anti-hTfR IgG3-Av exhibit mitochondrial depolarization and activation of caspases 9, 8, and 3. The mitochondrial damage and cell death can be prevented by iron supplementation, but cannot be fully blocked by a pan-caspase inhibitor. These results suggest that anti-hTfR IgG3-Av induces lethal iron deprivation, but the resulting cell death does not solely depend on caspase activation. This report provides insights into the mechanism of cell death induced by anti-TfR Abs such as anti-hTfR IgG3-Av, a molecule that may be useful in the treatment of B-cell malignancies such as multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Ng
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1782, USA.
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14
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Smith TAD, Perkins AC, Walton PH. 99mTc-labelled human serum transferrin for tumour imaging: an in vitro and in vivo study of the complex. Nucl Med Commun 2004; 25:387-91. [PMID: 15097814 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200404000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This pilot study reports the uptake of 99mTc-transferrin by MCF7 cells and the biodistribution of the complex in mice bearing MCF7 tumours. Human serum holo-transferrin was labelled with 99mTc using pre-reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol. The uptake of the complex by MCF7 breast tumour cells, which was found to be competitively inhibited by the presence of unlabelled transferrin, reached a plateau within 30 min. Two groups of xenografted mice with small and large tumours, respectively, were injected with the complex, and the uptake was followed for up to 24 h post-administration using a dedicated gamma camera. The mean tumour uptake values, determined after dissection, in the two groups of mice were 6% (small tumours) and 1.7% (large tumours) of the injected dose per gram of tissue, with mean tumour/blood ratios of 2.7 and 1.7, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A D Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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15
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Smith TAD, Walton PH. The labelling of human serum transferrin with 99mTc and a study concerning uptake of the complex by tumour cells. Nucl Med Commun 2002; 23:1085-90. [PMID: 12411837 DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200211000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The direct labelling of serum transferrin (sTf) with 99mTc on high-affinity binding sites, producing a complex of excellent stability, is described. The high-affinity binding sites were prepared by pre-treating sTf with 2-mercaptoethanol. For the radiolabelling step, thiourea was used as an exchange ligand and a filtration procedure used to remove 99mTc that had not complexed with the protein. RT112 bladder tumour cells incubated in the presence of labelled sTf showed a rapid initial uptake of 99mTc, reaching a plateau after about 20 min. Radiolabelling was also carried out without a pre-reduction step in an attempt to form a co-ordination complex between 99mTc and the Fe3+-binding site of sTf, analogous to that formed by Fe3+. The tumour cell uptake of sTf labelled without pre-reduction was then examined. In contrast to 59Fe3+ and other radio-metals co-ordinated with the Fe3+-binding site which show a continuous increase in incorporation with time, the uptake of 99mTc rapidly reached a plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A D Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Innovation Centre, University of York, UK
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16
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Ali SA, Joao HC, Hammerschmid F, Eder J, Steinkasserer A. Transferrin trojan horses as a rational approach for the biological delivery of therapeutic peptide domains. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:24066-73. [PMID: 10446177 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.34.24066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
One novel approach for the biological delivery of peptide drugs is to incorporate the sequence of the peptide into the structure of a natural transport protein, such as human serum transferrin. To examine whether this is feasible, a peptide sequence cleavable by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (VSQNYPIVL) was inserted into various regions of human serum transferrin, and the resultant proteins were tested for function. Experimentally, molecular modeling was used to identify five candidate insertion sites in surface exposed loops of human serum transferrin that were distant from biologically active domains. These insertions were cloned using polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis, and the proteins were expressed using a baculovirus expression vector system. Analysis of the mutant proteins provided a number of important findings: (a) they retained native human serum transferrin function, (b) the inserted peptide sequence was surface exposed, and most importantly, (c) two of these mutants could be cleaved by human immunodeficiency virus-1 protease. In conclusion, this investigation has validated the use of human serum transferrin as a carrier protein for functional peptide domains introduced into its structure using protein engineering. These findings will be useful for developing a novel class of therapeutic agents for a broad spectrum of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ali
- Novartis Research Institute, Brunnerstrasse 59, A-1230 Vienna, Austria
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17
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Barabas K, Sizensky J, Faulk W. Transferrin conjugates of adriamycin are cytotoxic without intercalating nuclear DNA. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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18
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Sizensky JA, Barabas K, Faulk WP. Characterization of the anti-cancer activity of transferrin-adriamycin conjugates. Am J Reprod Immunol 1992; 27:163-6. [PMID: 1418408 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1992.tb00744.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The anthracycline anti-cancer drug adriamycin (Adr) was coupled to human transferrin (Trf) by using a glutaraldehyde technique. The effect of Trf-Adr conjugates and unconjugated Adr on human cells was determined by using normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and chronic myelogenous K562 cells. Cytotoxicity was determined by using an assay that measures the conversion of a tetrazolium salt (MTT) into a purple product (formazan) by mitochondrial dehydrogenases in viable cells. We found that free Adr at a concentration of 1 x 10(-7) had little effect on K562 cells, while Trf-Adr conjugates inhibited 75% of cellular activity. When normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested against Trf-Adr conjugates, the 50% inhibitory concentration was found to be 1.4-1.7 x 10(-6) M, at which concentration greater than 85% of K562 cells were inhibited. Interactions of Trf-Adr conjugates with plasma membrane energy-producing systems are the proposed mechanisms of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Sizensky
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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19
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Bérczi A, Sizensky JA, Crane FL, Faulk WP. Diferric transferrin reduction by K562 cells. A critical study. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1991; 1073:562-70. [PMID: 2015280 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper critically examines the redox activity of K562 cells (chronic myelogenous leukemia cells) and normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Ferricyanide reduction, diferric transferrin reduction, and ferric ion reduction were measured spectrophotometrically by following the time-dependent changes of absorbance difference characteristic for ferricyanide disappearance and for the formation of ferrous ion:chelator complexes. Bathophenanthroline disulfonate (BPS) and ferrozine (FZ) were used to detect the appearance of ferrous ions in the reaction mixtures when diferric transferrin or ferric reduction was studied. Special attention was devoted to the analysis of time-dependent absorbance changes in the presence and absence of cells under different assay conditions. It was observed and concluded that: (i) FZ was far less sensitive and more sluggish than BPS for detecting ferrous ions at concentrations commonly used for BPS; (ii) FZ, at concentrations of at least 10-times the commonly used BPS concentrations, seemed to verify the results obtained with BPS; (iii) ferricyanide reduction, diferric transferrin reduction and ferric ion reduction by both K562 cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes did not differ significantly; and (iv) earlier values published for the redox activities of different cells might be overestimated, partly because of the observation published in 1988 that diferric transferrin might have loosely bound extra iron which is easily reduced. It is suggested that the specific diferric transferrin reduction by cells might be considered as a consequence of (i) changing the steady-state equilibrium in the diferric transferrin-containing solution by addition of ferrous ion chelators which effectively raised the redox potential of the iron bound in holotransferrin, and (ii) changing the steady-state equilibrium by addition of cells which would introduce, via their large and mostly negatively charged plasma membrane surface, a new phase which would favor release and reduction of the iron in diferric transferrin by a ferric ion oxidoreductase. The reduction of ferricyanide is also much slower than activities reported for other cells which may indicate reduced plasma membrane redox activity in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bérczi
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202
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20
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Barabas K, Sizensky JA, Faulk WP. Evidence in support of the plasma membrane as the target for transferrin-adriamycin conjugates in K562 cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 1991; 25:120-3. [PMID: 1930638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1991.tb01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used transferrin-adriamycin conjugates to deliver drug to transferrin receptors and have shown that the conjugates bind to and kill tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. This has been studied with the use of qualitative and quantitative assays. In this report, we present evidence indicating that the primary target of transferrin-adriamycin cytotoxicity is the plasma membrane. This was done using a spectrofluorometric method that takes advantage of the fluorescence properties of adriamycin. It was shown that, while DNA intercalation may be the primary mechanism of cytotoxicity for free adriamycin, transferrin-adriamycin conjugates were not observed to interact with nuclear DNA. This may be a useful consideration in the design of future chemotherapeutic studies with transferrin conjugates of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Barabas
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202
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21
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Faulk WP, Hunt JS. Human Trophoblast Antigens. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Faulk WP, Harats H, McIntyre JA, Berczi A, Sun IL, Crane FL. Recent advances in cancer research: drug targeting without the use of monoclonal antibodies. Am J Reprod Immunol 1989; 21:151-4. [PMID: 2640441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1989.tb01021.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer research in drug targeting has focused on the use of monoclonal antibody conjugates of drugs. This paper discusses the use of ligand conjugates of drugs to deliver to receptors on cancer cells. We have used transferrin coupled to adriamycin, and report these conjugates specifically bind and kill cancer cells in culture. Our studies of the mechanism show targeted plasma membranes are compromised for NADH ferricyanide reduction, and targeted cells lose diferric transferrin reductase activity. These results indicate that the binding of transferrin-adriamycin conjugates to transferrin receptors on either isolated plasma membranes or viable tumor cells causes an inhibition of redox reactions that are essential for growth. Since transferrin receptors are endocytosable, ligand-drug conjugates also are delivered to the interior of targeted cells where other mechanisms of killing can be employed. This novel method of drug delivery circumvents the need for monoclonal antibodies, and more investigation of the system may allow a controlled clinical study of its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Faulk
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202
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23
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Barnett D, Wilson GA, Lawrence AC, Buckley GA. Transferrin receptor expression in the leukaemias and lymphoproliferative disorders. CLINICAL AND LABORATORY HAEMATOLOGY 1987; 9:361-70. [PMID: 3442972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2257.1987.tb00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the transferrin receptor (TfR) was studied in the acute leukaemias and lymphoproliferative disorders by means of indirect immunofluorescence and/or the enhanced alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase (APAAP) techniques using monoclonal antibodies to the receptor. A total of 174 cases of acute leukaemia and lymphoproliferative disorder were studied. The results indicate that the receptor is expressed with increased density in the majority of positive cases of acute leukaemia. The lymphoproliferative disorders, however, only expressed the receptor in a minority of cases and did so with weak density. It is proposed that this weak expression in the lymphoproliferative disorders may be of use as an indicator of an increase in cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Barnett
- Department of Haematology, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield
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24
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Yeh CJ, Hsi BL, Samson M, McIntyre JA, Breittmayer JP, Fehlmann M. Monoclonal antibodies (GB16, GB18, GB19, GB22) raised against human placental microvilli recognize the transferrin receptor. Placenta 1987; 8:627-38. [PMID: 3438258 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4004(87)90032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
GB16, GB18, GB19 and GB22 are mouse monoclonal antibodies produced against full-term human placental microvilli. These antibodies reacted predominantly with the apical surface of the syncytiotrophoblast from first-trimester and full-term placentae, and also reacted with several cell lines derived from non-haematopoietic tissues by immunofluorescence. The radioiodinated BeWo (choriocarcinoma) cell surface proteins were immunoprecipitated with these four antibodies and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results demonstrated that the immunoprecipitates migrated at 180 and 90 kilodaltons under non-reducing and reducing conditions, respectively. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the antigens recognized by GB16, GB18, GB19, and GB22 were able to bind human transferrin. Immunoabsorption studies showed that these four antibodies bound to the same molecule as OKT9, an antibody to the transferrin receptor. Moreover, the reactivities of these antibodies with HL-60 (promyelocytic leukaemia) cells diminished following dimethyl sulphoxide-induced differentiation by flow cytometric analysis. These data indicate that these four antibodies recognize the transferrin receptor. By competition assay, GB18 bound to an epitope different from those recognized by GB16, GB19 and GB22. In addition, GB22 displayed significant growth inhibition against the activated lymphocytes and Daudi cells, but not against HL-60 or Jurkat cells. These data suggest that these four monoclonal anti-transferrin receptor antibodies will provide additional means to investigate the physiological roles played by the transferrin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Yeh
- INSERM U210, Faculté de Médecine, Nice, France
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25
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YEH CHANGJINGG, FAULK WPAGE, TAYLOR COLING. Targeting of Cytotoxic Drugs by Transferrin Receptors; Selective Killing of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-031739-7.50111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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