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Begić M, Pečenković S, Gajdošik MŠ, Josić D, Müller E. Salt-tolerant cation exchanger-containing sulfate groups as a viable alternative for mixed-mode type and heparin-based affinity resins. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2100100. [PMID: 34347362 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ion-exchange chromatography is still one of the most popular protein separation techniques. Before chromatographic separation, the high salt concentration in various samples necessitates additional steps. Therefore, low salt tolerance of ion-exchange resins is a drawback that needs to be addressed. Herein, the differences in salt tolerance and hydrophobicity of strong cation-exchange TOYOPEARL resins of sulfonium and sulfate-types were investigated. Despite only a minor structural difference, differences in selectivity and salt tolerance between the sulfate and sulfonic groups were detected. In silico calculations were also carried out for model substances representing the sulfonium and sulfate groups, wherein significant differences in hydrophobicity was observed. These experiments confirmed the hypothesis that the salt tolerance, higher affinity, and selectivity for certain vitamin K dependent clotting factors are interrelated and dependent on the presence of the sulfate group. Separation of clotting factor IX from the prothrombin complex concentrate further to confirmed the affinity for these proteins. The results show that the use of only a resin with the sulfate ligand and not with the sulfonic acid ligand allows for a facile and rapid separation of clotting factor IX and other vitamin K dependent clotting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Begić
- Faculty of Medicine, University Juraj Dobrila, Pula, Croatia
| | | | | | - Djuro Josić
- Faculty of Medicine, University Juraj Dobrila, Pula, Croatia.,Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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2
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Sugihara T, Fujiwara S, Ishioka S, Urakubo T, Suzawa T. Isolation of recombinant human antithrombin isoforms by Cellufine Sulfate affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1095:198-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Mercês AADD, Silva RDS, Silva KJS, Maciel JDC, Oliveira GB, Buitrago DM, de Aguiar JAO, de Carvalho-Júnior LB. Synthesis and characterisation of magnetised Dacron-heparin composite employed for antithrombin affinity purification. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1038:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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4
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Burnouf T. Current status and new developments in the production of plasma derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering; College of Biomedical Engineering; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
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5
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Cai K, Osheroff WP, Buczynski G, Hotta J, Lang J, Elliott E, Lee DC, Roth NJ. Characterization of Thrombate III®, a pasteurized and nanofiltered therapeutic human antithrombin concentrate. Biologicals 2014; 42:133-8. [PMID: 24477183 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombate III(®) is a highly purified antithrombin concentrate that has been used by clinicians worldwide for more than two decades for the treatment of hereditary antithrombin deficiency. The manufacturing process is based on heparin-affinity chromatography and pasteurization. To modernize the process and to further enhance the pathogen safety profile of the final product, despite the absence of infectious disease transmission, a nanofiltration step was added. The biochemical characterization and pathogen safety evaluation of Thrombate III(®) manufactured using the modernized process are presented. Bioanalytical data demonstrate that the incorporation of nanofiltration has no impact on the antithrombin content, potency, and purity of the product. Scaledown models of the manufacturing process were used to assess virus and prion clearance under manufacturing setpoint conditions. Additionally, robustness of virus clearance was evaluated at or slightly outside the manufacturing operating limits. The results demonstrate that pasteurization inactivated both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The addition of nanofiltration substantially increased clearance capacities for both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses by approximately 4-6 log10. In addition, the process achieves 6.0 log10 ID50 prion infectivity clearance. Thus, the introduction of nanofiltration increased the pathogen safety margin of the manufacturing process without impacting the key biochemical characteristics of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Cai
- Research and Development, Biologics Industrial Group, Grifols, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Wendy P Osheroff
- Research and Development, Biologics Industrial Group, Grifols, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Greg Buczynski
- Research and Development, Biologics Industrial Group, Grifols, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - JoAnn Hotta
- Research and Development, Biologics Industrial Group, Grifols, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - John Lang
- Research and Development, Biologics Industrial Group, Grifols, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Eric Elliott
- Research and Development, Biologics Industrial Group, Grifols, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Douglas C Lee
- Research and Development, Biologics Industrial Group, Grifols, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Nathan J Roth
- Research and Development, Biologics Industrial Group, Grifols, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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6
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Kong Y, Li X, Bai G, Ma G, Su Z. An automatic system for multidimensional integrated protein chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6898-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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7
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Yang H, Li QW, Han ZS, Hu JH, Li WY, Liu ZB. Recombinant human antithrombin expressed in the milk of non-transgenic goats exhibits high efficiency on rat DIC model. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2009; 28:449-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11239-009-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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9
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Mochizuki S, Miyano K, Kondo M, Hirose M, Masaki A, Ohi H. Purification and characterization of recombinant human antithrombin containing the prelatent form in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 41:323-31. [PMID: 15866718 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2004] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombin (AT) is a serine proteinase inhibitor and a major regulator of the blood coagulation cascade. AT in human plasma has two isoforms, a predominant alpha-isoform and a minor beta-isoform; the latter lacks N-glycosylation at Asn 135 and has a higher heparin affinity. From the difference in its folding states, the AT molecule can be separated into three forms: a native form, a denatured and inactive form known as the latent form, and a partially denatured form called the prelatent form. In this study, we purified and characterized recombinant human AT (rAT) containing the prelatent form produced by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. When rAT was purified at physiological pH, its specific activity was lower than that of plasma-derived human AT (pAT). The latent and prelatent forms were detected in rAT by using hydrophobic interaction chromatography analysis. However, when rAT was purified at alkaline pH, the prelatent form was reversibly folded to the native form and the inhibitory activity of rAT increased to a value similar to that of pAT. Highly purified rAT was analyzed and compared with pAT by using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism spectroscopy, amino acid composition, N-terminal sequence, monosaccharide composition, peptide mapping, and heparin-binding affinity. From these analyses, rAT was found to be structurally identical to pAT, except for carbohydrate side-chains. rAT in CHO cells had a high beta-isoform content and it caused a higher heparin affinity than by pAT and also pH-dependent reversible inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Mochizuki
- Protein Research Laboratory, Pharmaceuticals Research Unit, Research and Development Division, Mitsubishi Pharma Corporation, 2-25-1 Shodai-ohtani, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1153, Japan.
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Karlsson G. Pasteurization of antithrombin without generation of the prelatent form of antithrombin. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 35:381-6. [PMID: 15135417 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human antithrombin (AT) is the major inhibitor of blood coagulation and has also been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects. Pasteurization of pharmaceutical AT products is usually performed at 60 degrees C for 10h in the presence of sodium citrate as stabilizer, sometimes in combination with sucrose. These stabilizers significantly decrease the aggregation and denaturation of AT, but during the pasteurization, a small amount of latent AT (LAT), a partially denatured form, is usually generated, as is an equal amount of another latent form of AT, the so-called prelatent AT (PLAT). The LAT formed during pasteurization has a rather low affinity to heparin and is easily removed by using a second heparin affinity chromatography step in the production process. This is in contrast to the PLAT, which has a slightly lower affinity to heparin than does native AT, which makes it hard to remove. Hence, four commercial products of pasteurized AT were previously shown to contain about 4% of PLAT. In the present work, an alternative pasteurization method is presented, where 2M ammonium sulfate and 50% sucrose are used as stabilizers. During this pasteurization, no, or trace amounts ( < 0.5%), of PLAT may be generated with no formation of aggregates. Moreover, the pasteurized AT has the same specific thrombin-inhibiting activity when compared to incubation in the presence of citrate and sucrose. Heparin affinity high-performance liquid chromatography was used for the determination of PLAT, LAT, and AT.
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11
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Karlsson G, Winge S. Separation of latent, prelatent, and native forms of human antithrombin by heparin affinity high-performance liquid chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 33:339-45. [PMID: 14711523 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2003.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Latent antithrombin (LAT) is a partially denatured form of human antithrombin (AT). LAT does not inhibit clotting of the blood, but has previously been shown to inhibit angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. Another probably partially denatured form is the so-called prelatent AT (P-LAT), described by Larsson et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 276 (2001) 11996]. In the present work, an analytical heparin affinity chromatography method is described that separates an AT form, which is formed during the pasteurization process and which we believe to be identical to the previously described P-LAT, from native AT and LAT. Non-pasteurized AT was shown to contain no P-LAT, while four, heat-treated commercial AT products all contained P-LAT (1-6%, mean=4%). P-LAT has a slightly lower affinity to heparin than does native AT, but exhibits a much stronger heparin affinity when compared to LAT. P-LAT and native AT were shown to have very similar thrombin inhibiting activity, while LAT lacks such activity.
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12
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Karlsson G, Winge S. Separation between the alpha and beta forms of human antithrombin by hydroxyapatite high-performance liquid chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2003; 28:196-201. [PMID: 12651125 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00678-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human antithrombin (AT) inhibits several proteases in the coagulation system, including thrombin and factor Xa, and thus, plays an important role in the regulation of blood coagulation. The predominant form of AT in plasma is ATalpha, which contains four glycosylated asparagine residues, and the minor form is ATbeta, which lacks the Asn-135 glycosylation. In this study, hydroxyapatite high-performance liquid chromatography, using a segmented sodium phosphate gradient, was utilized for the high-resolution separation of ATalpha and ATbeta. The detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) for ATbeta was 30 microg/mL, corresponding to 0.5% of the injected concentration of AT. Two analyzed commercial AT products both contained about 2% ATbeta. This method is suitable for the determination of ATbeta in pure samples of native AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Karlsson
- Plasma R & D, Octapharma AB, SE-11275 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Roemisch J, Gray E, Hoffmann JN, Wiedermann CJ. Antithrombin: a new look at the actions of a serine protease inhibitor. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2002; 13:657-70. [PMID: 12441904 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-200212000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antithrombin (AT) is a plasma-derived, single-chain glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 58 kDa. It is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), sharing about 30% homology in amino acid sequence with other serpins. AT is a complex molecule with multiple biologically important properties. It is a potent anticoagulant that has been demonstrated to provide benefit in animal models and small cohorts of patients with coagulation disorders. AT also has remarkable anti-inflammatory properties, several of which result from its actions in the coagulation cascade. Activated coagulation proteases like activated factor X and thrombin contribute to inflammation; for instance, by the release of pro-inflammatory mediators. Inhibition of these proteases by AT prevents their specific interaction with cells and subsequent reactions. Anti-inflammatory properties of AT independent of coagulation involve direct interactions with cells leading to the release of, for instance, prostacyclin. Binding of AT to a recently identified cellular receptor, syndecan-4, leads to the interference with the intracellular signal induced by mediators like lipopolysaccharides and, thereby, to a down-modulation of the inflammatory response. AT has been shown to be effective in prospective and well-controlled small-scale studies of patients with inflammatory conditions, including sepsis. Although AT did not decrease overall patient mortality in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of patients with sepsis, it is important to note that AT improved the survival of individuals in this study not receiving heparin as a prophylactic regimen, which can be explained by the impaired interaction of AT with its cellular receptor in the presence of heparin, resulting in the reduction of the anti-inflammatory properties. Accordingly, the supplementation of AT without concomitant heparin may be beneficial in disorders with inflammatory characteristics, which has to be demonstrated in further clinical studies. Finally, recent results suggest that latent AT can induce apoptosis of endothelial cells by disrupting cell-matrix interactions. Further investigations will have to demonstrate whether latent and/or cleaved AT are physiological means to control angiogenesis. A potential prophylactic or therapeutic use as an anti-angiogenic and antitumor agent merits further exploration, including whether the growth of vessels in tumor tissues or close to tumors can be controlled by latent AT without affecting the formation of blood vessels during wound healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roemisch
- Aventis Behring GmbH, Research, Marburg, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Human native antithrombin (AT) can be converted to a partially denaturated form of AT, known as latent AT (L-AT). This latent form of AT has been shown to exhibit strong antiangiogenic activity and also to suppress tumor growth in mice models. In the present work, a method is presented which induces the conversion of native AT to L-AT, using incubation at 60 degrees C, for 16 h, with 0.9 M ammonium sulfate, in 5mM Hepes buffer, pH 7.4, giving a recovery of more than 70%. L-AT was determined by integration of the low heparin affinity peak when analyzed by the affinity chromatography method. Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to show that the preparation contained no aggregates. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography was also used for the separation of AT and L-AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Karlsson
- Plasma R&D, Octapharma AB, SE-112 75, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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William A, Taylor K, Dambuleff K, Persson O, Kennedy RM. Maintenance of column performance at scale. J Chromatogr A 2002; 944:69-75. [PMID: 11831765 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pack-in-place column packing methods were developed for Q Sepharose Big Beads at 40 cm I.D. and scaled up to 200 cm I.D. in Chromaflow columns. The efficiency and asymmetry of the packed bed were evaluated as a function of test velocity and sample volume. The performance of the packed beds at both scales approached the theoretical limits of column performance (Hred =2 and Af=1) expected in small analytical columns. The packing strategy was effective for scale up and the stability of the packed beds, the effectiveness of the column design with respect to the mobile phase distribution system and the stability of the media to the pack-in-place technology, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan William
- Separations Technical Group, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ 08855, USA.
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16
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Karlsson G, Winge S. Separation of native and latent forms of human antithrombin by hydrophobic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2001; 21:149-55. [PMID: 11162400 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrophobic interaction high-performance liquid chromatography (HIC-HPLC) was utilized for the separation of native human antithrombin (AT) and a partially denaturated form of AT, known as the latent form (L-AT). The AT used in this study is commercially available (Atenativ, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Sweden) and contains albumin as the main stabilizer. The AT was reconstituted and heat treated in order to generate L-AT. This latent form of AT has been shown to exhibit a strong antiangiogenic activity and also to suppress tumor growth. The HPLC system included a TSK Phenyl 5PW column and a segmented gradient, 4.5-0 mol/L sodium chloride. Antithrombin was eluted at about 13 min, and L-AT, at 30 min, corresponding to about 4.2 and 1.6 mol/L sodium chloride, respectively. A reference sample gave 42% L-AT when analyzed by the HIC method and 41% L-AT when analyzed by the heparin affinity chromatography method. The resolution between AT and L-AT was higher with the HIC method than with the heparin affinity method. Incubation of Atenativ at 45 degrees C for 15 h gave about 18% L-AT and was shown by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to contain only monomeric AT. A good resolution between AT and L-AT, but not between albumin and L-AT, was also achieved by a linear gradient of 2-0 mol/L ammonium sulfate, in 25 mmol/L Tris/HCl, pH 8.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Karlsson
- Plasma Products, Pharmacia & Upjohn, SE-112 87 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chen SX, Hammond DJ, Lang JM, Lebing WR. Purification of alpha1 Proteinase Inhibitor from Human Plasma Fraction IV-1 by Ion Exchange Chromatography. Vox Sang 1998. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.1998.7440232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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