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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Factors affecting the quality of therapeutic proteins in recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell culture. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107831. [PMID: 34480988 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most widely used mammalian host cells for the commercial production of therapeutic proteins. Fed-batch culture is widely used to produce therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, because of its operational simplicity and high product titer. Despite technical advances in the development of culture media and cell cultures, it is still challenging to maintain high productivity in fed-batch cultures while also ensuring good product quality. In this review, factors that affect the quality attributes of therapeutic proteins in recombinant CHO (rCHO) cell culture, such as glycosylation, charge variation, aggregation, and degradation, are summarized and categorized into three groups: culture environments, chemical additives, and host cell proteins accumulated in culture supernatants. Understanding the factors that influence the therapeutic protein quality in rCHO cell culture will facilitate the development of large-scale, high-yield fed-batch culture processes for the production of high-quality therapeutic proteins.
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Patel A, Gupta V, Hickey J, Nightlinger NS, Rogers RS, Siska C, Joshi SB, Seaman MS, Volkin DB, Kerwin BA. Coformulation of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies 3BNC117 and PGT121: Analytical Challenges During Preformulation Characterization and Storage Stability Studies. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:3032-3046. [PMID: 30176252 PMCID: PMC6269598 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated analytical challenges associated with the formulation of 2 anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), 3BNC117 and PGT121, both separately at 100 mg/mL and together at 50 mg/mL each. The bnAb formulations were characterized for relative solubility and conformational stability followed by accelerated and real-time stability studies. Although the bnAbs were stable during 4°C storage, incubation at 40°C differentiated their stability profiles. Specific concentration-dependent aggregation rates at 30°C and 40°C were measured by size exclusion chromatography for the individual bnAbs with the mixture showing intermediate behavior. Interestingly, although the relative ratio of the 2 bnAbs remained constant at 4°C, the ratio of 3BNC117 to PGT121 increased in the dimer that formed during storage at 40°C. A mass spectrometry-based multiattribute method, identified and quantified differences in modifications of the Fab regions for each bnAb within the mixture including clipping, oxidation, deamidation, and isomerization sites. Each bnAb showed slight differences in the levels and sites of lysine residue glycations. Together, these data demonstrate the ability to differentiate degradation products from individual antibodies within the bnAb mixture, and that degradation rates are influenced not only by the individual bnAb concentrations but also by the mixture concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaben Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - John Hickey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Nancy S Nightlinger
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Richard S Rogers
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Christine Siska
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047.
| | - Bruce A Kerwin
- Just Biotherapeutics Inc., 401 Terry Avenue North, Seattle, Washington 98109.
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Vargas M, Segura Á, Wu YW, Herrera M, Chou ML, Villalta M, León G, Burnouf T. Human plasma-derived immunoglobulin G fractionated by an aqueous two-phase system, caprylic acid precipitation, and membrane chromatography has a high purity level and is free of detectable in vitro thrombogenic activity. Vox Sang 2014; 108:169-77. [PMID: 25469648 DOI: 10.1111/vox.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Instituto Clodomiro Picado has developed an immunoglobulin G (IgG) plasma fractionation process combining a polyethylene glycol/phosphate aqueous two-phase system (ATPS), caprylic acid precipitation and anion-exchange membrane chromatography. We evaluated the purity and in vitro thrombogenicity of such IgG, in line with current international requirements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Contributions of the different production steps to reduce thrombogenicity were assessed at 0·2 l-scale, and then the methodology was scaled-up to a 10 l-scale and final products (n = 3) were analysed. Purity, immunoglobulin composition, and subclass distribution were determined by electrophoretic and immunochemical methods. The in vitro thrombogenic potential was determined by a thrombin generation assay (TGA) using a Technothrombin fluorogenic substrate. Prekallikrein activator (PKA), plasmin, factor Xa, thrombin and thrombin-like activities were assessed using S-2302, S-2251, S-2222, S-2238 and S-2288 chromogenic substrates, respectively, and FXI by an ELISA. RESULTS The thrombogenicity markers were reduced mostly during the ATPS step and were found to segregate mostly into the discarded liquid upper phase. The caprylic acid precipitation eliminated the residual procoagulant activity. The IgG preparations made from the 10 l-batches contained 100% gamma proteins, low residual IgA and undetectable IgM. The IgG subclass distribution was not substantially affected by the process. TGA and amidolytic activities revealed an undetectable in vitro thrombogenic risk and the absence of proteolytic enzymes in the final product. CONCLUSIONS Fractionating human plasma by an ATPS combined with caprylic acid and membrane chromatography resulted in an IgG preparation of high purity and free of a detectable in vitro thrombogenic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
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5
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Rouiller Y, Périlleux A, Vesin MN, Stettler M, Jordan M, Broly H. Modulation of mAb quality attributes using microliter scale fed-batch cultures. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:571-83. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yolande Rouiller
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Périlleux
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Marie-Noëlle Vesin
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Stettler
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Martin Jordan
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
| | - Hervé Broly
- Biotech Process Sciences, Merck Serono SA; Route de Fenil 25, ZI B 1804 Corsier-sur-Vevey Switzerland
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Applying quality by design to glycoprotein therapeutics: experimental and computational efforts of process control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Eon-Duval A, Broly H, Gleixner R. Quality attributes of recombinant therapeutic proteins: An assessment of impact on safety and efficacy as part of a quality by design development approach. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:608-22. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Gaso-Sokac D, Kovac S, Clifton J, Josic D. Therapeutic plasma proteins--application of proteomics in process optimization, validation, and analysis of the final product. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1104-17. [PMID: 21544836 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given on the application of proteomic technology in the monitoring of different steps during the production of therapeutic proteins from human plasma. Recent advances in this technology enable the use of proteomics as an advantageous tool for the validation of already existing processes, the development and fine tuning of new production steps, the characterization and quality control of final products, the detection of both harmful impurities and modifications of the therapeutic protein and the auditing of batch-to-batch variations. Further, use of proteomics for preclinical testing of new products, which can be either recombinant or plasma-derived, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Gaso-Sokac
- Department of Chemistry, J. J. Strossmayer Univeristy, Osijek, Croatia
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Zhao H, Graf O, Milovic N, Luan X, Bluemel M, Smolny M, Forrer K. Formulation Development of Antibodies Using Robotic System and High-Throughput Laboratory (HTL). J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2279-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Robert F, Bierau H, Rossi M, Agugiaro D, Soranzo T, Broly H, Mitchell-Logean C. Degradation of an Fc-fusion recombinant protein by host cell proteases: Identification of a CHO cathepsin D protease. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 104:1132-41. [PMID: 19655395 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A host-cell-related proteolytic activity was identified in a recombinant Fc-fusion protein production process. This report describes the strategy applied to characterize and isolate the enzyme responsible for this degradation by combining cell culture investigation and dedicated analytical tools. After isolation and sequencing of the clipped fragment generated in post-capture material, enzymatic activity was traced in different culture conditions, allowing identification of viable CHO cells as the source of protease. Inhibitors and pH screenings showed that the enzyme belongs to an aspartic protease family and is preferably active at acidic pH. The protease was isolated by purification on a pepstatin A column and characterized as a protein related to cathepsin D. An additional metallo-protease inhibited by EDTA was identified with an optimum activity at neutral pH. This study is an example of how quality and stability of therapeutic recombinant molecules are strongly influenced by cell culture parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavie Robert
- Merck Serono Biotech Center, Merck Serono SA Corsier-sur-Vevey, CH-Fenil-sur-Corsier, Switzerland
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Radosevich M, Burnouf T. Intravenous immunoglobulin G: trends in production methods, quality control and quality assurance. Vox Sang 2009; 98:12-28. [PMID: 19660029 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) is now the leading product obtained by fractionation of human plasma. It is the standard replacement therapy in primary and acquired humoral deficiency, and is also used for immunomodulatory therapy in various autoimmune disorders and transplantation. Over the last 30 years, the production processes of IVIG have evolved dramatically, gradually resulting in the development of intact IgG preparations safe to administer intravenously, with normal half-life and effector functions, prepared at increased yield, and exhibiting higher pathogen safety. This article reviews the developments that have led to modern IVIG preparations, the current methods used for plasma collection and fractionation, the safety measures implemented to minimize the risks of pathogen transmission and the major quality control tests that are available for product development and as part of mandatory batch release procedures.
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12
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Daugherty AL, Mrsny RJ. Formulation and delivery issues for monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58:686-706. [PMID: 16839640 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 05/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies can have exquisite specificity of target recognition and thus generate highly selective outcomes following their systemic administration. While antibodies can have high specificity, the doses required to treat patients, particularly for a chronic condition, are typically large. Fortunately, advances in production and purification capacities have allowed for the exceptionally large amounts of highly purified monoclonal antibodies to be produced. Additionally, genetic engineering of antibodies has provided a stable of antibody-like proteins that can be easier to prepare. Together, these advances have made antibody-based therapies one of the most commonly pursued pharmaceuticals in biotechnology pipelines. With this success, however, has come a series of technical challenges in the formulation of antibody-based materials to maintain sufficient stability in a variety of configurations and sometimes at particularly high concentrations. This review focuses on issues related to identifying and verifying stable antibody-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Daugherty
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Diemel RV, ter Hart HGJ, Derksen GJA, Koenderman AHL, Aalberse RC. Characterization of immunoglobulin G fragments in liquid intravenous immunoglobulin products. Transfusion 2005; 45:1601-9. [PMID: 16181211 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2005.00549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) products formulated as a liquid instead of a powder have become commercially available. Preferably, such liquid products should not alter after storage outside the refrigerator. Therefore, a thorough characterization of immunoglobulin G (IgG) fragmentation at various storage temperatures is required. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Storage experiments with liquid IVIG products from five manufacturers were performed at 4, 25, and 37 degrees C and IgG fragments were analyzed. RESULTS Storage of liquid IVIG products at 4 degrees C resulted in negligible alterations, whereas an increase of IgG fragments was observed after prolonged storage at elevated temperatures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis of five liquid IVIG products revealed three IgG fragments (12, 26, and 54 kDa) in all products. Fragments of similar molecular mass were produced upon incubations of IgG with blood-derived proteases. N-terminal amino acid sequencing revealed the cleavage site of these fragments, suggesting human neutrophil elastase to cause the 12-kDa fragment. The presence of elastase in liquid IVIG was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The origin of the 26- and 54-kDa fragments, both with an aspartic acid residue at the cleavage site, could not be determined unambiguously. CONCLUSION IgG fragmentation in liquid IVIG is negligible when stored in the refrigerator. Only after prolonged storage at elevated temperature does proteolytic degradation of IgG become apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V Diemel
- Department of Immunopathology, Section of Immunoglobulin Research, Sanquin Research at CLB, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Mikolajczyk MG, Concepcion NF, Wang T, Frazier D, Golding B, Frasch CE, Scott DE. Characterization of antibodies to capsular polysaccharide antigens of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae in human immune globulin intravenous preparations. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 11:1158-64. [PMID: 15539522 PMCID: PMC524781 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.6.1158-1164.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The most common infections in primary immune deficiency disease (PIDD) patients involve encapsulated bacteria, mainly Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Thus, it is important to know the titers of Hib- and pneumococcus-specific antibodies that are present in immune globulin (Ig) intravenous (IGIV) preparations used to treat PIDD. In this study, seven IGIV preparations were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and opsonophagocytic activity for antibody titers to the capsular polysaccharides of Hib and five pneumococcal serotypes. Differences in Hib- and pneumococcus-specific antibody titer were observed among various IGIV preparations, with some products having higher- or lower-than-average titers. Opsonic activity also varied among preparations. As expected, IgG2 was the most active subclass of both binding and opsonic activity except against pneumococcal serotype 6B where IgG3 was the most active. This study determines antibody titers against capsular polysaccharides of Hib and pneumococcus in seven IGIV products that have been shown to be effective in reducing infections in PIDD patients. As donor antibody levels and manufacturing methods continue to change, it may prove useful from a regulatory point of view to reassess IGIV products periodically, to ensure that products maintain antibody levels that are important for the health of IGIV recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata G Mikolajczyk
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Blood Research and Review, Division of Hematology, Laboratory of Plasma Derivatives, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kan KS, Anderson VA, Leong WS, Smith AM, Worth AT, Stevenson GT. Thioether-bonded constructs of Fab'gamma and Fc gamma modules utilizing differential reduction of interchain disulfide bonds. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1320-6. [PMID: 11145716 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.1320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We describe a two-stage preparation of chemically engineered Ab constructs, employing as modules Fab'gamma from mAb or rAb, and Fc from human normal IgG1. A multivalent, optionally multispecific F(ab')(n) core is formed in stage one, and one or more Fc modules added in stage two. Examples include bispecific Fab(2)Fc(2) (for simplicity, primes and Greek letters are omitted from names of final constructs) and trivalent Fab(3)Fc(2), which are designed to kill neoplastic cells. An essential element in the construction is the availability of the Fab' in two reduced forms, Fab'(-sulfhydryl (SH))(5) and Fab'-SH. The first is obtained by full reduction of the interchain disulfide bonds (SS) in the F(ab')(2) fragment of IgG. Fab'-SH is obtained by disulfide-interchange reactions on Fab'(-SH)(5), whereby the gamma-light SS is reconstituted, an unusual intrachain SS forms in the gamma-chain hinge, and one hinge SH remains. F(ab')(2) and F(ab')(3) cores are built using partially reduced modules, being given intermodular thioether links that resist reduction. These cores are then fully reduced, making available SH groups for addition of the Fcgamma modules. In the final constructs, all intermodular links embody tandem thioether bonds arising at hinge-region cysteines. Cytotoxic activities of representative constructs, and some enhancements deriving from multiple modules, are assessed. In guinea pigs, catabolism of Fab(2)Fc(2) yielded a t(1/2) similar to that of human IgG1, although the serum Fab(2)Fc(2) revealed some proteolytic breakdown not shown by the IgG1. Immunotherapy of a guinea-pig leukemia confirmed the ability of these constructs to kill target cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kan
- Biological Sciences, University of North London, London, United Kingdom. Tenovus Research Laboratory, Southampton University Hospitals, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Alonso WR, Trukawinski S, Savage M, Tenold RA, Hammond DJ. Viral inactivation of intramuscular immune serum globulins. Biologicals 2000; 28:5-15. [PMID: 10799050 DOI: 10.1006/biol.1999.0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new process for the production of intramuscular immunoglobulin products is described which includes viral inactivation through solvent-detergent treatment. Removal of solvent-detergent was accomplished by precipitation, filtration and diafiltration. Process-scale preparations had appropriate antibody potency levels, and improved IgG integrity relative to traditional IGIM products. Moreover, acceptable results were obtained in all in vitro and in vivo pre-clinical toxicology testing, as well as clinical evaluation. Scaled-down experiments demonstrated that the new process provides effective viral inactivation. Taken together, these results indicate that the new products should have the same efficacy of the previous IGIM products albeit with safety and processing improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Alonso
- Technology Department, Bayer Corporation, Clayton, NC 27520, USA.
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Komiyama Y, Nishimura N, Nishino N, Okuda K, Munakata M, Kosaka C, Masuda M, Takahashi H. Purification and characterization of ouabain-binding protein in human plasma. Clin Exp Hypertens 1998; 20:683-90. [PMID: 9682924 DOI: 10.3109/10641969809053246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ouabainlike factors are thought to be a kind of important modulators of salt and water metabolism in essential hypertension. We purified the binding-protein of ouabain (OBP) from human plasma. The amino-terminal sequence of OBP from human plasma, (NH2-TLGQPREPQVYTLPPXREEM-), indicated that OBP is the carboxy-terminal fragment (14.4 kDa by SDS-PAGE) from T218 of IgG2 heavy chain and from A221 of the IgG1 heavy chain constant region. Moreover, plasmin-cleaved Fc fragment (pFc) of IgG possessed the ouabain-binding activity by the gel-filtration method of pFc and authentic ouabain mixture, whereas neither intact, aggregate, nor papain-cleaved Fc fragment did. The amino-terminal sequence of pFc was NH2-THTXPPXPAPELLGGPXVFL-, and this sequence corresponded to the T105 to L125 fragment of the IgG1 heavy chain constant region. The growth of cultured THP-1 cells were arrested in the dose-dependent manner by ouabain, which was inhibited by the addition of 20 microg/mL of pFc. These results suggested that plasmin-cleaved Fc of human IgG is one of the binding protein of ouabain/ouabainlike factor(s) in human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Komiyama
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Laboratory Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka, Japan
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