Hdrolysis of amino-acid esters by pig-pancreatic kallikrein

Upregulation of p53 through induction of MDM2 degradation: Amino acid prodrugs of anthraquinone analogs

Previously, we reported a class of MDM2-MDM4 dimerization inhibitors that upregulate p53 and showed potent anticancer activity in animal models. However, water solubility hinders their further development. Herein we describe our effort to develop a prodrug approach that overcomes the solubility problem. The prodrug of BW-AQ-238, a potent anthraquinone analog, was made by esterification of the hydroxyl group with various natural amino acids. Cytotoxicity of these compounds toward Hela and EU-1 cells, their aqueous solubility, and the release kinetics of these prodrugs in buffer and in the presence of hydrolytic enzymes were studied. The results demonstrate that the amino acid prodrug approach significantly improved the water solubility while maintaining the potency of the parent drug.

Kinetic peculiarities of human tissue kallikrein: 1--substrate activation in the catalyzed hydrolysis of H-D-valyl-L-leucyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide and H-D-valyl-L-leucyl-L-lysine 4-nitroanilide; 2--substrate inhibition in the catalyzed hydrolysis of N alpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester

Hydrolysis of D-valyl-L-leucyl-L-lysine 4-nitroanilide (1), D-valyl-L-leucyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide (2), and N alpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (3) by human tissue kallikrein was studied throughout a wide range of substrate concentrations. At low substrate concentrations, the hydrolysis followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics but, at higher substrate concentrations, a deviation from Michaelis-Menten behavior was observed. With the nitroanilides, a significant increase in hydrolysis rates was observed, while with the ester, a significant decrease in hydrolysis rates was observed. The results for substrates (1) and (3) can be accounted for by a model based on the hypothesis that a second substrate molecule binds to the ES complex to produce a more active or an inactive SES complex. The deviation observed for substrate (2) can be explained as a bimolecular reaction between the enzyme-substrate complex and a free substrate molecule.

Peptide aldehyde inhibitors of the kallikreins: an investigation of subsite interactions with tripeptides containing structural variations at the amino terminus

A series of tripeptide aldehyde derivatives containing variations at the P3 subsite and the amino terminus has been prepared and evaluated for trypsin-like serine protease inhibition. These compounds exhibit strong in vitro inhibition of human plasma kallikrein (HPK), porcine pancreatic kallikrein (PPK) and human plasmin (HP). As suspected from an examination of a related crystal structure, the presence of a hydrophobic residue (adamantyl) at the amino terminus dramatically improves the binding to PPK. The adamantyl group, however, represents a peak in binding; larger residues cause the binding to be reduced, and thus are less well accommodated in this subsite. Although both HP and HPK also can accept large molecular volume at the amino terminus, they do not exhibit the same preference for large residues at this subsite that is demonstrated by PPK. Selectivity differences also are observed with P3 subsite substitution; with PPK preferring a bulky, but compact side-chain (t-butyl) and HP and HPK preferring a more extended (e.g. benzyl) group.

Proteinase inhibitors of the Kunitz family in fallow deer organs: a comparative study

Protein proteinase inhibitors belonging to the Kunitz family have been isolated and characterized in several fallow deer organs. In all the organs studied we found the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) while its isoforms, previously isolated and characterized in organs of other ruminant species (bovids and ovids), were absent. In the kidney, in addition to BPTI, active fragments of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor were also isolated. The distribution of Kunitz-type inhibitors in different species of ruminants is compared and discussed on the basis of the expression of their encoding genes.

Design of novel affinity adsorbents for the purification of trypsin-like proteases

A number of ligands for the selective purification by affinity chromatography of the trypsin-like protease, porcine pancreatic kallikrein, were designed de novo by computer-aided molecular design. The ligands were designed to mimic the side-chains of a number of arginyl dipeptides and included a benzamidine moiety substituted on a triazine ring. The ligands displayed inhibitory activities against pancreatic kallikrein which mirrored the specificity constants of the dipeptides they were designed to mimic. The ligand with the highest affinity for the enzyme, an analogue of a Phe-Arg dipeptide, when immobilized to Sepharose CL-4B via a hexamethylene spacer arm, purified pancreatic kallikrein 110-fold in one step from a crude pancreatic acetone extract.

Kunitz-type proteinase inhibitors in sheep and ox

1. Four protein proteinase inhibitors, belonging to the Kunitz family, were isolated and purified from several sheep organs. 2. Their structural, functional and immunological properties were determined and compared to those of similar inhibitors purified from bovine organs. 3. The Kunitz-type isoinhibitors appear differently distributed in the two species: BPTI, which is the prevailing form in bovids, is found only in minute amounts in sheep organs. 4. The presence of multiple forms of these inhibitors in sheep is discussed on the basis of the same biosynthetic and post-translational processes proposed for the molecules of bovine origin.

Effects of secondary interactions on the kinetics of peptide and peptide ester hydrolysis by tissue kallikrein and trypsin

Kinetic constants for the hydrolysis by porcine tissue beta-kallikrein B and by bovine trypsin of a number of peptides related to the sequence of kininogen (also one containing a P2 glycine residue instead of phenylalanine) and of a series of corresponding arginyl peptide esters with various apolar P2 residues have been determined under strictly comparative conditions. kcat and kcat/Km values for the hydrolysis of the Arg-Ser bonds of the peptides by trypsin are conspicuously high. kcat for the best of the peptide substrates, Ac-Phe-Arg-Ser-Val-NH2, even reaches kcat for the corresponding methyl ester, indicating rate-limiting deacylation also in the hydrolysis of a peptide bond by this enzyme. kcat/Km for the hydrolysis of the peptide esters with different nonpolar L-amino acids in P2 is remarkably constant (range 1.7), as it is for the pair of the above pentapeptides with P2 glycine or phenylalanine. kcat for the ester substrates varies fivefold, however, being greatest for the P2 glycine compounds. Obviously, an increased potential of a P2 residue for interactions with the enzyme lowers the rate of deacylation. In contrast to results obtained with chymotrypsin and pancreatic elastase, trypsin is well able to tolerate a P3 proline residue. In the hydrolysis of peptide esters, tissue kallikrein is definitely superior to trypsin. Conversely, peptide bonds are hydrolyzed less efficiently by tissue kallikrein and the acylation reaction is rate-limiting. The influence of the length of peptide substrates is similar in both enzymes and indicates an extension of the substrate recognition site from subsite S3 to at least S'3 of tissue kallikrein and the importance of a hydrogen bond between the P3 carbonyl group and Gly-216 of the enzymes. Tissue kallikrein also tolerates a P3 proline residue well. In sharp contrast to the behaviour of trypsin is the very strong influence of the P2 residue in tissue-kallikrein-catalyzed reactions. kcat/Km varies 75-fold in the series of the dipeptide esters with nonpolar L-amino acid residues in P2, a P2 glycine residue furnishing the worst and phenylalanine the best substrate, whereas this exchange in the pentapeptides changes kcat/Km as much as 730-fold. This behaviour, together with the high value of kcat/Km for Ac-Phe-Arg-OMe of 3.75 X 10(7) M-1 s-1, suggests rate-limiting binding (k1) in the hydrolysis of the best ester substrates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Immunochemical studies on the Kunitz type inhibitors from bovine spleen

Specific immunoglobulins for bovine spleen inhibitor IV, which is identical to the basic pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz inhibitor) from bovine lung, were purified from the serum of immunized rabbits. Immunological and immunochemical experiments have shown that the four inhibitors previously isolated from bovine spleen are cross-reacting antigens with the anti-inhibitor IV - antiserum; however, part of the antibodies are precipitated by inhibitors I, II and III, whereas the remaining ones are only specific for the antigenic determinants present on the inhibitor IV molecule.

The pH dependence of pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetics for the porcine pancreatic β-kallikrein-B-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl ester

Pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetics of the porcine pancreatic beta-kallikrein-B (EC 3.4.21.35) catalyzed hydrolysis of ZArgONp have been determined between pH 2.4 and 8. The results are consistent with a minimum three-step mechanism involving an acyl-enzyme intermediate: (see formula). The formation of the E X S complex may be regarded as a pseudoequilibrium process; the minimum values for k+1 are 5.9 X 10(6) M-1 X s-1 (pH 5.5) and 9.4 X 10(5) M-1 X s-1 (pH 2.4) and that for k-1 is 600 s-1. The value of k-1/k+1 (= Ks) changes from 102 microM at pH greater than or equal to 5.5 to 638 microM at pH less than 2.4. The pH dependence of k+2 conforms to two ionizing groups, in the E X S complex, with pKa values of 3.4 +/- 0.1 and 7.05 +/- 0.10. The pH profile of k+2/Ks (= kcat/Km) reflects the ionization of two groups, in the free enzyme, with pKa values of 4.2 +/- 0.1 and 7.05 +/- 0.10. The pH dependence of k+3 implicates two ionizing groups in the deacylation step with pKa values of 4.6 +/- 0.1 and 7.0 +/- 0.1. At acid pH values (pH 2.4-4.4), k+3 is rate-limiting in catalysis, whereas for pH values higher than 4.4, k+2 becomes rate-limiting. The observed neutral and acid ionizations probably reflect the acid-base equilibrium of His-57 and Asp-189 involved in the central site of beta-kallikrein-B. The structural basis for the specificity and catalytic behaviour of this proteinase are discussed and a role for Ser-226 is pinpointed.

Substrate specificity of porcine pancreatic kallikrein

The primary specificity of porcine pancreatic kallikrein is directed predominantly against arginyl and much less so against lysyl bonds. In addition, the enzyme exhibits pronounced secondary specificity for a bulky residue, preferentially phenylalanine, in position P2 of substrates. This feature is found also in porcine submandibular and urinary and in human urinary kallikrein, but not in bovine trypsin. Residues in P3 and P1' and P1' to P3' also affect hydrolysis by pancreatic kallikrein distinctly more than tryptic hydrolysis. The hexapeptide Pro-Phe-Arg-Ser-Val-Gln with the sequence of bovine kininogen around the C-terminus of kinin contains all the structural elements essential for the interaction with kallikrein, and even glutamine appears dispensable. In contrast to ester models for this site, peptidyl methionine esters with the structure of kininogen towards the N-terminus of kinin, notably bulky leucine in P2, are very poor kallikrein substrates, and appear to be of no value as models for the cleavage of kininogen under formation of kallidin.

Kinetics of the hydrolysis of synthetic substrates by horse urinary kallikrein and trypsin

The kinetic constants for horse urinary kallikrein and trypsin hydrolysis of BAEE, TAME, bradykinin methyl ester and bradykinyl-Ser-Val-Gin-Val-Ser were determined. The values of the ratio kcat/Km show that (1) kallikrein is catalytically less efficient than trypsin for all the substrates (2) the three esters are equally good substrates for trypsin while horse urinary kallikrein is 100-fold more effective on bradykinin methyl ester than on the other substrates (3) for both enzymes the ester of bradykinin is a better substrate than the tetradecapeptide.