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Seligman M, Blechl A, Blechl J, Herman P, Fraenkel G. Role of ecdysone, pupariation factors, and cyclic AMP in formation and tanning of the puparium of the fleshfly Sarcophaga bullata. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 74:4697-701. [PMID: 16592458 PMCID: PMC432015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.10.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two pupariation factors, anterior retraction factor (ARF) and puparium tanning factor (PTF), are absent from the hemolymph of larvae at the time of tanning accelerated by ARF/PTF, cyclic AMP, or dopamine. ARF and PTF are not involved in derepression of dopa decarboxylase (aromatic L-amino-acid decarboxylase, aromatic L-amino-acid carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.28) synthesis initiated by ecdysone. Tanning is entirely inhibited by injection of two transcriptional inhibitors, actinomycin and BrdUrd, and two translational inhibitors, puromycin and cycloheximide. Retraction activity is more severely inhibited by the transcriptional than by the translational inhibitors. A tanning response is initiated by cyclic AMP in the presence of the transcriptional but not the translational inhibitors. Dihydric tanning substances (dopa, dopamine) initiate tanning in the presence of both types of inhibitors. Release of ARF and PTF from the central nervous system is inhibited by the four inhibitors. ARF totally reverses the inhibitory effects on retraction, whereas PTF does not reverse inhibition of tanning. These data are interpreted to mean that PTF is concerned with the regulation of two components of the tanning response: (i) acceleration of synthesis of a particular protein (associated with the tyrosine hydroxylation complex), and (ii) activation via cyclic AMP of a component of the tyrosine hydroxylating system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Seligman
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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2
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Hodgetts RB, O'Keefe SL. Dopa decarboxylase: a model gene-enzyme system for studying development, behavior, and systematics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2006; 51:259-84. [PMID: 16332212 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Throughout its long evolutionary history, the Dopa decarboxylase gene (Ddc) has acquired a variety of functions in insects. The enzyme (DDC) catalyzes the production of the neural transmitters dopamine and serotonin. Not surprisingly, evidence of the enzyme's involvement in the behavior of insects is beginning to accumulate. In addition, DDC plays a role in wound healing, parasite defense, pigmentation, and cuticle hardening. A high degree of sequence conservation has allowed comparisons of the Ddc-coding regions from various insects, facilitating a number of recent studies on insect systematics. This review outlines the diverse functions of Ddc and illustrates how studies of this model system address many questions on insect neurobiology, developmental biology, and systematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross B Hodgetts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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Brodbeck D, Amherd R, Callaerts P, Hintermann E, Meyer UA, Affolter M. Molecular and biochemical characterization of the aaNAT1 (Dat) locus in Drosophila melanogaster: differential expression of two gene products. DNA Cell Biol 1998; 17:621-33. [PMID: 9703021 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1998.17.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases (AANATs) have been implicated in several physiological processes, including sclerotization, inactivation of certain neurotransmitters, and, similar to the function in vertebrates, catalysis of the rate-limiting step in melatonin biosynthesis. Here, we report an extensive biochemical and functional analysis of the products of the aaNAT1 gene of Drosophila melanogaster. The aaNAT1 gene generates two transcripts through alternative first-exon usage. These transcripts are under tissue-specific and developmental control and encode proteins which differ in their N-terminus with respect to their starting methionine. The more abundant isoform, AANATlb, is first expressed during late embryogenesis in the brain, the ventral nerve cord, and the midgut; in adults, AANATlb is still detectable in the brain and midgut. The less abundant isoform, AANATla, appears only during late pupal stages and in adults is found predominantly in the brain. We demonstrate that the mutation Dat(lo) represents a hypomorphic allele of aaNAT1b, in which an insertion of two transposable elements, MDG412 and blastopia, has occurred within the first intron of the gene. Using a deficiency which removes the aaNAT1 gene, we provide evidence that aaNAT1 is not essential for the process of sclerotization. Furthermore, neither of the two enzyme isoforms shows circadian regulation of RNA or protein levels. The differing levels of abundance and distinct developmental control of AANAT1a and AANAT1b suggest different in vivo functions for these two enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Brodbeck
- Department of Pharmacology, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Switzerland
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Bossinakou KS, Fragoulis EG. Purification and characterisation of L-DOPA decarboxylase from pharate pupae of Ceratitis capitata. A comparison with the enzyme purified from the white prepupae. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996; 113:213-20. [PMID: 8653578 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)02013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe the purification of L-DOPA decarboxylase (DDC) to homogeneity from the developmental stage just before the eclosion (pharate pupae) of Ceratitis capitata. The enzyme was found to have a mol wt of approximately 100,000 and to be composed of two identical subunits (50,000 mol wt each). Polyclonal antibodies raised against the isolated enzyme reacted with the 50,000 dalton subunit and precipitated enzyme activity. Furthermore, properties of the enzyme isolated from the pharate pupa stage, were compared with those of DDC purified from the white prepupa stage with respect to substrate specificity, response to polyclonal antibodies, behaviour towards different cations and dependence of enzyme activity on the concentration of pyridoxal phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Bossinakou
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Athens Panepistimiopolis Kouponia, Greece
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Isolation and characterization of the dopa decarboxylase gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 1988. [PMID: 6086012 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.6.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid clones containing the Drosophila dopa decarboxylase gene. We describe an isolation procedure which can be applied to other nonabundantly expressed Drosophila genes. The dopa decarboxylase gene lies within or very near polytene chromosome band 37C1-2. The gene is interrupted by at least one intron, and the primary mode of regulation is pretranslational. At least two additional sequences hybridized by in vivo ribonucleic acid-derived probes are found within a 35-kilobase region surrounding the gene. The developmental profile of ribonucleic acid transcribed from one of these regions differs from that of the dopa decarboxylase transcript.
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Iwama R, Ashida M. Biosynthesis of prophenoloxidase in hemocytes of larval hemolymph of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(86)90032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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BERRY SPENCERJ. Insect Nucleic Acids. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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BROWN CAROLYNS, NESTLER CATHY. Catecholamines and Indolalkylamines. Pharmacology 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030812-8.50016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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9
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Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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10
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KAULENAS MINDAUGASS. Molecular Biology: Protein Synthesis. Biochemistry 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-030811-1.50014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Kodama M, Kodama T. Relation between steroid metabolism of the host and genesis of cancers of the breast, uterine cervix, and endometrium. Adv Cancer Res 1983; 38:77-119. [PMID: 6349292 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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12
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Abstract
A 36 kilobase (kb) DNA segment of the Drosophila genome that contains several larval cuticle protein genes has been cloned and characterized. This segment maps at chromosomal locus 44D. It contains five genes, all of which are expressed at the same time of Drosophila development. Four of the genes are clustered within 7.9 kb of DNA and are abundantly expressed as poly(A)RNA in the epidermis of late third instar larvae but are not abundantly expressed in other developmental stages. A fifth gene lies 8 kb away from this cluster and is expressed at a much lower level in late third instar larval poly(A) RNA. Three of the four abundantly expressed genes have been shown to code for larval cuticle proteins; less decisive evidence indicates that the fourth gene also probably codes for a larval cuticle protein. Some of the genes are related in DNA sequence, and the proteins encoded in the cluster are related immunologically. Thus the cuticle genes encoded by the segment at 44D are members of a family of genes of common ancestry, which share the same pattern of developmental expression and reside in a small segment of the Drosophila genome.
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Hirsh J, Davidson N. Isolation and characterization of the dopa decarboxylase gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Cell Biol 1981; 1:475-85. [PMID: 6086012 PMCID: PMC369691 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.1.6.475-485.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid clones containing the Drosophila dopa decarboxylase gene. We describe an isolation procedure which can be applied to other nonabundantly expressed Drosophila genes. The dopa decarboxylase gene lies within or very near polytene chromosome band 37C1-2. The gene is interrupted by at least one intron, and the primary mode of regulation is pretranslational. At least two additional sequences hybridized by in vivo ribonucleic acid-derived probes are found within a 35-kilobase region surrounding the gene. The developmental profile of ribonucleic acid transcribed from one of these regions differs from that of the dopa decarboxylase transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hirsh
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Marsh JL, Wright TR. Developmental relationship between dopa decarboxylase, dopamine acetyltransferase, and ecdysone in Drosophila. Dev Biol 1980; 80:379-87. [PMID: 6778749 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(80)90412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Voigt J, Köster H. Induction of plasma proangiotensin by steroid hormones in nephrectomized rats. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1980; 110:57-65. [PMID: 7439163 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The response of plasma proangiotensin to various steroids was studied in bilaterally nephrectomized rats. In male animals, estradiol and testosterone increased the proangiotensin level up to 250% and 180% respectively. In female animals, both hormones lead to an increase of proangiotensin up to 220% of the controls, when given at optimal dose. The dose dependence on estradiol and testosterone was about the same in male rats, whereas in female animals the formation of proangiotensin was stimulated by much lower doses of estradiol as compared to testosterone. Adrenalectomy plus nephrectomy reduced the proangiotensin level to 20-30% of the value measured in animals nephrectomized only. Cortisol caused a rapid increase of plasma proangiotensin up to 1000% in adrenalectomized animals. Independent from the adrenal state, the amounts of cortisol necessary to induce proangiotensin were very low as compared to the dose response of other proteins, biosynthesis of which is regulated by cortisol. 21-Dehydrocortisol and aldosterone induced proangiotensin with the same efficiency as cortisol, whereas several other chemically related steroids were less active or inactive. Comparing the biological activity of the various steroids tested, it has to be concluded that the delta 4-ene-3-one structure of ring A, the 11 beta-OH group of ring C and the carbonyl group at C-20 of the ketol side-chain of cortisol are very important with respect to proangiotensin induction. The response of proangiotensin to cortisol, 21-dehydrocortisol and aldosterone could be inhibited by actinomocin D and cycloheximide, whereas the effects of estradiol and testosterone could be reversed by cycloheximide only.
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Kraminsky GP, Clark WC, Estelle MA, Gietz RD, Sage BA, O'Connor JD, Hodgetts RB. Induction of translatable mRNA for dopa decarboxylase in Drosophila: an early response to ecdysterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:4175-9. [PMID: 6776524 PMCID: PMC349793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecdysteroid titer and dopa decarboxylase (aromatic-L-amino-acid carboxy-lyase, EC 4.1.1.28) activity were determined throughout the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster. Five peaks in the amount of hormone were observed, which preceeded five dopa decarboxylase peaks by times ranging from 5 to 58 hr. Late in the third instar the hormone and enzyme maxima are nearly coincident. The increase in enzyme activity observed at this time is paralleled by an increase in translatable dopa decarboxylase mRNA. To obtain evidence that ecdysterone induces the appearance of this mRNA we made use of the temperature-sensitive ecd1 mutant. Garen et al. [Garen, A., Kauvar, L. & Lepesant, J.-A. (1977) Proc. Natl, Acad. Sci. USA 74, 5099-5103] have shown that when third instar mutant larvae are kept at 29 degrees C, the ecdysteroid titer remains low. In such larvae we show that the normal increase in dopa decarboxylase activity fails to appear, and no translatable dopa decarboxylase mRNA can be detected. Exogenous feeding of ecdysterone to these larvae results in a rapid synthesis of dopa decarboxylase in the epidermal cells. In addition, a parallel increase in translatable dopa decarboxylase mRNA occurs, which may be a primary response of these target cells to ecdysterone.
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18
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Kang SH, Fuchs MS, Webb PM. Purification and characterization of DOPA-decarboxylase from adult gravid Aedes aegypti. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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The metabolism of the aromatic amino acids concerned in the cross-linking of insect cuticle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Panitz R. Cell specific effect of ecdysone on RNA synthesis in the differentiated salivary gland of Acricotopus lucidus. CELL DIFFERENTIATION 1978; 7:387-98. [PMID: 737742 DOI: 10.1016/0045-6039(78)90039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the steroid hormone ecdysone on the RNA metabolism of 2 cell types (main and anterior lobe) of the Acricotopus salivary gland has been investigated. Ecdysone has been found to increase the synthesis of 4S RNA and poly(A)+ RNA in the main lobe, while the anterior lobe remained unaffected by the same treatement. The stimulated poly(A)+ RNA is characterized by its relatively low cytoplasmic turnover. No evidence has been found for the stimulation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in both cell types. Analysis of the metabolic stability of cytoplasmic poly(A)+ RNA after ecdysone administration revealed a different response of the main and anterior lobe cells. Only in the anterior lobe ecdysone causes a shortening of the lifetime of that part of poly(A)+ RNA which is peculiar in its early appearance and relatively low stability in the cytoplasm.
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Clark WC, Pass PS, Venkataraman B, Hodgetts RB. Dopa decarboxylase from Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00268854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Mitsui T, Riddiford LM. Hormonal requirements for the larval-pupal transformation of the epidermis of Manduca sexta in vitro. Dev Biol 1978; 62:193-205. [PMID: 620871 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(78)90101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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24
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Fragouli-Fournogeraki M, Fragoulis E, Sekeris C. Protein synthesis by polysomes from the epidermis of blowfly larvae: Dependence of formation of DOPA-decarboxylase on developmental stage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(78)90056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Hodgetts RB, Sage B, O'Connor JD. Ecdysone titers during postembryonic development of Drosophila melanogaster. Dev Biol 1977; 60:310-7. [PMID: 409638 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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26
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Sekeris CE, Perassi R, Arnemann J, Ullrich A, Scheller K. Translation of mRNA from Calliphora vicina and Drosophila melanogaster larvae into calliphorin and calliphorin-like proteins of Drosophila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(77)90049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Luckner M, Nover L. Expression of Secondary Metabolism An Aspect of Cell Specialization of Microorganisms, Higher Plants, and Animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-81102-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
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28
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Maranda B, Hodgetts R. A characterization of dopamine acetyltransferase in Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1977. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(77)90054-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Roewekamp WG, Hofer E, Sekeris CE. Translation of mRNA from rat-liver polysomes into tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase in a protein-synthesizing system from wheat germ. Effects of cortisol on the translatable levels of mRNA for these two enzymes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 70:259-68. [PMID: 12944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Messenger RNA was isolated from rat liver polysomes by phenol/chloroform extraction and subsequent oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. The mRNA was translated in a protein-synthesizing system in vitro derived from wheat germ. The system was optimized in respect to Mg2+ and K+. The presence of spermidine or spermine is necessary for the synthesis of polypeptides having molecular weights of over 20 000. In the absence of the bases only small molecular weight products are formed. The amount of protein synthesized is linearly dependent on the amount of mRNA added up to concentrations of 80 mug mRNA/ml. The synthesis of tyrosine aminotransferase and tryptophan oxygenase in the system in vitro has been demonstrated by specific immunoprecipitation and sodium-dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the precipitate with enzyme proteins as marker. The amount of specific product formed is linearly dependent on the amount of mRNA present. The amount of translatable tyrosine aminotransferase mRNA and tryptophan oxygenase mRNA increases after administration of hydrocortisone to adrenalectomized rats. At low doses of hormone (2 mg/100 g body weight) maximal values are observed at 4 h, control levels being reached at 6-8 h after hormone application. With higher doses of hydrocortisone (20 mg/100 g body weight) maximal values are attained at 6 h, tending to control levels 14 h after treatment. The enzyme activity curves are parallel to the mRNA curves, the peak of enzyme activity occurring 2 h after the peak of mRNA activity.
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Fragoulis EG, Sekeris CE. Purification and characteristics of DOPA-decarboxylase from the integument of Calliphora vicina larve. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 168:15-25. [PMID: 1137393 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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