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Zhang L, Muthana MM, Yu H, McArthur JB, Qu J, Chen X. Characterizing non-hydrolyzing Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 2-epimerase using UDP-N-acetylmannosamine (UDP-ManNAc) and derivatives. Carbohydr Res 2015; 419:18-28. [PMID: 26598987 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis serogroup A non-hydrolyzing uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) 2-epimerase (NmSacA) catalyzes the interconversion between UDP-GlcNAc and uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylmannosamine (UDP-ManNAc). It is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the capsular polysaccharide [-6ManNAcα1-phosphate-]n of N. meningitidis serogroup A, one of the six serogroups (A, B, C, W-135, X, and Y) that account for most cases of N. meningitidis-caused bacterial septicemia and meningitis. N. meningitidis serogroup A is responsible for large epidemics in the developing world, especially in Africa. Here we report that UDP-ManNAc could be used as a substrate for C-terminal His6-tagged recombinant NmSacA (NmSacA-His6) in the absence of UDP-GlcNAc. NmSacA-His6 was activated by UDP-GlcNAc and inhibited by 2-acetamidoglucal and UDP. Substrate specificity study showed that NmSacA-His6 could tolerate several chemoenzymatically synthesized UDP-ManNAc derivatives as substrates although its activity was much lower than non-modified UDP-ManNAc. Homology modeling and molecular docking revealed likely structural determinants of NmSacA substrate specificity. This is the first detailed study of N. meningitidis serogroup A UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Musleh M Muthana
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John B McArthur
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jingyao Qu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Wang C, Ehrhardt CJ, Yadavalli VK. Single cell profiling of surface carbohydrates on Bacillus cereus. J R Soc Interface 2015; 12:rsif.2014.1109. [PMID: 25505137 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2014.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrates are important to various bacterial activities and functions. It is well known that different types of Bacillus display heterogeneity of surface carbohydrate compositions, but detection of their presence, quantitation and estimation of variation at the single cell level have not been previously solved. Here, using atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based recognition force mapping coupled with lectin probes, the specific carbohydrate distributions of N-acetylglucosamine and mannose/glucose were detected, mapped and quantified on single B. cereus surfaces at the nanoscale across the entire cell. Further, the changes of the surface carbohydrate compositions from the vegetative cell to spore were shown. These results demonstrate AFM-based 'recognition force mapping' as a versatile platform to quantitatively detect and spatially map key bacterial surface biomarkers (such as carbohydrate compositions), and monitor in situ changes in surface biochemical properties during intracellular activities at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Christopher J Ehrhardt
- Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Muthana MM, Qu J, Li Y, Zhang L, Yu H, Ding L, Malekan H, Chen X. Efficient one-pot multienzyme synthesis of UDP-sugars using a promiscuous UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase from Bifidobacterium longum (BLUSP). Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2728-30. [PMID: 22306833 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17577k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A promiscuous UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (BLUSP) was cloned from Bifidobacterium longum strain ATCC55813 and used efficiently with a Pasteurella multocida inorganic pyrophosphatase (PmPpA) with or without a monosaccharide 1-kinase for one-pot multienzyme synthesis of UDP-galactose, UDP-glucose, UDP-mannose, and their derivatives. Further chemical diversification of a UDP-mannose derivative resulted in the formation of UDP-N-acetylmannosamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musleh M Muthana
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Choudhury B, Leoff C, Saile E, Wilkins P, Quinn CP, Kannenberg EL, Carlson RW. The structure of the major cell wall polysaccharide of Bacillus anthracis is species-specific. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:27932-41. [PMID: 16870610 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605768200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report we describe the structure of the polysaccharide released from Bacillus anthracis vegetative cell walls by aqueous hydrogen fluoride (HF). This HF-released polysaccharide (HF-PS) was isolated and structurally characterized from the Ames, Sterne, and Pasteur strains of B. anthracis. The HF-PSs were also isolated from the closely related Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 strain, and from the B. cereus ATCC 14579 type strain and compared with those of B. anthracis. The structure of the B. anthracis HF-PS was determined by glycosyl composition and linkage analyses, matrix-assisted laser desorption-time of flight mass spectrometry, and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The HF-PSs from all of the B. anthracis isolates had an identical structure consisting of an amino sugar backbone of -->6)-alpha-GlcNAc-(1-->4)-beta-ManNAc-(1-->4)-beta-GlcNAc-(1-->, in which the alpha-GlcNAc residue is substituted with alpha-Gal and beta-Gal at O-3 and O-4, respectively, and the beta-GlcNAc substituted with alpha-Gal at O-3. There is some variability in the presence of two of these three Gal substitutions. Comparison with the HF-PSs from B. cereus ATCC 10987 and B. cereus ATCC 14579 showed that the B. anthracis structure was clearly different from each of these HF-PSs and, furthermore, that the B. cereus ATCC 10987 HF-PS structure was different from that of B. cereus ATCC 14579. The presence of a B. anthracis-specific polysaccharide structure in its vegetative cell wall is discussed with regard to its relationship to those of other Bacillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswa Choudhury
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, 30602, USA
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Fox A, Black GE, Fox K, Rostovtseva S. Determination of carbohydrate profiles of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus including identification of O-methyl methylpentoses by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:887-94. [PMID: 8463400 PMCID: PMC263582 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.31.4.887-894.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus are closely related pathogenic organisms that are difficult to differentiate phenotypically or genotypically. It is well known that vegetative and spore forms of bacilli are quite distinct both morphologically and chemically, but spore-specific chemical markers allowing these species to be distinguished have not been previously described. By using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, vegetative cells and spores of the two species were shown to exhibit distinct carbohydrate profiles. Profiles of vegetative B. anthracis typically contained high levels of galactose but did not contain galactosamine, whereas B. cereus contained galactosamine and generally low levels of galactose. Spore cultures exhibited unique carbohydrate profiles compared with those of vegetative cultures. B. anthracis spore profiles contained rhamnose alone, whereas B. cereus spore profiles contained rhamnose and fucose. Additionally, two spore-specific O-methylated methylpentoses were discovered. Both B. anthracis and B. cereus spores contained 3-O-methyl rhamnose, whereas B. cereus spores also contained 2-O-methyl rhamnose. Carbohydrate profiling is demonstrated to be a powerful tool for differentiating the two closely related species. Differentiation does not depend on whether organisms are in the vegetative or spore stage of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Columbia 29208
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Iwasaki H, Araki Y, Kaya S, Ito E. Structural studies on the neutral polysaccharide of Bacillus subtilis AHU 1219 cell walls. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1989; 178:635-41. [PMID: 2492227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A neutral and an acidic polysaccharide with molecular masses of about 22 kDa and 45 kDa, respectively, were isolated from the N-acetylated cell walls of Bacillus subtilis AHU 1219 by heating at pH 2.5, followed by separation of the water-soluble product by ion-exchange chromatography and gel chromatography. The neutral polysaccharide, accounting for 40% of the mass of the cell walls, contained glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylmannosamine in a molar ratio of 1:2:1:1. The minor, acidic polysaccharide contained glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, L-serine and L-threonine in an approximate molar ratio of 1:1:1:0.5:0.5. Lysozyme digestion of the N-acetylated cell walls gave a polymer containing the neutral polysaccharide and glycopeptide components and another polymer which contained the acidic polysaccharide components together with small proportions of the neutral polysaccharide and glycopeptide components. Thus, the neutral and acidic polysaccharide chains seem to be attached to peptidoglycan through acid-labile linkages in the cell walls of this strain. Structural analysis of the neutral-polysaccharide preparation, involving 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR measurement, methylation and Smith degradation, led to the most likely structure, ----6)[Glc(beta 1----3)]GalNAc(alpha 1----4)-[GlcNAc(beta 1----3)]ManNAc(beta 1----4)GlcNAc(beta 1----, for the repeating units of this polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Araki
- Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Iwasaki H, Shimada A, Yokoyama K, Ito E. Structure and glycosylation of lipoteichoic acids in Bacillus strains. J Bacteriol 1989; 171:424-9. [PMID: 2914853 PMCID: PMC209605 DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.1.424-429.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The occurrence, structure, and glycosylation of lipoteichoic acids were studied in 15 Bacillus strains, including Bacillus cereus (4 strains), Bacillus subtilis (5 strains), Bacillus licheniformis (1 strain), Bacillus polymyxa (2 strains), and Bacillus circulans (3 strains). Whereas in the cells of B. polymyxa and B. circulans neither lipoteichoic acid nor related amphipathic polymer could be detected, the cells of other Bacillus strains were shown to contain lipoteichoic acids built up of poly(glycerol phosphate) backbone chains and hydrophobic anchors [gentiobiosyl(beta 1----1/3)diacylglycerol or monoacylglycerol]. The lipoteichoic acid chains of the B. licheniformis strain and three of the B. subtilis strains had N-acetylglucosamine side branches, but those of the B. cereus strains and the remaining two B. subtilis strains did not. The membranes of the B. licheniformis strain and the first three B. subtilis strains exhibited enzyme activities for the synthesis of beta-N-acetylglucosamine-P-polyprenol and for the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from this glycolipid to endogenous acceptors presumed to be lipoteichoic acid precursors. In contrast, the membranes of the other strains lacked both or either of these two enzyme activities. The correlation between the occurrence of N-acetylglucosamine-linked lipoteichoic acids and the distribution of these enzymes is consistent with the previously proposed function of beta-N-acetylglucosamine-P-polyprenol as a glycosyl donor in the introduction of alpha-N-acetylglucosamine branches to lipoteichoic acid backbone chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Iwasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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