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Bryant DA, Gisriel CJ. The structural basis for light harvesting in organisms producing phycobiliproteins. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:4036-4064. [PMID: 38652697 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, red algae, and cryptophytes produce 2 classes of proteins for light harvesting: water-soluble phycobiliproteins (PBP) and membrane-intrinsic proteins that bind chlorophylls (Chls) and carotenoids. In cyanobacteria, red algae, and glaucophytes, phycobilisomes (PBS) are complexes of brightly colored PBP and linker (assembly) proteins. To date, 6 structural classes of PBS have been described: hemiellipsoidal, block-shaped, hemidiscoidal, bundle-shaped, paddle-shaped, and far-red-light bicylindrical. Two additional antenna complexes containing single types of PBP have also been described. Since 2017, structures have been reported for examples of all of these complexes except bundle-shaped PBS by cryogenic electron microscopy. PBS range in size from about 4.6 to 18 mDa and can include ∼900 polypeptides and bind >2000 chromophores. Cyanobacteria additionally produce membrane-associated proteins of the PsbC/CP43 superfamily of Chl a/b/d-binding proteins, including the iron-stress protein IsiA and other paralogous Chl-binding proteins (CBP) that can form antenna complexes with Photosystem I (PSI) and/or Photosystem II (PSII). Red and cryptophyte algae also produce CBP associated with PSI but which belong to the Chl a/b-binding protein superfamily and which are unrelated to the CBP of cyanobacteria. This review describes recent progress in structure determination for PBS and the Chl proteins of cyanobacteria, red algae, and cryptophytan algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Biswas A, Akhtar P, Lambrev PH, van Stokkum IH. Energy transfer from phycobilisomes to photosystem I at room temperature. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1300532. [PMID: 38259910 PMCID: PMC10800844 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1300532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The phycobilisomes function as the primary light-harvesting antennae in cyanobacteria and red algae, effectively harvesting and transferring excitation energy to both photosystems. Here we investigate the direct energy transfer route from the phycobilisomes to photosystem I at room temperature in a mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 that lacks photosystem II. The excitation dynamics are studied by picosecond time-resolved fluorescence measurements in combination with global and target analysis. Global analysis revealed several fast equilibration time scales and a decay of the equilibrated system with a time constant of ≈220 ps. From simultaneous target analysis of measurements with two different excitations of 400 nm (chlorophyll a) and 580 nm (phycobilisomes) a transfer rate of 42 ns-1 from the terminal emitter of the phycobilisome to photosystem I was estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avratanu Biswas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Insitute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Parveen Akhtar
- Insitute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Petar H. Lambrev
- Insitute of Plant Biology, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ivo H.M. van Stokkum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and LaserLaB, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Montoya EJO, Dorion S, Atehortua-Garcés L, Rivoal J. Phycobilin heterologous production from the Rhodophyta Porphyridium cruentum. J Biotechnol 2021; 341:30-42. [PMID: 34500003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins are colored, active molecules with potential use in different industries. They are the union of proteins and bilins (Chromophores). The primary source of phycobiliproteins is algae; however, the traditional algae culture has production restrictions. The production in bacterial models can be a more efficient alternative to produce these molecules. However, the lack of knowledge in some steps of the phycobiliprotein metabolic pathway limits this alternative. Porphyridium cruentum is a single cell red alga with a high phycobiliprotein content. Its protein sequences were the basis for phycobilin production in this study. In this study, we cloned and characterized enzymes presumably involved in the chromophore production of P. cruentum. Using sequences obtained from its transcriptome, we characterized two cDNA sequences predicted to code respectively for a ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductase and a bilin lyase-isomerase. We expressed these enzymes in Escherichia coli to obtain in vivo evidence of their enzymatic activity on the substrate biliverdin IXα. Lastly, we analyzed them using thin-layer chromatography, spectrophotometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy. These experiments provided evidence of bilin modification. The expressed bilin lyase-isomerase did not show significant activity over the biliverdin molecule. On the contrary, the expressed ferredoxin-dependent bilin reductase showed activity over the biliverdin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Juliana Obando Montoya
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria - SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 # 61 - 30 - SIU. Torre 1 Laboratorio de 210, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Sonia Dorion
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Lucía Atehortua-Garcés
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Sede de Investigación Universitaria - SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 # 61 - 30 - SIU. Torre 1 Laboratorio de 210, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Jean Rivoal
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC H1X 2B2, Canada
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Structural basis of energy transfer in Porphyridium purpureum phycobilisome. Nature 2020; 579:146-151. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Nair D, Krishna JG, Panikkar MVN, Nair BG, Pai JG, Nair SS. Identification, purification, biochemical and mass spectrometric characterization of novel phycobiliproteins from a marine red alga, Centroceras clavulatum. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:679-691. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Miyabe Y, Furuta T, Takeda T, Kanno G, Shimizu T, Tanaka Y, Gai Z, Yasui H, Kishimura H. Structural Properties of Phycoerythrin from DulsePalmaria palmata. J Food Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikatsu Miyabe
- Chair of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
| | - Tomoe Furuta
- Chair of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takeda
- Chair of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
| | - Gaku Kanno
- Chair of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Graduate School of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Research and Development; Hokkaido Industrial Technology Center; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-0801 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Laboratory of X-Ray Structural Biology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Zuoqi Gai
- Laboratory of X-Ray Structural Biology, Faculty of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Hajime Yasui
- Laboratory of Humans and the Ocean, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
| | - Hideki Kishimura
- Laboratory of Marine Chemical Resource Development, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences; Hokkaido University; Hakodate Hokkaido 041-8611 Japan
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Structure of the novel 14kDa fragment of α-subunit of phycoerythrin from the starving cyanobacterium Phormidium tenue. J Struct Biol 2010; 171:247-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Biswas A, Vasquez YM, Dragomani TM, Kronfel ML, Williams SR, Alvey RM, Bryant DA, Schluchter WM. Biosynthesis of cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins in Escherichia coli: chromophorylation efficiency and specificity of all bilin lyases from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2729-39. [PMID: 20228104 PMCID: PMC2863458 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03100-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble, light-harvesting proteins that are highly fluorescent due to linear tetrapyrrole chromophores, which makes them valuable as probes. Enzymes called bilin lyases usually attach these bilin chromophores to specific cysteine residues within the alpha and beta subunits via thioether linkages. A multiplasmid coexpression system was used to recreate the biosynthetic pathway for phycobiliproteins from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 in Escherichia coli. This system efficiently produced chromophorylated allophycocyanin (ApcA/ApcB) and alpha-phycocyanin with holoprotein yields ranging from 3 to 12 mg liter(-1) of culture. This heterologous expression system was used to demonstrate that the CpcS-I and CpcU proteins are both required to attach phycocyanobilin (PCB) to allophycocyanin subunits ApcD (alpha(AP-B)) and ApcF (beta(18)). The N-terminal, allophycocyanin-like domain of ApcE (L(CM)(99)) was produced in soluble form and was shown to have intrinsic bilin lyase activity. Lastly, this in vivo system was used to evaluate the efficiency of the bilin lyases for production of beta-phycocyanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Biswas
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Yasmin M. Vasquez
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Tierna M. Dragomani
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Monica L. Kronfel
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Shervonda R. Williams
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Richard M. Alvey
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Donald A. Bryant
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Wendy M. Schluchter
- Department of Biological Science, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Schluchter WM, Shen G, Alvey RM, Biswas A, Saunée NA, Williams SR, Mille CA, Bryant DA. Phycobiliprotein biosynthesis in cyanobacteria: structure and function of enzymes involved in post-translational modification. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 675:211-28. [PMID: 20532743 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1528-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial phycobiliproteins are brilliantly colored due to the presence of covalently attached chromophores called bilins, linear tetrapyrroles derived from heme. For most phycobiliproteins, these post-translational modifications are catalyzed by enzymes called bilin lyases; these enzymes ensure that the appropriate bilins are attached to the correct cysteine residues with the proper stereochemistry on each phycobiliprotein subunit. Phycobiliproteins also contain a unique, post-translational modification, the methylation of a conserved asparagine (Asn) present at beta-72, which occurs on the beta-subunits of all phycobiliproteins. We have identified and characterized several new families of bilin lyases, which are responsible for attaching PCB to phycobiliproteins as well as the Asn methyl transferase for beta-subunits in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. All of the enzymes responsible for synthesis of holo-phycobiliproteins are now known for this cyanobacterium, and a brief discussion of each enzyme family and its role in the biosynthesis of phycobiliproteins is presented here. In addition, the first structure of a bilin lyase has recently been solved (PDB ID: 3BDR). This structure shows that the bilin lyases are most similar to the lipocalin protein structural family, which also includes the bilin-binding protein found in some butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy M Schluchter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA.
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Marin B, Klingberg M, Melkonian M. Phylogenetic Relationships among the Cryptophyta: Analyses of Nuclear-Encoded SSU rRNA Sequences Support the Monophyly of Extant Plastid-Containing Lineages. Protist 2009. [PMID: 23194638 DOI: 10.1016/s1434-4610(98)70033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Cryptophyta comprise photoautotrophic protists with complex plastids which harbor a remnant eukaryotic nucleus (nucleomorph) and a few heterotrophic taxa which either lack a plastid (Goniomonas) or contain a complex plastid devoid of pigments (Ieucoplast; Chilomonas). To resolve the phylogenetic relationships between photosynthetic, leucoplast-containing and aplastidial taxa, we determined complete nuclear-encoded SSU rRNA-sequences from 12 cryptophyte taxa representing the genera Cryptomonas, Chilomonas, Rhodomonas, Chroomonas, Hemiselmis, Proteomonas and Teleaulax and, as an outgroup taxon, Cyanoptyche gloeocystis (Glaucocystophyta). Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rRNA sequences from a total of 24 cryptophyte taxa rooted with 4 glaucocystophyte taxa using distance, parsimony and likelihood methods as well as LogDet transformations invariably position the aplastidial genus Goniomonas as a sister taxon to a monophyletic lineage consisting of all plastid containing cryptophytes including Chilomonas. Among the plastid-containing taxa, we identify six major clades each supported by high bootstrap values: clade I (Cryptomonas and Chilomonas), clade II (Rhodomonas, Pyrenomonas, Rhinomonas and Storeatula), clade III (Guillardia and the 'unidentified cryptophyte' strain CCMP 325), clade IV (Teleaulax and Geminigera), clade V (Proteomonas) and clade VI (Hemiselmis, Chroomonas and Komma). Clade I (Cryptomonas and Chilomonas) represents a sister group to clades II-VI which together form a monophyletic lineage; the phylogenetic relationships between clades II-VI remain largely unresolved. Chilomonas is positioned within the Cryptomonas clade and thus presumably evolved from a photosynthetic taxon of this genus. In our analysis the characters blue and red pigmentation do not correspond with a basal subdivision of the phylum, thus rejecting this character for higher-level classification of cryptophytes. However, different spectroscopic subtypes of phycoerythrin (PE I-III) and phycocyanin (PC II-IV) represent informative characters at a lower taxonomic level. Phycocyanin types are confined to the later diverging clade VI and within Hemiselmis, a species with phycocyanin is monophyletic with two species containing phycoerythrin. This supports previous molecular studies which demonstrated that the β subunit of all cryptophyte biliproteins, regardless of spectroscopic type, is phylogenetically derived from the red algal β-phycoerythrin gene family, therefore the cryptophyte phycocyanins presumably originated by chromophore replacement from phycoerythrin. Our phylogenetic analysis does not support a previous suggestion that the aplastidial cryptophyte Goniomonas evolved from an ancestor containing a complex cryptomonadtype plastid by nucleomorph and plastid loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Marin
- Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl I, Universitiät zu Köln, Gyrhofstr. 15, D-50931 Köln, Germany
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Miller CA, Leonard HS, Pinsky IG, Turner BM, Williams SR, Harrison L, Fletcher AF, Shen G, Bryant DA, Schluchter WM. Biogenesis of phycobiliproteins. III. CpcM is the asparagine methyltransferase for phycobiliprotein beta-subunits in cyanobacteria. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:19293-300. [PMID: 18482977 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m802734200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
All phycobiliproteins contain a conserved, post-translational modification on asparagine 72 of their beta-subunits. Methylation of this Asn to produce gamma-N-methylasparagine has been shown to increase energy transfer efficiency within the phycobilisome and to prevent photoinhibition. We report here the biochemical characterization of the product of sll0487, which we have named cpcM, from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Recombinant apo-phycocyanin and apo-allophycocyanin subunits were used as the substrates for assays with [methyl-3H]S-adenosylmethionine and recombinant CpcM. CpcM methylated the beta-subunits of phycobiliproteins (CpcB, ApcB, and ApcF) and did not methylate the corresponding alpha-subunits (CpcA, ApcA, and ApcD), although they are similar in primary and tertiary structure. CpcM preferentially methylated its CpcB substrate after chromophorylation had occurred at Cys82. CpcM exhibited lower activity on trimeric phycocyanin after complete chromophorylation and oligomerization had occurred. Based upon these in vitro studies, we conclude that this post-translational modification probably occurs after chromophorylation but before trimer assembly in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal A Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
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Zhao F, Qin S. Evolutionary analysis of phycobiliproteins: implications for their structural and functional relationships. J Mol Evol 2006; 63:330-40. [PMID: 16830096 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-005-0026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins, together with linker polypeptides and various chromophores, are basic building blocks of phycobilisomes, a supramolecular complex with a light-harvesting function in cyanobacteria and red algae. Previous studies suggest that the different types of phycobiliproteins and the linker polypeptides originated from the same ancestor. Here we retrieve the phycobilisome-related genes from the well-annotated and even unfinished cyanobacteria genomes and find that many sites with elevated d(N)/d(S) ratios in different phycobiliprotein lineages are located in the chromophore-binding domain and the helical hairpin domains (X and Y). Covariation analyses also reveal that these sites are significantly correlated, showing strong evidence of the functional-structural importance of interactions among these residues. The potential selective pressure driving the diversification of phycobiliproteins may be related to the phycobiliprotein-chromophore microenvironment formation and the subunits interaction. Sites and genes identified here would provide targets for further research on the structural-functional role of these residues and energy transfer through the chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqing Zhao
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Antenna Systems and Energy Transfer in Cyanophyta and Rhodophyta. LIGHT-HARVESTING ANTENNAS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-2087-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Lüder UH, Knoetzel J, Wiencke C. Two forms of phycobilisomes in the Antarctic red macroalga Palmaria decipiens (Palmariales, Florideophyceae). PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2001; 112:572-581. [PMID: 11473719 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1120416.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The phycobilisomes (PBS), the light-harvesting antennae, from the endemic Antarctic red macroalga Palmaria decipiens were isolated on discontinuous sucrose gradients in two discrete bands and not in one as expected. To exclude methodical faults, we also isolated PBS from the temperate Palmaria palmata and the unicellular red algae Porphyridium cruentum and Rhodella violacea. In P. palmata the PBS were separated in two discrete bands, whereas the PBS from Porphyridium and Rhodella were found in one band. The double-banded PBS (PBSup and PBSlow) from P. decipiens were further characterized by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, native and SDS-PAGE as well as by negative staining. The phycobiliproteins RIII-phycoerythrin, RI-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin were identified and 3 gamma-subunits were described. The PBSup and PBSlow showed no significant differences in their absorption spectra and phycobiliprotein ratios although the negative stained PBSlow were smaller. Differences were found in their low molecular mass subunit complexes, which are assumed to be r-phycoerythrin. The polypeptide pattern of the PBSup and PBSlow showed no differences in the molecular masses of their subunits and linker polypeptides, but in their percentage distribution. The results suggest that the PBSlow is a closer packed and PBSup a little more loosely aggregated hemiellipsiodal PBS form. We discuss the ecophysiological function of two PBS forms in P. decipiens and suggest advantages in the rapid acclimation to changes in environmental light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike H. Lüder
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Institute of Cell Biology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, D-28334 Bremen, Germany; Present address: Department of Plant Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Jiang T, Zhang JP, Chang WR, Liang DC. Crystal structure of R-phycocyanin and possible energy transfer pathways in the phycobilisome. Biophys J 2001; 81:1171-9. [PMID: 11463658 PMCID: PMC1301586 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(01)75774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of R-phycocyanin from Polysiphonia urceolata (R-PC-PU) at 2.4 A is reported. The R-PC-PU crystal belongs to space group P4(3)2(1)2 with cell parameters a = 135.1 A, c = 210.0 A, and alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees. The structure was determined by molecular replacement. The crystallographic R-factor of the refined model is 0.189 (R(free) = 0.239). Comparison of the microenvironment of chromophore beta 155 in R-PC-PU and in C-PC from Fremyolla diphosiphon (C-PC-FD) reveals that their spectral differences may be caused by their different alpha 28 residues. In the R-PC-PU crystal structure, two (alpha beta)(3) trimers assemble face to face to form a hexamer, and two such hexamers assemble in two novel side-to-side arrangements. Possible models for the energy transfer from phycoerythrin to phycocyanin and from phycocyanin to allophycocyanin are proposed based on several phycobiliprotein crystal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jiang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Thomas JC, Passaquet C. Characterization of a phycoerythrin without alpha-subunits from a unicellular red alga. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:2472-82. [PMID: 9891018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.4.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the spectral and biochemical properties of a novel biliprotein belonging to the phycoerythrin family, purified from the phycobilisome of a unicellular red alga, Rhodella reticulata strain R6. This biliprotein is assembled from a unique beta-type subunit, chloroplast-encoded, whose hexameric or dodecameric aggregates are stabilized by unusually large linkers (87 and 60 kDa) encoded by the nuclear genome. Although each beta-type subunit bears two phycoerythrobilins and one phycocyanobilin per chain, the linker polypeptides are non-chromophorylated. The apoprotein of the beta-subunit of the R. reticulata R6 phycoerythrin is specified by a monocistronic rpeB chloroplast gene that is split into three exons. We discuss the relationships between R6 beta-phycoerythrin and the previously published polypeptide sequences, the structural consequences due to the absence of an alpha-subunit, and its evolutionary implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Thomas
- Laboratoire de Photorégulation et Dynamique des Membranes Végétales, CNRS, Unité de Recherche Associée 1810, GDR 1002, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75 230 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Abstract
Cyanobacterial phycobilisomes harvest light and cause energy migration usually toward photosystem II reaction centers. Energy transfer from phycobilisomes directly to photosystem I may occur under certain light conditions. The phycobilisomes are highly organized complexes of various biliproteins and linker polypeptides. Phycobilisomes are composed of rods and a core. The biliproteins have their bilins (chromophores) arranged to produce rapid and directional energy migration through the phycobilisomes and to chlorophyll a in the thylakoid membrane. The modulation of the energy levels of the four chemically different bilins by a variety of influences produces more efficient light harvesting and energy migration. Acclimation of cyanobacterial phycobilisomes to growth light by complementary chromatic adaptation is a complex process that changes the ratio of phycocyanin to phycoerythrin in rods of certain phycobilisomes to improve light harvesting in changing habitats. The linkers govern the assembly of the biliproteins into phycobilisomes, and, even if colorless, in certain cases they have been shown to improve the energy migration process. The Lcm polypeptide has several functions, including the linker function of determining the organization of the phycobilisome cores. Details of how linkers perform their tasks are still topics of interest. The transfer of excitation energy from bilin to bilin is considered, particularly for monomers and trimers of C-phycocyanin, phycoerythrocyanin, and allophycocyanin. Phycobilisomes are one of the ways cyanobacteria thrive in varying and sometimes extreme habitats. Various biliprotein properties perhaps not related to photosynthesis are considered: the photoreversibility of phycoviolobilin, biophysical studies, and biliproteins in evolution. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
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Affiliation(s)
- R MacColl
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, 12201-0509, USA
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Ducret A, Müller SA, Goldie KN, Hefti A, Sidler WA, Zuber H, Engel A. Reconstitution, characterisation and mass analysis of the pentacylindrical allophycocyanin core complex from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. J Mol Biol 1998; 278:369-88. [PMID: 9571058 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The phycobilisome (PBS) of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was allowed to dissociate into its constituents and the resulting allophycocyanin (AP) fraction was purified. Its reconstitution yielded a complex which according to negative stain electron microscopy and spectral analysis was identical to the native pentacylindrical PBS core domain. Each cylinder of the central tricylindric unit was comprised of four AP (alphabeta)3 disks. Mass analysis using the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) showed the presence of 16 AP trimers in the intact reconstitute, which had a total mass of 1966(+/-66) kDa. Composition analysis indicated an AP trimer distribution of (AP-II):(AP-LCM):(AP-B):(AP-I)=6:2:2:6, i.e. an addition of two AP-I and two AP-II complexes compared to a tricylindrical PBS core domain. Therefore, we suggest that each supplementary half-core cylinder found in pentacylindrical AP core domains is comprised of one AP-I and one AP-II trimer, in agreement with the current model. The structural significance of the 127 kDa core membrane linker polypeptide was further investigated by subjecting the AP core reconstitute to mild chymotryptic degradation. After isolation, the digested complex exhibited a tricylindrical appearance while STEM mass analysis confirmed the presence of only 12 AP complexes. Polypeptide analysis by SDS-PAGE and Edman degradation related the half-cylinder loss to cleavage of the Rep4 domain of the core membrane linker polypeptide. On the basis of these data, a general model for the assembly of the three hemidiscoidal PBS types known to date is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ducret
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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MacColl R, Malak H, Gryczynski I, Eisele LE, Mizejewski GJ, Franklin E, Sheikh H, Montellese D, Hopkins S, MacColl LC. Phycoerythrin 545: monomers, energy migration, bilin topography, and monomer/dimer equilibrium. Biochemistry 1998; 37:417-23. [PMID: 9425063 DOI: 10.1021/bi971453s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phycoerythrin 545 was isolated having an alpha2beta2 (dimer) protein structure at pH 6.0 and 2 g/L protein concentration with eight bilin chromophores. Monomers (alphabeta) were produced by lowering the protein concentration to 0.15 g/L and the pH to 4.5. Dimer dissociation was monitored by dynamic light scattering and gel-filtration column chromatography. Monomers were stable and had bilin optical spectra different from the alpha2beta2 dimers, although they have very similar protein secondary structures. The optical spectra of phycoerythrin 545 showed four types of behavior with temperature: 10-20 degrees C, dimers; 40-50 degrees C, dimers/monomers; 60 degrees C, nearly fully disordered; 70 degrees C, disordered alpha and beta polypeptides. At 40 degrees C, the protein dissociated partially to monomer, which could be totally reversed to dimers at 20-25 degrees C. The visible circular dichroism difference spectrum for the protein dimers minus monomers exhibited positive and negative bands--such spectra may indicate exciton splitting between closely-spaced bilins. Circular dichroism also revealed a spectrum suggesting exciton coupling for the second excited state of the bilins. Ultrafast fluorescence using a two-photon method showed the fastest time for protein dimers to be 2. 4 ps and monomers had a 39-ps lifetime. Phycocyanin 645 was found to have a 550-fs lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- R MacColl
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201-0509, USA.
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Identification and characterization of phycobiliprotein from a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Chroococcidiopsis sp. strain TS-821. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)82011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ishida T, Hasegawa N, Hayashi NR, Peerapornpisal Y, Ishii M, Igarashi Y, Kodama T. Growth characteristics and dense culture of a thermophilic cyanobacterium, Chroococcidiopsis sp. strain TS-821. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(97)81139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ducret A, Sidler W, Wehrli E, Frank G, Zuber H. Isolation, characterization and electron microscopy analysis of a hemidiscoidal phycobilisome type from the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 236:1010-24. [PMID: 8665889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.01010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present the characterization of a hemidiscoidal phycobilisome type of the heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. The phycobilisome of this organism contains allophycocyanin, phycocyanin and phycoerythrocyanin, similar to the closely related thermophilic cyanobacterium Mastigocladus laminosus. Intact phycobilisomes exhibit an absorption maximum at 619 nm and two fluorescence maxima at 664 nm and 680 nm, corroborating the presence of a complete energy pathyway along the antenna. Upon dissociation, the phycobiliproteins were released from the phycobilisome. One phycoerythrocyanin, one phycocyanin and three allophycocyanin complexes were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and characterized by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and by SDS/PAGE. The amino-terminal sequences of the polypeptides belonging to the phycoerythrocyanin and phycocyanin families were identical with the derived sequences of their corresponding genes. Partial amino-terminal sequences of the polypeptides belonging to the allophycocyanin family are presented here. Our results show that the phycobiliproteins and linker polypeptides from Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 are similar to the phycobilisome components characterized in other cyanobacteria. The phycobilisome of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 was extensively analyzed by electron microscopy. It differs from the common hemidiscoidal tricylindrical, six-rod phycobilisome type by a core domain consisting of five core cylinders surrounded by up to eight rods radiating in a hemidiscoidal manner. One rod is linked to each basal core cylinder, whereas the remaining core cylinders bind two rods each. On the basis of the data presented in this work, a revised model for the hemidiscoidal pentacylindrical phycobilisome of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120, M. laminosus and Anabaena variabilis is proposed. This model accounts more accurately for the 'grape' pattern typically exhibited by these phycobilisomes in electron micrographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ducret
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
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Glazer AN, Wedemayer GJ. Cryptomonad biliproteins - an evolutionary perspective. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1995; 46:93-105. [PMID: 24301572 DOI: 10.1007/bf00020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/1995] [Accepted: 04/22/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Each cryptomonad strain contains only a single spectroscopic type of biliprotein. These biliproteins are isolated as ≈50000 kDa αα'β2 complexes which carry one bilin on the α and three on the β subunit. Six different bilins are present on the cryptomonad biliproteins, two of which (phycocyanobilin and phycoerythrobilin) also occur in cyanobacterial and rhodophytan biliproteins, while four are known only in the cryptomonads. The β subunit is encoded on the chloroplast genome, whereas the α subunits are encoded by a small nuclear multigene family. The β subunits of all cryptomonad biliproteins, regardless of spectroscopic type, have highly conserved amino acid sequences, which show > 80% identity with those of rhodophytan phycoerythrin β subunits. In contrast, cyanobacteria and red algal chloroplasts each contain several spectroscopically distinct biliproteins organized into macromolecular complexes (phycobilisomes). The data on biliproteins, as well as several other lines of evidence, indicate that the cryptomonad biliprotein antenna system is 'primitive' and antedates that of the cyanobacteria. It is proposed that the gene encoding the cryptomonad biliprotein β subunit is the ancestral gene of the gene family encoding cyanobacterial and rhodophytan biliprotein α and β subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Glazer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 229 Stanley Hall #3206, 94720-3206, Berkeley, CA, USA
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