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An Alkalothermophilic Amylopullulanase from the Yeast Clavispora lusitaniae ABS7: Purification, Characterization and Potential Application in Laundry Detergent. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, α-amylase and pullulanase from Clavispora lusitaniae ABS7 isolated from wheat seeds were studied. The gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography revealed the presence of α-amylase and pullulanase activities in the same fraction with yields of 23.88% and 21.11%, respectively. SDS-PAGE showed a single band (75 kDa), which had both α-amylase (independent of Ca2+) and pullulanase (a calcium metalloenzyme) activities. The products of the enzymatic reaction on pullulan were glucose, maltose, and maltotriose, whereas the conversion of starch produced glucose and maltose. The α-amylase and pullulanase had pH optima at 9 and temperature optima at 75 and 80 °C, respectively. After heat treatment at 100 °C for 180 min, the pullulanase retained 42% of its initial activity, while α-amylase maintained only 38.6%. The cations Zn2+, Cu2+, Na+, and Mn2+ increased the α-amylase activity. Other cations Hg2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ were stimulators of pullulanase. Urea and Tween 80 inhibited both enzymes, whereas EDTA only inhibited pullulanase. In addition, the amylopullulanase retained its activity in the presence of various commercial laundry detergents. The performance of the alcalothermostable enzyme of Clavispora lusitaniae ABS7 qualified it for the industrial use, particularly in detergents, since it had demonstrated an excellent stability and compatibility with the commercial laundry detergents.
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2
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Microbial starch debranching enzymes: Developments and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 50:107786. [PMID: 34147588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Starch debranching enzymes (SDBEs) hydrolyze the α-1,6 glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides such as starch, amylopectin, pullulan and glycogen. SDBEs are also important enzymes for the preparation of sugar syrup, resistant starch and cyclodextrin. As the synergistic catalysis of SDBEs and other starch-acting hydrolases can effectively improve the raw material utilization and production efficiency during starch processing steps such as saccharification and modification, they have attracted substantial research interest in the past decades. The substrate specificities of the two major members of SDBEs, pullulanases and isoamylases, are quite different. Pullulanases generally require at least two α-1,4 linked glucose units existing on both sugar chains linked by the α-1,6 bond, while isoamylases require at least three units of α-1,4 linked glucose. SDBEs mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 13 and 57. Except for GH57 type II pullulanse, GH13 pullulanases and isoamylases share plenty of similarities in sequence and structure of the core catalytic domains. However, the N-terminal domains, which might be one of the determinants contributing to the substrate binding of SDBEs, are distinct in different enzymes. In order to overcome the current defects of SDBEs in catalytic efficiency, thermostability and expression level, great efforts have been made to develop effective enzyme engineering and fermentation strategies. Herein, the diverse biochemical properties and distinct features in the sequence and structure of pullulanase and isoamylase from different sources are summarized. Up-to-date developments in the enzyme engineering, heterologous production and industrial applications of SDBEs is also reviewed. Finally, research perspective which could help understanding and broadening the applications of SDBEs are provided.
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3
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Gene cloning, expression and biochemical characterization of a new multi-domain, halotolerant and SDS-resistant alkaline pullulanase from Alkalibacterium sp. SL3. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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4
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Goswami R, Bondoc JMG, Wheeler PR, Jafari A, Gonzalez T, Mehboob S, Movahedzadeh F. Inositol Monophosphatase: A Bifunctional Enzyme in Mycobacterium smegmatis. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13876-13881. [PMID: 30411052 PMCID: PMC6217659 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) is a crucial enzyme for the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol, an essential component in mycobacterial cell walls. IMPase A (ImpA) from Mycobacterium smegmatis is a bifunctional enzyme that also functions as a fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase). To better understand the bifunctional nature of this enzyme, point mutagenesis was conducted on several key residues and their enzyme activity was tested. Our results along with active site models support the fact that ImpA is a bifunctional enzyme with residues Gly94, Thr95 hypothesized to be contributing to the FBPase activity and residues Trp220, Asp221 hypothesized to be contributing to the IMPase activity. Double mutants, W220A + D221A reduced both FBPase and IMPase activity drastically while the double mutant G94A + T95A surprisingly partially restored the IMPase activity compared to the single mutants. This study establishes the foundation toward obtaining a better understanding of the bifunctional nature of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Goswami
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, and Department of
Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Jasper Marc G. Bondoc
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, and Department of
Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Paul R. Wheeler
- Tuberculosis
Research, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, U.K.
| | - Alireza Jafari
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, and Department of
Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Inflammatory
Lung Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Cellular
and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Trinidad Gonzalez
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, and Department of
Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Shahila Mehboob
- Neugenica
LLC, 2242 W Harrison
Street, #201, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Farahnaz Movahedzadeh
- Institute
for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, and Department of
Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Characteristics and applications of recombinant thermostable amylopullulanase of Geobacillus thermoleovorans secreted by Pichia pastoris. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:2357-2369. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-8025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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6
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Nisha M, Satyanarayana T. Characteristics, protein engineering and applications of microbial thermostable pullulanases and pullulan hydrolases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:5661-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7572-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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7
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Identification of a novel alkaline amylopullulanase from a gut metagenome of Hermetia illucens. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 82:514-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Nisha M, Satyanarayana T. Characteristics of thermostable amylopullulanase of Geobacillus thermoleovorans and its truncated variants. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 76:279-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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The role of N1 domain on the activity, stability, substrate specificity and raw starch binding of amylopullulanase of the extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5461-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Characterization and Multiple Applications of a Highly Thermostable and Ca2+-Independent Amylopullulanase of the Extreme Thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:2594-615. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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11
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Novel maltotriose-hydrolyzing thermoacidophilic type III pullulan hydrolase from Thermococcus kodakarensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:1108-15. [PMID: 24296501 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03139-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel thermoacidophilic pullulan-hydrolyzing enzyme (PUL) from hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis (TK-PUL) that efficiently hydrolyzes starch under industrial conditions in the absence of any additional metal ions was cloned and characterized. TK-PUL possessed both pullulanase and α-amylase activities. The highest activities were observed at 95 to 100°C. Although the enzyme was active over a broad pH range (3.0 to 8.5), the pH optima for both activities were 3.5 in acetate buffer and 4.2 in citrate buffer. TK-PUL was stable for several hours at 90°C. Its half-life at 100°C was 45 min when incubated either at pH 6.5 or 8.5. The Km value toward pullulan was 2 mg ml(-1), with a Vmax of 109 U mg(-1). Metal ions were not required for the activity and stability of recombinant TK-PUL. The enzyme was able to hydrolyze both α-1,6 and α-1,4 glycosidic linkages in pullulan. The most preferred substrate, after pullulan, was γ-cyclodextrin, which is a novel feature for this type of enzyme. Additionally, the enzyme hydrolyzed a variety of polysaccharides, including starch, glycogen, dextrin, amylose, amylopectin, and cyclodextrins (α, β, and γ), mainly into maltose. A unique feature of TK-PUL was the ability to hydrolyze maltotriose into maltose and glucose.
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12
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Moubasher H, Wahsh SS, El-Kassem NA. Isolation of Aureobasidium pullulans and the effect of different conditions for pullulanase and pullulan production. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261713020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Nisha M, Satyanarayana T. Recombinant bacterial amylopullulanases: developments and perspectives. Bioengineered 2013; 4:388-400. [PMID: 23645215 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pullulanases are endo-acting enzymes capable of hydrolyzing α-1, 6-glycosidic linkages in starch, pullulan, amylopectin, and related oligosaccharides, while amylopullulanases are bifunctional enzymes with an active site capable of cleaving both α-1, 4 and α-1, 6 linkages in starch, amylose and other oligosaccharides, and α-1, 6 linkages in pullulan. The amylopullulanases are classified in GH13 and GH57 family enzymes based on the architecture of catalytic domain and number of conserved sequences. The enzymes with two active sites, one for the hydrolysis of α-1, 4- glycosidic bond and the other for α-1, 6-glycosidic bond, are called α-amylase-pullulanases, while amylopullulanases have only one active site for cleaving both α-1, 4- and α-1, 6-glycosidic bonds. The amylopullulanases produced by bacteria find applications in the starch and baking industries as a catalyst for one step starch liquefaction-saccharification for making various sugar syrups, as antistaling agent in bread and as a detergent additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nisha
- Department of Microbiology; University of Delhi South Campus; New Delhi, India
| | - T Satyanarayana
- Department of Microbiology; University of Delhi South Campus; New Delhi, India
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Characterization of recombinant amylopullulanase (gt-apu) and truncated amylopullulanase (gt-apuT) of the extreme thermophile Geobacillus thermoleovorans NP33 and their action in starch saccharification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:6279-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Moubasher H, Wahsh SS, El-Kassem NA. Purification of pullulanase from Aureobasidium pullulans. Microbiology (Reading) 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261710060068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Kim JH, Sunako M, Ono H, Murooka Y, Fukusaki E, Yamashita M. Characterization of the C-terminal truncated form of amylopullulanase from Lactobacillus plantarum L137. J Biosci Bioeng 2009; 107:124-9. [PMID: 19217549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2008.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A gene (apuA) encoding amylopullulanase from a starch-hydrolyzing lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum L137, which had been isolated from traditional fermented food made from fish and rice in the Philippines, was found to contain two unique amino acid repeating units in the N- and C-terminal region. The former is a six amino acid sequence (Asp-Ala/Thr-Ala-Asn-Ser-Thr) repeated 39 times, and the latter is a three amino acid sequence (Gln-Pro-Thr) repeated 50 times. To clarify the role of these repeating units, a truncated apuA in the C-terminal region was constructed and expressed in L. plantarum NCL21, which is the ApuA- derivative of strain L137. The recombinant truncated amylopullulanase (ApuADelta), which lacks the 24 kDa of the C-terminal repeat region, was purified and characterized, and compared with wild-type amylopullulanase (ApuA). The enzyme production and specific activity of ApuADelta were higher than those of ApuA. The two enzymes, ApuA and ApuADelta, showed similar pH (4.0-4.5) and temperature (40-45 degrees C) optima. However, the activity of ApuADelta was more stable in the pH and temperature than that of ApuA. The catalytic efficiencies of ApuADelta toward soluble starch, pullulan and amylose were higher than those of ApuA, although their substrate specificities towards saccharides were similar. From these results, we conclude that the C-terminal repeating region of ApuA is negatively involved in the stability of amylopullulanase and binding of substrates. Thus, the truncated amylopullulanase is more useful in processing of amylose and pullulan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Characterization of ApuB, an extracellular type II amylopullulanase from Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:6271-9. [PMID: 18689518 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01169-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The apuB gene of Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003 was shown to encode an extracellular amylopullulanase. ApuB is composed of a distinct N-terminally located alpha-amylase-containing domain which hydrolyzes alpha-1,4-glucosidic linkages in starch and related polysaccharides and a C-terminally located pullulanase-containing domain which hydrolyzes alpha-1,6 linkages in pullulan, allowing the classification of this enzyme as a bifunctional class II pullulanase. A knockout mutation of the apuB gene in B. breve UCC2003 rendered the resulting mutant incapable of growth in medium containing starch, amylopectin, glycogen, or pullulan as the sole carbon and energy source, confirming the crucial physiological role of this gene in starch metabolism.
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Ryan SM, Fitzgerald GF, van Sinderen D. Screening for and identification of starch-, amylopectin-, and pullulan-degrading activities in bifidobacterial strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:5289-96. [PMID: 16885278 PMCID: PMC1538741 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00257-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Forty-two bifidobacterial strains were screened for alpha-amylase and/or pullulanase activity by investigating their capacities to utilize starch, amylopectin, or pullulan. Of the 42 bifidobacterial strains tested, 19 were capable of degrading potato starch. Of these 19 strains, 11 were able to degrade starch and amylopectin, as well as pullulan. These 11 strains, which were shown to produce extracellular starch-degrading activities, included 5 strains of Bifidobacterium breve, 1 B. dentium strain, 1 B. infantis strain, 3 strains of B. pseudolongum, and 1 strain of B. thermophilum. Quantitative and qualitative enzyme activities were determined by measuring the concentrations of released reducing sugars and by high-performance thin-layer chromatography, respectively. These analyses confirmed both the inducible nature and the extracellular nature of the starch- and pullulan-degrading enzyme activities and showed that the five B. breve strains produced an activity that is consistent with type II pullulanase (amylopullulanase) activity, while the remaining six strains produced an activity with properties that resemble those of type III pullulan hydrolase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad M Ryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Bioscience Institute, National University of Ireland, Cork, Western Road, Cork, Ireland
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Finnegan PM, Brumbley SM, O'Shea MG, Nevalainen KMH, Bergquist PL. Paenibacillus isolates possess diverse dextran-degrading enzymes. J Appl Microbiol 2004; 97:477-85. [PMID: 15281927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2004.02325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate and identify dextran-degrading organisms from sugar mill and compost samples, and to examine the diversity of the dextranolytic enzymes produced. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen dextranolytic prokaryotes were purified at various temperatures from sugar-mill or compost samples, using indicator plates containing blue dextran. A 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that 12 isolates purified at 40, 50 or 70 degrees C were closely aligned to Paenibacillus spp. The three isolates purified at 60 degrees C had identical 16S rDNA sequences, with highest affinity to Bacillus spp. Liquid culture of the 11 isolates purified at 40 or 50 degrees C produced dextranolytic activity in the spent media with maximal activity at 40 or 45 degrees C under the assay conditions used. Hydrolysis of blue dextran in activity gels showed that the 12 Paenibacillus isolates produced from one to five dextranolytic proteins, ranging from 70 to 120 kDa. Based on 16S rDNA sequence, growth habit in liquid culture and dextranolytic enzyme pattern, the 12 Paenibacillus-like isolates could be differentiated into six distinct groups, one of which was capable of growth at 70 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS The Bacillales, especially the Paenibacillus, are a valuable environmental repository for dextranolytic enzymes of diverse size and potentially diverse activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Dextranolytic enzymes produced by Paenibacillus spp. are an exploitable resource for those interested in modifying the structure of dextrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Finnegan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Kim CH, Chang YC, Lee YC. Antiamylase-pullulanase enzyme monoclonals which specifically inhibit amylase or pullulanase activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 421:227-35. [PMID: 14984202 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies against amylase-pullulanase enzyme from Bacillus circulans F-2 have been produced to locate and characterize the catalytic sites of the enzyme. The antibodies have been examined for inhibition of both enzyme activities of amylase and pullulanase and then classified into four types: Type I which inhibited amylase activity, Type II which inhibited pullulanase activity, Type III which inhibited both enzyme activities, and Type IV which had no effect on either enzyme activity. Only two monoclonal antibodies (MAP-12 and MAP-17) as Type I and two antibodies (MAP-3 and MAP-5) as Type II were isolated. The inhibitory activities of the antibodies were characterized and compared. In Type II antibodies, the maximal demonstrated inhibition on the pullulanase activity was 88% for MAP-3 with 1 microg of antibody and 90% for MAP-5 with 2 microg of antibody, but did not inhibit the amylase activity. In Type I antibodies, in contrast, the maximal demonstrated inhibition on the amylase activity was 94% for MAP-12 and 97% for MAP-17 with 1 microg of antibody, respectively, but no inhibition of the pullulanase was noted. MAP-12 recognized sequential epitope, while MAP-17 recognized conformation-dependent epitope of amylase activity-related regions. However, both MAP-3 and MAP-5 recognized the conformation-dependent epitope of the pullulanase activity-related region. Furthermore, the antibodies of MAP-3, MAP-5, MAP-12, and MAP-17 did not compete with one another for binding to the enzyme, indicating that they have different target epitopes on the enzyme. Antibody binding of MAP-12 and MAP-17 to the enzyme was not specifically affected by any of the antiamylase compounds tested: (a) nojirimycin; and (b) 1-deoxynojirimycin. Kinetic analysis of their effects provides evidence that both antibodies of MAP-12 and MAP-17 decrease the catalytic rate of enzyme activity and have little or no effect on substrate binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dongguk University COM, National Research Laboratory for Glycobiology, Korean Ministry of Science and Technology, Sukjang-Dong 707, Kyung-Ju City, Kyungbuk 780-714, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Nonaka T, Fujihashi M, Kita A, Hagihara H, Ozaki K, Ito S, Miki K. Crystal structure of calcium-free alpha-amylase from Bacillus sp. strain KSM-K38 (AmyK38) and its sodium ion binding sites. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:24818-24. [PMID: 12719434 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212763200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of a calcium-free alpha-amylase (AmyK38) from Bacillus sp. strain KSM-K38, which resists chelating reagents and chemical oxidants, has been determined by the molecular replacement method and refined to a crystallographic R-factor of 19.9% (R-free of 23.2%) at 2.13-A resolution. The main chain folding of AmyK38 is almost homologous to that of Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase. However, neither a highly conserved calcium ion, which is located at the interface between domains A and B, nor any other calcium ions appear to exist in the AmyK38 molecule, although three sodium ions were found, one of which is located at the position corresponding to that of a highly conserved calcium ion of other alpha-amylases. The existence of these sodium ions was crystallographically confirmed by the structures of three metal-exchanged and mutated enzymes. This is the first case in which the structure of the calcium-free alpha-amylase has been determined by crystallography, and it was suggested that these sodium ions, instead of calcium ions, are used to retain the structure and function of AmyK38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Nonaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Japan
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22
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Duffner F, Bertoldo C, Andersen JT, Wagner K, Antranikian G. A new thermoactive pullulanase from Desulfurococcus mucosus: cloning, sequencing, purification, and characterization of the recombinant enzyme after expression in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:6331-8. [PMID: 11053376 PMCID: PMC94778 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.22.6331-6338.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2000] [Accepted: 08/25/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding a thermoactive pullulanase from the hyperthermophilic anaerobic archaeon Desulfurococcus mucosus (apuA) was cloned in Escherichia coli and sequenced. apuA from D. mucosus showed 45.4% pairwise amino acid identity with the pullulanase from Thermococcus aggregans and contained the four regions conserved among all amylolytic enzymes. apuA encodes a protein of 686 amino acids with a 28-residue signal peptide and has a predicted mass of 74 kDa after signal cleavage. The apuA gene was then expressed in Bacillus subtilis and secreted into the culture fluid. This is one of the first reports on the successful expression and purification of an archaeal amylopullulanase in a Bacillus strain. The purified recombinant enzyme (rapuDm) is composed of two subunits, each having an estimated molecular mass of 66 kDa. Optimal activity was measured at 85 degrees C within a broad pH range from 3.5 to 8.5, with an optimum at pH 5.0. Divalent cations have no influence on the stability or activity of the enzyme. RapuDm was stable at 80 degrees C for 4 h and exhibited a half-life of 50 min at 85 degrees C. By high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis it was observed that rapuDm hydrolyzed alpha-1,6 glycosidic linkages of pullulan, producing maltotriose, and also alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages in starch, amylose, amylopectin, and cyclodextrins, with maltotriose and maltose as the main products. Since the thermoactive pullulanases known so far from Archaea are not active on cyclodextrins and are in fact inhibited by these cyclic oligosaccharides, the enzyme from D. mucosus should be considered an archaeal pullulanase type II with a wider substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Duffner
- Enzyme Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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Wynter C, Chang M, De Jersey J, Patel B, Inkerman P, Hamilton S. Isolation and characterization of a thermostable dextranase. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Kim CH, Lee TK. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody that specifically inhibits pullulanase activity of Bacillus circulans amylase-pullulanase enzyme. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1997; 62:191-200. [PMID: 9170253 DOI: 10.1007/bf02787995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (MAb) against amylase pullulanase enzyme from Bacillus circulans, which hydrolyzes not only the alpha-1,6-glycosidic linkage but also the alpha-1,4-glycosidic linkage to the same extent, has been produced by the fusion of BALB/c mouse spleen cells immunized with the native enzyme and P3x63Ag8U1 myeloma cells, and examined for inhibition of pullulanase activity in order to characterize the catalytic site of the pullulanase. The MAb recognizes active enzyme, but not the SDS-denatured or heat-inactivated protein, indicating that the antibody is highly conformational-dependent, specific for active enzyme. The antibody inhibited the pullulanase activity, but not amylase activity. The monoclonal antibody immunoblotted the enzyme and immunoprecipitated the enzyme. The immunoprecipitation was inhibited in the presence of substrate, pullulan, and the MAb competitively inhibited the binding of pullulan to the enzyme. The MAb, therefore, recognizes the pullulan-binding site of the enzyme. Kinetic analysis showed that the MAb inhibited pullulanase activity with inhibition constant (Ki) of 0.77 microgram/mL, providing evidence that the antibody decreases the catalytic rate of enzyme activity and has an effect on substrate binding. These results strongly confirm the previous observations that APE may have two different active sites responsible for the expression of amylase and pullulanase activities (Kim, C.H. and Kim, Y.S. Eur. J. Biochem. 1995, 227, 687-693).
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, DongGuk University, Kyungpook, Korea.
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25
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Ko JH, Kim CH, Lee DS, Kim YS. Purification and characterization of a thermostable ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Thermus caldophilus GK-24. Biochem J 1996; 319 ( Pt 3):977-83. [PMID: 8921008 PMCID: PMC1217884 DOI: 10.1042/bj3190977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An extremely thermostable ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) has been purified from Thermus caldophilus GK-24 to homogeneity by chromatographic methods, including gel filtration and ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. The specific activity of the enzyme was enriched 134.8-fold with a recovery of 10.5%. The purified enzyme was a single band by SDS/PAGE with a molecular mass of 52 kDa. The homotetrameric structure of the native enzyme was determined by gel filtration analysis, which showed a molecular mass of 230 kDa on a Superose-12 column, indicating that the structure of the enzyme is different from the heterotetrameric structures of higher-plant AGPases. The enzyme was most active at pH 6.0. The activity was maximal at 73-78 degrees C and its half-life was 30 min at 95 degrees C. Kinetic and regulatory properties were characterized. It was found that AGPase activity could be stimulated by a number of glycolytic intermediates. Fructose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, phenylglyoxal and glucose 6-phosphate were effective activators, of which fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was the most effective. The enzyme was inhibited by phosphate, AMP or ADP. ATP and glucose 1-phosphate gave hyperbolic-shaped rate-concentration curves in the presence or absence of activator. A remarkable aspect of the amino acid composition was the existence of the hydrophobic and Ala+Gly residues. The N-terminal and internal peptide sequences were determined and compared with known sequences of various sources. It was apparently similar to those of AGPases from other bacterial and plant sources, suggesting that the enzymes are structurally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Ko
- Molecular Glycobiology Research Unit, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Yusung, Taejon
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26
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Kim CH, Nashiru O, Ko JH. Purification and biochemical characterization of pullulanase type I from Thermus caldophilus GK-24. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 138:147-52. [PMID: 9026441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A thermostable pullulanase (pullulan 6-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.41) has been purified to homogeneity from Thermus caldophilus GK-24 by chromatographic methods, including gel-filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The specific activity of the enzyme was increased 431-fold with a recovery of 13.2%. The purified enzyme was a monomer, M(r) = 65 kDa as estimated by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. The pI was 6.1. The enzyme was most active at pH 5.5. The activity was maximal at 75 degrees C and stable up to 95 degrees C for 30 min at pH 5.5. The enzyme was stable to incubation from pH 3.5 to pH 8.0 at 4 degrees C for 24 h. The activity of the enzyme was stimulated by Mn2+ and Mg2+ ions. Ni2+, Ca2+, Co2+ ions and EDTA did not inhibit the enzyme activity. The enzyme hydrolyzed the alpha-1,6 linkages of amylopectin, glycogens, alpha, beta-limited dextrin, and pullulan. The enzyme caused the complete hydrolysis of pullulan to maltotriose. The activity was inhibited by alpha-, beta-, or gamma-cyclodextrins. The N-terminal sequence [(AIa-Pro-Gln-(Asp or Tyr)- Asn-Leu-Leu-Xaa-ILe-Gly-Ala(Ser)] showed some similarity to those of bacterial pullulanases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Oriental Medicine, Dong-Guk University, Kyung-Ju City, Kyung-Pook, South Korea
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Sanz JM, García P, García JL. Construction of a multifunctional pneumococcal murein hydrolase by module assembly. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 235:601-5. [PMID: 8654407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00601.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A chimeric trifunctional pneumococcal peptidoglycan hydrolase (CHL) has been constructed by fusing a choline-binding domain with two catalytic modules that provide lysozyme and amidase activity. The chimeric enzymes behaves as a choline-dependent enzyme and its activity is comparable to that of the parent enzymes. Site-directed mutagenesis of CHL produced a mutated enzyme [D9A,36A]CHL) that only exhibited an amidase activity. Comparative biochemical analyses of CHL and [D9A, E36A]CHL strongly suggest that the lysozyme catalytic module confers 88% of the total activity of CHL, whereas 12% of the activity can be ascribed to the amidase module. Both enzymatic activities are affected by the process of activation or conversion induced by choline suggesting that the conversion process is produced by a conformational change in the choline-binding domain. Our findings demonstrate that the three modules can acquire the proper folding conformation in the-three domain chimeric CHL enzyme. This experimental evidence supports the modular theory of protein evolution, and demonstrates that modular assembly of functional domains can be a rational approach to construct fully active chimeric enzymes with novel biological or biotechnological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sanz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Structure and activity of some starch-metabolising enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-0423(96)80364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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SOHN CHEONBAE, LEE SANGMI, KIM MYUNGHEE, KO JEONGHEON, KIM KYOUNGSOOK, CHANG JIEUN, AHN YONGKEUN, KIM CHEORLHO. Purification and Characterization of ?-amylase from Bacillus polymyxa No. 26-1. J Food Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb14767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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