1
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Xiu CD, Ying LX, Chun HY, Fu LJ. Advances in CD247. Scand J Immunol 2022; 96:e13170. [PMID: 35388926 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD247, which is also known as CD3ζ, CD3H, CD3Q, CD3Z, IMD25, T3Z, and TCRZ, encodes CD3ζ protein, which is expressed primarily in natural killer (NK) and T cells. Since the discovery of the ζ peptide in 1986, it has been continuously investigated. In this paper, we review the composition, molecular mechanisms and regulatory factors of CD247 expression in T cells; and review the autoimmune diseases, tumors and inflammatory diseases associated with CD247, providing a detailed and comprehensive reference for further research on the mechanism of CD247 and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen De Xiu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Xian Ying
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hu Ying Chun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Jia Fu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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2
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Zimmermann K, Eells R, Heinrich F, Rintoul S, Josey B, Shekhar P, Lösche M, Stern LJ. The cytosolic domain of T-cell receptor ζ associates with membranes in a dynamic equilibrium and deeply penetrates the bilayer. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:17746-17759. [PMID: 28893902 PMCID: PMC5663876 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.794370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between lipid bilayers and the membrane-proximal regions of membrane-associated proteins play important roles in regulating membrane protein structure and function. The T-cell antigen receptor is an assembly of eight single-pass membrane-spanning subunits on the surface of T lymphocytes that initiates cytosolic signaling cascades upon binding antigens presented by MHC-family proteins on antigen-presenting cells. Its ζ-subunit contains multiple cytosolic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs involved in signal transduction, and this subunit by itself is sufficient to couple extracellular stimuli to intracellular signaling events. Interactions of the cytosolic domain of ζ (ζcyt) with acidic lipids have been implicated in the initiation and regulation of transmembrane signaling. ζcyt is unstructured in solution. Interaction with acidic phospholipids induces structure, but its disposition when bound to lipid bilayers is controversial. Here, using surface plasmon resonance and neutron reflection, we characterized the interaction of ζcyt with planar lipid bilayers containing mixtures of acidic and neutral lipids. We observed two binding modes of ζcyt to the bilayers in dynamic equilibrium: one in which ζcyt is peripherally associated with lipid headgroups and one in which it penetrates deeply into the bilayer. Such an equilibrium between the peripherally bound and embedded forms of ζcyt apparently controls accessibility of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation signal transduction pathway. Our results reconcile conflicting findings of the ζ structure reported in previous studies and provide a framework for understanding how lipid interactions regulate motifs to tyrosine kinases and may regulate the T-cell antigen receptor biological activities for this cell-surface receptor system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Heinrich
- the Departments of Physics and
- the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | | | | | | | - Mathias Lösche
- the Departments of Physics and
- the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
- Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and
| | - Lawrence J Stern
- From the Departments of Pathology and
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
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3
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In vitro membrane reconstitution of the T-cell receptor proximal signaling network. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2014; 21:133-42. [PMID: 24463463 PMCID: PMC4062301 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) phosphorylation is controlled by a complex network that includes Lck, a Src family kinase (SFK), the tyrosine phosphatase CD45, and the Lck-inhibitory kinase Csk. How these competing phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions are modulated to produce T-cell triggering is not fully understood. Here we reconstituted this signaling network using purified enzymes on liposomes, recapitulating the membrane environment in which they normally interact. We demonstrate that Lck's enzymatic activity can be regulated over a ~10-fold range by controlling its phosphorylation state. By varying kinase and phosphatase concentrations, we constructed phase diagrams that reveal ultrasensitivity in the transition from the quiescent to the phosphorylated state and demonstrate that coclustering TCR-Lck or detaching Csk from the membrane can trigger TCR phosphorylation. Our results provide insight into the mechanism of TCR signaling as well as other signaling pathways involving SFKs.
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4
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Orekhov VY, Jaravine VA. Analysis of non-uniformly sampled spectra with multi-dimensional decomposition. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 59:271-92. [PMID: 21920222 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Yu Orekhov
- Swedish NMR Centre, University of Gothenburg, Box 465, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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5
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Sigalov AB. Uncoupled binding and folding of immune signaling-related intrinsically disordered proteins. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 106:525-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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6
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Deswal S, Schulze AK, Höfer T, Schamel WWA. Quantitative analysis of protein phosphorylations and interactions by multi-colour IP-FCM as an input for kinetic modelling of signalling networks. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22928. [PMID: 21829558 PMCID: PMC3146539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To understand complex biological signalling mechanisms, mathematical modelling of signal transduction pathways has been applied successfully in last few years. However, precise quantitative measurements of signal transduction events such as activation-dependent phosphorylation of proteins, remains one bottleneck to this success. Methodology/Principal Findings We use multi-colour immunoprecipitation measured by flow cytometry (IP-FCM) for studying signal transduction events to unrivalled precision. In this method, antibody-coupled latex beads capture the protein of interest from cellular lysates and are then stained with differently fluorescent-labelled antibodies to quantify the amount of the immunoprecipitated protein, of an interaction partner and of phosphorylation sites. The fluorescence signals are measured by FCM. Combining this procedure with beads containing defined amounts of a fluorophore allows retrieving absolute numbers of stained proteins, and not only relative values. Using IP-FCM we derived multidimensional data on the membrane-proximal T-cell antigen receptor (TCR-CD3) signalling network, including the recruitment of the kinase ZAP70 to the TCR-CD3 and subsequent ZAP70 activation by phosphorylation in the murine T-cell hybridoma and primary murine T cells. Counter-intuitively, these data showed that cell stimulation by pervanadate led to a transient decrease of the phospho-ZAP70/ZAP70 ratio at the TCR. A mechanistic mathematical model of the underlying processes demonstrated that an initial massive recruitment of non-phosphorylated ZAP70 was responsible for this behaviour. Further, the model predicted a temporal order of multisite phosphorylation of ZAP70 (with Y319 phosphorylation preceding phosphorylation at Y493) that we subsequently verified experimentally. Conclusions/Significance The quantitative data sets generated by IP-FCM are one order of magnitude more precise than Western blot data. This accuracy allowed us to gain unequalled insight into the dynamics of the TCR-CD3-ZAP70 signalling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Deswal
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, and Faculty of Biology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna K. Schulze
- Research Group Modeling of Biological Systems, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfer
- Research Group Modeling of Biological Systems, German Cancer Research Center and BioQuant Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. A. Schamel
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, and Faculty of Biology, Biology III, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre of Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), University Medical Center Freiburg, and University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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7
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T cell receptor triggering by force. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:1-6. [PMID: 19836999 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antigen recognition through the interaction between the T cell receptor (TCR) and peptide presented by major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) is the first step in T cell-mediated immune responses. How this interaction triggers TCR signalling that leads to T cell activation is still unclear. Taking into account the mechanical stress exerted on the pMHC-TCR interaction at the dynamic interface between T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs), we propose the so-called receptor deformation model of TCR triggering. In this model, TCR conformational change induced by mechanical forces initiates TCR signalling. The receptor deformation model, for the first time, explains all three aspects of the TCR triggering puzzle: mechanism, specificity, and sensitivity.
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8
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Sigalov AB. Membrane binding of intrinsically disordered proteins: Critical importance of an appropriate membrane model. SELF NONSELF 2010; 1:129-132. [PMID: 21487515 DOI: 10.4161/self.1.2.11547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Sigalov AB, Hendricks GM. Membrane binding mode of intrinsically disordered cytoplasmic domains of T cell receptor signaling subunits depends on lipid composition. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:388-93. [PMID: 19733547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered cytoplasmic domains of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling subunits including zeta(cyt) and CD3epsilon(cyt) all contain one or more copies of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), tyrosine residues of which are phosphorylated upon receptor triggering. Membrane binding-induced helical folding of zeta(cyt) and CD3epsilon(cyt) ITAMs is thought to control TCR activation. However, the question whether or not lipid binding of zeta(cyt) and CD3epsilon(cyt) is necessarily accompanied by a folding transition of ITAMs remains open. In this study, we investigate whether the membrane binding mechanisms of zeta(cyt) and CD3epsilon(cyt) depend on the membrane model used. Circular dichroic and fluorescence data indicate that binding of zeta(cyt) and CD3epsilon(cyt) to detergent micelles and unstable vesicles is accompanied by a disorder-to-order transition, whereas upon binding to stable vesicles these proteins remain unfolded. Using electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering, we show that upon protein binding, unstable vesicles fuse and rupture. In contrast, stable vesicles remain intact under these conditions. This suggests different membrane binding modes for zeta(cyt) and CD3epsilon(cyt) depending on the bilayer stability: (1) coupled binding and folding, and (2) binding without folding. These findings explain the long-standing puzzle in the literature and highlight the importance of the choice of an appropriate membrane model for protein-lipid interactions studies.
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10
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Jaravine VA, Zhuravleva AV, Permi P, Ibraghimov I, Orekhov VY. Hyperdimensional NMR spectroscopy with nonlinear sampling. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:3927-36. [PMID: 18311971 DOI: 10.1021/ja077282o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An approach is described for joint interleaved recording, real-time processing, and analysis of NMR data sets. The method employs multidimensional decomposition to find common information in a set of conventional triple-resonance spectra recorded in the nonlinear sampling mode, and builds a model of hyperdimensional (HD) spectrum. While preserving sensitivity per unit of measurement time and allowing for maximal spectral resolution, the approach reduces data collection time on average by 2 orders of magnitude compared to the conventional method. The 7-10 dimensional HD spectrum, which is represented as a set of deconvoluted 1D vectors, is easy to handle and amenable for automated analysis. The method is exemplified by automated assignment for two protein systems of low and high spectral complexity: ubiquitin (globular, 8 kDa) and zetacyt (naturally disordered, 13 kDa). The collection and backbone assignment of the data sets are achieved in real time after approximately 1 and 10 h, respectively. The approach removes the most critical time bottlenecks in data acquisition and analysis. Thus, it can significantly increase the value of NMR spectroscopy in structural biology, for example, in high-throughput structural genomics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor A Jaravine
- Swedish NMR Centre, Göteborg University, Box 465, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden
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11
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Duchardt E, Sigalov AB, Aivazian D, Stern LJ, Schwalbe H. Structure induction of the T-cell receptor zeta-chain upon lipid binding investigated by NMR spectroscopy. Chembiochem 2007; 8:820-7. [PMID: 17410622 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The conformation of the cytoplasmic part of the zeta-chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR) in its free form and bound to detergent micelles has been investigated by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. The zeta-chain is considered to be a mediator between the extracellular antigen and the intracellular signal-transduction cascade leading to T-cell activation. Earlier studies suggested a T-cell activation mechanism that involved a TCR-state-dependent lipid incorporation propensity of the zeta-chain accompanied by a helical folding transition. In order to support this proposed mechanism, standard protein NMR assignment and secondary-structure-elucidation techniques have been applied to the free TCR zeta-chain and to the zeta-chain bound to the detergent LMPG, which forms a micelle, in order to obtain the structural characteristics of this folding transition in a residue-resolved manner. We could assign the resonances of the free zeta-chain at 278 K, and this formed the basis for chemical-shift-perturbation studies to identify lipid binding sites. Our NMR results show that the free TCR zeta-chain is indeed intrinsically unstructured. Regions around the ITAM2 and ITAM3 sequences are involved in a highly dynamic binding of the free zeta-chain to a detergent micelle formed by the acidic lipid LMPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Duchardt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, 60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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12
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Sigalov AB, Zhuravleva AV, Orekhov VY. Binding of intrinsically disordered proteins is not necessarily accompanied by a structural transition to a folded form. Biochimie 2006; 89:419-21. [PMID: 17174464 PMCID: PMC2692994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There are a large number of protein domains and even entire proteins, lacking ordered structure under physiological conditions. Intriguingly, a highly flexible, random coil-like conformation is the native and functional state for many proteins known to be involved in cell signaling. An example is a key component of immune signaling, the cytoplasmic region of the T cell receptor zeta subunit. This domain exhibits specific dimerization that is distinct from non-specific aggregation behavior seen in many systems. In this work, we use diffusion and chemical shift mapping NMR data to show that the protein does not undergo a transition between disordered and ordered states upon dimerization. This finding opposes the generally accepted view on the behavior of intrinsically disordered proteins, provides evidence for the existence of specific dimerization interactions for intrinsically disordered protein species and opens a new line of research in this new and quickly developing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Sigalov
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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13
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Sigalov A, Aivazian D, Stern L. Homooligomerization of the cytoplasmic domain of the T cell receptor zeta chain and of other proteins containing the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. Biochemistry 2004; 43:2049-61. [PMID: 14967045 DOI: 10.1021/bi035900h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antigen receptors on T cells, B cells, mast cells, and basophils all have cytoplasmic domains containing one or more copies of an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), tyrosine residues of which are phosphorylated upon receptor engagement in an early and obligatory event in the signaling cascade. How clustering of receptor extracellular domains leads to phosphorylation of cytoplasmic domain ITAMs is not known, and little structural or biochemical information is available for the ITAM-containing cytoplasmic domains. Here we investigate the conformation and oligomeric state of several immune receptor cytoplasmic domains, using purified recombinant proteins and a variety of biophysical and biochemical techniques. We show that all of the cytoplasmic domains of ITAM-containing signaling subunits studied are oligomeric in solution, namely, T cell antigen receptor zeta, CD3epsilon, CD3delta, and CD3gamma, B cell antigen receptor Igalpha and Igbeta, and Fc receptor FcepsilonRIgamma. For zeta(cyt), the oligomerization behavior is best described by a two-step monomer-dimer-tetramer fast dynamic equilibrium with dissociation constants in the order of approximately 10 microM (monomer-dimer) and approximately 1 mM (dimer-tetramer). In contrast to the other ITAM-containing proteins, Igalpha(cyt) forms stable dimers and tetramers even below 10 microM. Circular dichroic analysis reveals the lack of stable ordered structure of the cytoplasmic domains studied, and oligomerization does not change the random-coil-like conformation observed. The random-coil nature of zeta(cyt) was also confirmed by heteronuclear NMR. Phosphorylation of zeta(cyt) and FcepsilonRIgamma(cyt) does not significantly alter their oligomerization behavior. The implications of these results for transmembrane signaling and cellular activation by immune receptors are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Chromatography, Gel
- Cross-Linking Reagents/chemistry
- Cytoplasm/chemistry
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- Dimerization
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Humans
- Light
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/chemistry
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/isolation & purification
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Structure, Secondary
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Scattering, Radiation
- Solutions
- Temperature
- Thermodynamics
- Tyrosine/chemistry
- Tyrosine/metabolism
- Ultracentrifugation
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Sigalov
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA.
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14
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Housden HR, Skipp PJS, Crump MP, Broadbridge RJ, Crabbe T, Perry MJ, Gore MG. Investigation of the kinetics and order of tyrosine phosphorylation in the T-cell receptor zeta chain by the protein tyrosine kinase Lck. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2003; 270:2369-76. [PMID: 12755691 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report experiments to investigate the role of the physiologically relevant protein tyrosine kinase Lck in the ordered phosphorylation of the T-cell receptor zeta chain. Six synthetic peptides were designed based on the sequences of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) of the zeta chain. Preliminary 1H-NMR studies of recombinant zeta chain suggested that it is essentially unstructured and therefore that peptide mimics would serve as useful models for investigating individual ITAM tyrosines. Phosphorylation kinetics were determined for each tyrosine by assaying the transfer of 32P by recombinant Lck on to each of the peptides. The rates of phosphorylation were found to depend on the location of the tyrosine, leading to the proposal that Lck phosphorylates the six zeta chain ITAM tyrosines in the order 1N (first) > 3N > 3C > 2N > 1C > 2C (last) as a result of differences in the amino-acid sequence surrounding each tyrosine. This proposal was then tested on cytosolic, recombinant T-cell receptor zeta chain. After in vitro phosphorylation by Lck, the partially phosphorylated zeta chain was digested with trypsin. Separation and identification of the zeta chain fragments using LC-MS showed, as predicted by the peptide phosphorylation studies, that tyrosine 1N is indeed the first to be phosphorylated by Lck. We conclude that differences in the amino-acid context of the six zeta chain ITAM tyrosines affect the efficiency of their phosphorylation by the kinase Lck, which probably contributes to the distinct patterns of phosphorylation observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel R Housden
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, UK
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15
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Abstract
After a brief overview of the themes and variations that occur in the family of receptors containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs), and of recent structural data on the ligand-binding subunits of these receptors, we use these data to revisit how information on the state and quality of occupancy of the binding site of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is conveyed to the proximal components of the TCR transduction cassette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France.
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16
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Samstag Y, Eibert SM, Klemke M, Wabnitz GH. Actin cytoskeletal dynamics in T lymphocyte activation and migration. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 73:30-48. [PMID: 12525560 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0602272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton are crucial for the function of numerous cellular elements including T lymphocytes. They are required for migration of T lymphocytes through the body to scan for the presence of antigens, as well as for the formation and stabilization of the immunological synapse at the interface between antigen-presenting cells and T lymphocytes. Supramolecular activation clusters within the immunological synapse play an important role for the initiation of T cell responses and for the execution of T cell effector functions. In addition to the T cell receptor/CD3 induced actin nucleation via Wasp/Arp2/3-activation, signals through accessory receptors of the T cell (i.e., costimulation) regulate actin cytoskeletal dynamics. In this regard, the actin-binding proteins cofilin and L-plastin represent prominent candidates linking accessory receptor stimulation to the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Cofilin enhances actin polymerization via its actin-severing activity, and as a long-lasting effect, cofilin generates novel actin monomers through F-actin depolymerization. L-plastin stabilizes actin filament structures by means of its actin-bundling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Samstag
- Institute for Immunology, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Soldevila G, Castellanos C, Malissen M, Berg LJ. Analysis of the individual role of the TCRzeta chain in transgenic mice after conditional activation with chemical inducers of dimerization. Cell Immunol 2001; 214:123-38. [PMID: 12088411 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through the TCR/CD3 complex plays a critical role in T-cell development and activation. Gene-targeted mice lacking particular components of this complex show arrested T-cell development in the thymus. As all TCR/CD3 components are required for efficient surface expression of the complex, it is difficult to assess the specific signaling role of each receptor component. To overcome this problem, we designed a strategy to examine the specific role(s) of individual receptor chains. A chimeric protein, containing binding domains for chemical inducers of dimerization fused to the cytoplasmic tail of TCRzeta, was generated. Activation of the chimeric receptor after stimulation with chemical dimerizers in Jurkat cells showed tyrosine phosphorylation of the TCRzeta chain chimera, recruitment of phosphorylated Zap70, and generation of NFAT in a reporter assay. Analysis of thymocytes from transgenic mice expressing this chimeric receptor showed that intracytoplasmic crosslinking of the chimera induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein, as well as a slow and very weak calcium mobilization response. However, this signaling did not lead to increased expression of activation markers, T-cell proliferation, or apoptosis. In addition, stimulation of thymocytes in suspension or in fetal thymic organ cultures with chemical inducers of dimerization did not lead to alterations in positive or negative selection. We conclude that signaling through the TCRzeta chain alone is not sufficient to generate downstream events leading to full T-cell activation or thymocyte selection; instead, additional CD3 components must be required to induce a functional response in primary thymocytes and peripheral T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Soldevila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, México.
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18
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Sondhi D, Xu W, Songyang Z, Eck MJ, Cole PA. Peptide and protein phosphorylation by protein tyrosine kinase Csk: insights into specificity and mechanism. Biochemistry 1998; 37:165-72. [PMID: 9425036 DOI: 10.1021/bi9722960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Csk (C-terminal Src kinase) is a protein tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates Src family member C-terminal tails, resulting in down-regulation of Src family members. The molecular basis of Csk's substrate specificity and catalytic mechanism with a protein substrate was investigated. Using a peptide library approach, preferential amino acids which are unrelated to the conserved Src C-terminal sequence were identified. The validity of these preferences was confirmed by synthesizing a short consensus peptide and demonstrating its high catalytic efficiency with Csk. These results underscore the difficulties of relying on amino acids neighboring tyrosine in protein sequences as predictors of protein kinase substrate specificity for in vivo analysis. In addition, a catalytically inactive version of the Src family member, Lck (lymphoid cell kinase), was expressed, purified, and evaluated as a Csk substrate. It was proven to be the most catalytically efficient substrate yet identified for Csk. The high efficiency of purified Csk phosphorylating a pure, unphosphorylated Src family member argues against the importance of an SH2-phosphotyrosine docking interaction or the involvement of extra recruitment proteins in facilitating Csk phosphorylation of Src family members. Kinetic studies revealed that the chemical step is at least partially rate-determining in Csk-mediated phosphoryl transfer to the Lck protein. Other properties including preferences for Mn over Mg, thio effects, and Km's for ATP also correlate fairly well between protein and peptide phosphorylation. The lack of a significant impact of increased salt on the Km for Lck phosphorylation differs from Csk-mediated poly(Glu,Tyr) phosphorylation, and argues against the importance of electrostatic effects in the Csk-Lck binding interaction. The failure of the Lck phosphorylation product (phosphotyrosine-505) to significantly inhibit Csk phosphorylation of Lck is consistent with a catalytic model involving multidomain structural interactions between substrate and enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sondhi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York 10021, USA
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Hanada T, Lin L, Chandy KG, Oh SS, Chishti AH. Human homologue of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor binds to p56lck tyrosine kinase and Shaker type Kv1.3 potassium channel in T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:26899-904. [PMID: 9341123 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.43.26899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human homologue of the Drosophila discs large tumor suppressor protein (hDlg) belongs to a newly discovered family of proteins termed MAGUKs that appear to have structural as well as signaling functions. Consistent with the multi-domain organization of MAGUKs, hDlg consists of three copies of the PDZ (PSD-95/Discs large/zO-1) domain, an SH3 motif, and a guanylate kinase-like domain. In addition, the hDlg contains an amino-terminal proline-rich domain that is absent in other MAGUKs. To explore the role of hDlg in cell signaling pathways, we used human T lymphocytes as a model system to investigate interaction of hDlg with known tyrosine kinases. In human T lymphocyte cell lines, binding properties of hDlg were studied by immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and immune complex kinase assays. Our results show that protein tyrosine kinase activity is associated with the immunoprecipitates of hDlg. Immunoblotting experiments revealed that the immunoprecipitates of hDlg contain p56lck, a member of the Src family of tyrosine kinases. The specificity of the interaction is demonstrated by the lack of p59fyn tyrosine kinase and phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase in the hDlg immunoprecipitates. Direct interaction between hDlg and p56lck is demonstrated using glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins of hDlg and recombinant p56lck expressed in the baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells. The p56lck binding site was localized within the amino-terminal segment of hDlg containing proline-rich domain. In addition, we show in vivo association of hDlg with Kv1.3 channel, which was expressed in T lymphocytes as an epitope-tagged protein using a vaccinia virus expression system. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence of a direct interaction between hDlg and p56lck tyrosine kinase and suggest a novel function of hDlg in coupling tyrosine kinase and voltage-gated potassium channel in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hanada
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02135, USA
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