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ENDO Y. Development of a cell-free protein synthesis system for practical use. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 97:261-276. [PMID: 33980755 PMCID: PMC8141837 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.97.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Conventional cell-free protein synthesis systems had been the major platform to study the mechanism behind translating genetic information into proteins, as proven in the central dogma of molecular biology. Albeit being powerful research tools, most of the in vitro methods at the time failed to produce enough protein for practical use. Tremendous efforts were being made to overcome the limitations of in vitro translation systems, though mostly with limited success. While great knowledge was accumulated on the translation mechanism and ribosome structure, researchers rationalized that it may be impossible to fully reconstitute such a complex molecular process in a test tube. This review will examine how we have solved the difficulties holding back progress. Our newly developed cell-free protein synthesis system is based on wheat embryos and has many excellent characteristics, in addition to its high translation activity and robustness. Combined with other novel elementary technologies, we have established cell-free protein synthesis systems for practical use in research and applied sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaeta ENDO
- Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe-cho, Iyo-gun, Ehime, Japan
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Citores L, Iglesias R, Gay C, Ferreras JM. Antifungal activity of the ribosome-inactivating protein BE27 from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) against the green mould Penicillium digitatum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:261-271. [PMID: 25976013 PMCID: PMC6638414 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome-inactivating protein BE27 from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves is an apoplastic protein induced by signalling compounds, such as hydrogen peroxide and salicylic acid, which has been reported to be involved in defence against viruses. Here, we report that, at a concentration much lower than that present in the apoplast, BE27 displays antifungal activity against the green mould Penicillium digitatum, a necrotrophic fungus that colonizes wounds and grows in the inter- and intracellular spaces of the tissues of several edible plants. BE27 is able to enter into the cytosol and kill fungal cells, thus arresting the growth of the fungus. The mechanism of action seems to involve ribosomal RNA (rRNA) N-glycosylase activity on the sarcin-ricin loop of the major rRNA which inactivates irreversibly the fungal ribosomes, thus inhibiting protein synthesis. We compared the C-terminus of the BE27 structure with antifungal plant defensins and hypothesize that a structural motif composed of an α-helix and a β-hairpin, similar to the γ-core motif of defensins, might contribute to the specific interaction with the fungal plasma membranes, allowing the protein to enter into the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Citores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rosario Iglesias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gay
- Laboratory of Research on Proteins, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying, National University of the Northeast (UNNE), 3400, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - José Miguel Ferreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Valladolid, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
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Schrot J, Weng A, Melzig MF. Ribosome-inactivating and related proteins. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:1556-615. [PMID: 26008228 PMCID: PMC4448163 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are toxins that act as N-glycosidases (EC 3.2.2.22). They are mainly produced by plants and classified as type 1 RIPs and type 2 RIPs. There are also RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be grouped into the classical type 1 and type 2 RIPs because of their different sizes, structures or functions. In addition, there is still not a uniform nomenclature or classification existing for RIPs. In this review, we give the current status of all known plant RIPs and we make a suggestion about how to unify those RIPs and RIP related proteins that cannot be classified as type 1 or type 2 RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schrot
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Weng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Matthias F Melzig
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Nuchsuk C, Wetprasit N, Roytrakul S, Choowongkomon K, T-Thienprasert N, Yokthongwattana C, Arpornsuwan T, Ratanapo S. Bioactivities of Jc-SCRIP, a Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Protein fromJatropha curcasSeed Coat. Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82:453-62. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanthakan Nuchsuk
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nuanchawee Wetprasit
- Department of Biotechnology; Faculty of Science; Ramkhamhaeng University; Ramkamhaeng Rd. Bangkapi Bangkok 10240 Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA); 113 Clong-Luang Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Kiattawee Choowongkomon
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Nattanan T-Thienprasert
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Chotika Yokthongwattana
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
| | - Theerakul Arpornsuwan
- Department of Medical Technology; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences; Thammasat University; Rangsit, Pathumthani 12120 Thailand
| | - Sunanta Ratanapo
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Kasetsart University; 50 Ngamwongwan Rd. Chatujak Bangkok 10900 Thailand
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Parente A, Berisio R, Chambery A, Di Maro A. Type 1 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins from the Ombú Tree (Phytolacca dioica L.). TOXIC PLANT PROTEINS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-12176-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Parente A, Conforto B, Di Maro A, Chambery A, De Luca P, Bolognesi A, Iriti M, Faoro F. Type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins from Phytolacca dioica L. leaves: differential seasonal and age expression, and cellular localization. PLANTA 2008; 228:963-975. [PMID: 18704492 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The expression of type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) in Phytolacca dioica L. leaves was investigated. Fully expanded leaves of young P. dioica plants (up to 3 years old) expressed two novel RIPs, dioicin 1 and dioicin 2. The former was also found in developing leaves from adult P. dioica within about two and a half weeks after leaf development, and the latter continuously synthesized, with no seasonal or ontogenetic constraint. Fully expanded leaves from adult P. dioica expressed four RIPs (PD-Ls1-4) exhibiting seasonal variation. RIPs were localized in the extracellular space, in the vacuole and in the Golgi apparatus of mesophyll cells. Dioicin 1 and dioicin 2 showed rRNA N-beta-glycosidase activity and displayed the following properties, respectively: (1) Mr values of 30,047.00 and 29,910.00, (2) pIs of 8.74 and 9.37, and (3) IC(50) values of 19.74 (0.658 nM) and 6.85 ng/mL (0.229 nM). Furthermore, they showed adenine polynucleotide glycosylase activity and nicked pBR322 dsDNA. The amino acid sequence of dioicin 2 had 266 amino acid residues, and the highest percentage identity (81.6%) and similarity (84.6%) with PAP-II from Phytolacca americana, while its identity with other RIPs from Phytolaccaceae was around 40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Parente
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Seconda Università di Napoli, Caserta, Italy.
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Hou X, Meehan EJ, Xie J, Huang M, Chen M, Chen L. Atomic resolution structure of cucurmosin, a novel type 1 ribosome-inactivating protein from the sarcocarp of Cucurbita moschata. J Struct Biol 2008; 164:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2008.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang D, Halaweish FT. Isolation and characterization of ribosome-inactivating proteins from Cucurbitaceae. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:431-42. [PMID: 17372945 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to their RNA-N-glycosidase activity, ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are attractive candidates as antitumor and antiviral agents in biomedical and agricultural research. We have isolated and characterized two such proteins, foetidissimin II and texanin, from two Cucurbitaceae species. Foetidissimin II, obtained from the roots of Cucurbita foetidissima, was identified as a type-2 RIP, with a molecular weight of 61 kDa, as estimated by gel electrophoresis. It is composed of two chains, a 29-kDa chain A, and a 32-kDa chain B. Texanin, isolated from the fruits of Cucurbita texana, is a type-I RIP, with a single chain of molecular weight 29.7 kDa, as estimated by MALDI-TOF-MS. Both proteins exhibit RNA-N-glycosidase activity, with aniline playing a critical role in rRNA cleavage. The IC50 value of foetidissimin II, determined by cell-free protein-synthesis inhibition, was 0.251 muM. In an in vitro cytotoxicity assay, foetidissimin II exhibited IC50 values of ca. 70 nM to both adenocarcinoma and erythroleukemia cells. Texanin exhibited a weaker anticancer activity against erythroleukemia cells, with an IC50 value of 95 microM, but no activity against adenocarcinoma cells. The N-terminal sequences of both proteins were compared with those of reported RIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoning Zhang
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 57007, USA
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Uchiumi T, Honma S, Endo Y, Hachimori A. Ribosomal proteins at the stalk region modulate functional rRNA structures in the GTPase center. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:41401-9. [PMID: 12198134 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207424200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of the L10.L7/L12 protein complex and L11 in Escherichia coli ribosomes with the respective rat counterparts P0.P1/P2 and eukaryotic L12 causes conversion of ribosomal specificity for elongation factors from prokaryotic elongation factor (EF)-Tu/EF-G to eukaryotic EF (eEF)-1alpha/eEF-2. Here we have investigated the effects of protein replacement on the structure and function of two rRNA domains around positions 1070 and 2660 (sarcin/ricin loop) of 23 S rRNA. Protein replacement at the 1070 region in E. coli 50 S subunits was demonstrated by chemical probing analysis. Binding of rat proteins to the 1070 region caused increased accessibility of the 2660 and 1070 regions to ligands for eukaryotic ribosomes: the ribotoxin pepocin for the 2660 region (E. coli numbering), anti-28 S autoantibody for the 1070 region, and eEF-2 for both regions. Moreover, binding of the E. coli L10.L7/L12 complex and L11 to the 1070 region was shown to be responsible for E. coli ribosomal accessibility to another ribotoxin, gypsophilin. Ribosomal proteins at the 1070 region appear to modulate the structures and functions of the 2660 and 1070 RNA regions in slightly different modes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Uchiumi
- Institute of High Polymer Research, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda 386-8567, Japan.
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Krishnan R, McDonald KA, Dandekar AM, Jackman AP, Falk B. Expression of recombinant trichosanthin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, in transgenic tobacco. J Biotechnol 2002; 97:69-88. [PMID: 12052684 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichosanthin (TCS) is an antiviral plant defense protein, classified as a type-I ribosome-inactivating protein, found in the root tuber and leaves of the medicinal plant Trichosanthes kirilowii. It is processed from a larger precursor protein, containing a 23 amino acid amino (N)-terminal sequence (pre sequence) and a 19 amino acid carboxy (C)-terminal extension (pro sequence). Various constructs of the TCS gene were expressed in transgenic tobacco plants to determine the effects of the amino- and carboxy-coding gene sequences on TCS expression and host toxicity in plants. The maximum TCS expression levels of 2.7% of total soluble protein (0.05% of total dry weight) were obtained in transgenic tobacco plants carrying the complete prepro-TCS gene sequence under the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S RNA promoter. The N-terminal sequence matched the native TCS sequence indicating that the T. kirilowii signal sequence was properly processed in tobacco and the protein translation inhibitory activity of purified rTCS was similar to native TCS. One hundred-fold lower expression levels and phenotypic aberrations were evident in plants expressing the gene constructs without the C-terminal coding sequence. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing recombinant TCS exhibited delayed symptoms of systemic infection following exposure to Cucumber mosaic virus and Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Local lesion assays using extracts from the infected transgenic plants indicated reduced levels of TMV compared with nontransgenic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Hirao I, Madin K, Endo Y, Yokoyama S, Ellington AD. RNA aptamers that bind to and inhibit the ribosome-inactivating protein, pepocin. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:4943-8. [PMID: 10671532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.7.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pepocin, isolated from Cucurbita pepo, is a ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP). RIPs site-specifically recognize and depurinate an adenosine at position 4324 in rat 28 S rRNA, rendering the ribosome incapable of interacting with essential elongation factors. Aptamers that target pepocin were isolated from a degenerate RNA pool by in vitro selection. A conserved hairpin motif, quite different from the sequence of the toxin-substrate domain in rat 28 S rRNA, was identified in the aptamer sequences. The aptamers selectively bind to pepocin with dissociation constants between 20 and 30 nM and inhibit the N-glycosidase activity of pepocin on rat liver 28 S rRNA. Competitive binding experiments using aptamer variants suggest that the conserved hairpin region in the anti-pepocin aptamer binds near the catalytic site on pepocin and prevents the interaction of pepocin and 28 S rRNA. Anti-RIP aptamers have potential use in diagnostic systems for the detection of pepocin or could be used as therapy to prevent the action of pepocin in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hirao
- Yokoyama CytoLogic Project, ERATO, JST, c/o RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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