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Fonseca FCDA, Antonino JD, de Moura SM, Rodrigues-Silva PL, Macedo LLP, Gomes Júnior JE, Lourenço-Tessuti IT, Lucena WA, Morgante CV, Ribeiro TP, Monnerat RG, Rodrigues MA, Cuccovia IM, Mattar Silva MC, Grossi-de-Sa MF. In vivo and in silico comparison analyses of Cry toxin activities toward the sugarcane giant borer. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 113:335-346. [PMID: 36883802 DOI: 10.1017/s000748532200061x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The sugarcane giant borer, Telchin licus licus, is an insect pest that causes significant losses in sugarcane crops and in the sugar-alcohol sector. Chemical and manual control methods are not effective. As an alternative, in the current study, we have screened Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins with high toxicity against this insect. Bioassays were conducted to determine the activity of four Cry toxins (Cry1A (a, b, and c) and Cry2Aa) against neonate T. licus licus larvae. Notably, the Cry1A family toxins had the lowest LC50 values, in which Cry1Ac presented 2.1-fold higher activity than Cry1Aa, 1.7-fold larger than Cry1Ab, and 9.7-fold larger than Cry2Aa toxins. In silico analyses were performed as a perspective to understand putative interactions between T. licus licus receptors and Cry1A toxins. The molecular dynamics and docking analyses for three putative aminopeptidase N (APN) receptors (TlAPN1, TlAPN3, and TlAPN4) revealed evidence for the amino acids that may be involved in the toxin-receptor interactions. Notably, the properties of Cry1Ac point to an interaction site that increases the toxin's affinity for the receptor and likely potentiate toxicity. The interacting amino acid residues predicted for Cry1Ac in this work are probably those shared by the other Cry1A toxins for the same region of APNs. Thus, the presented data extend the existing knowledge of the effects of Cry toxins on T. licus licus and should be considered in further development of transgenic sugarcane plants resistant to this major occurring insect pest in sugarcane fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Campos de Assis Fonseca
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Biology Cellular Department, Federal University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Federal Institut of Goias (IFG), Águas Lindas, GO, Brazil
| | - José Dijair Antonino
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Biology Cellular Department, Federal University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Stéfanie Menezes de Moura
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Paolo Lucas Rodrigues-Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lima Pepino Macedo
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - José Edílson Gomes Júnior
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Biology Cellular Department, Federal University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Isabela Tristan Lourenço-Tessuti
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Wagner Alexandre Lucena
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Carolina Viana Morgante
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- Embrapa Semiarid, Petrolina, PE, Brazil
| | - Thuanne Pires Ribeiro
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Cristina Mattar Silva
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
| | - Maria Fatima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology, INCT PlantStress Biotech, Embrapa, Brazil
- Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Fuzita FJ, Chandler KB, Haserick JR, Terra WR, Ferreira C, Costello CE. N-glycosylation in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) midgut membrane-bound glycoproteins. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 246-247:110464. [PMID: 32553552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda is a widely distributed agricultural pest. It has previously been established that glycoproteins in the midgut microvillar membrane of insects are targets for toxins produced by different organisms as well as plant lectins. However, there is still little information about the N-glycome of membrane-bound midgut glycoproteins in Lepidoptera and other insect groups. The present study used mass spectrometry-based approaches to characterize the N-glycoproteins present in the midgut cell microvilli of Spodoptera frugiperda. We subjected midgut cell microvilli proteins to proteolytic digestion and enriched the resulting glycopeptides prior to analysis. We also performed endoglycosidase release of N-glycans in the presence of H218O determining the compositions of released N-glycans by MALDI-TOF MS analysis and established the occupancy of the potential N-glycosylation sites. We report here a total of 160 glycopeptides, representing 25 N-glycan compositions associated with 70 sites on 35 glycoproteins. Glycan compositions consistent with oligomannose, paucimannose and complex/hybrid N-glycans represent 35, 30 and 35% of the observed glycans, respectively. The two most common N-glycan compositions were the complex/hybrid Hex3HexNAc4dHex4 and the paucimannose structure that contains only the doubly-fucosylated trimannosylchitobiose core Hex3HexNAc2dHex2, each appearing in 22 occupied sites (13.8%). These findings enlighten aspects of the glycobiology of lepidopteran midgut microvilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Jun Fuzita
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratory of Insect Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Kevin Brown Chandler
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John R Haserick
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter R Terra
- Laboratory of Insect Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clélia Ferreira
- Laboratory of Insect Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Perrella NN, Fuzita FJ, Moreti R, Verhaert PDEM, Lopes AR. First characterization of fucosidases in spiders. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 98:e21462. [PMID: 29600526 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
l-fucose is a constituent of glycoconjugates in different organisms. Fucosidases catalyze the removal of fucose residues, and have been correlated to different physiological and pathological processes, such as fertilization, cancer, fucosidosis, and digestion in molluscs and ticks. An α-l-fucosidase sequence was identified from the transcriptome and proteome from the midgut diverticula of the synanthropic spider Nephilingis cruentata. In this article, we describe the isolation of this α-l-fucosidase and the characterization of its activity using substrates and inhibitors demonstrating different specificities among fucosidases. The enzyme had a Km of 32 and 400 μM for 4-methylumbelliferyl α-l-fucopyranoside and 4-nitrophenyl α-l-fucopyranoside, respectively; and was unable to hydrolyze fucoidan. Nephilingis cruentata α-l-fucosidase was inhibited competitively by fucose and fuconojyrimycin. The fucosidase had two distinct pH optima even in the isolated form, due to oligomerization dependent on pH, as previously described to other fucosidases. Alignment and molecular homology modeling of the protein sequence with other fucosidases indicated that the active sites and catalytic residues were different, including residues involved in acid/base catalysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed, for the first time, gene-duplication events for fucosidases in Arachnida species. All these data reveal that studies on fucosidases in organisms distinct from bacteria, fungi, and humans are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Perrella
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biotechnology Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe J Fuzita
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moreti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biotechnology Program, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter D E M Verhaert
- Laboratory of Analytical Biotechnology & Innovative Peptide Biology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana R Lopes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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APN1 is a functional receptor of Cry1Ac but not Cry2Ab in Helicoverpa zea. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19179. [PMID: 26755166 PMCID: PMC4709634 DOI: 10.1038/srep19179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lepidopteran midgut aminopeptidases N (APNs) are phylogenetically divided into eight clusters, designated as APN1-8. Although APN1 has been implicated as one of the receptors for Cry1Ac in several species, its potential role in the mode of action of Cry2Ab has not been functionally determined so far. To test whether APN1 also acts as one of the receptors for Cry1Ac in Helicoverpa zea and even for Cry2Ab in this species, we conducted a gain of function analysis by heterologously expressing H. zea APN1 (HzAPN1) in the midgut and fat body cell lines of H. zea and the ovarian cell line of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) and a loss of function analysis by RNAi (RNA interference) silencing of the endogenous APN1 in the three cell lines using the HzAPN1 double strand RNA (dsRNA). Heterologous expression of HzAPN1 significantly increased the susceptibility of the three cell lines to Cry1Ac, but had no effects on their susceptibility to Cry2Ab. Knocking down of the endogenous APN1 made the three cell lines resistant to Cry1Ac, but didn't change cell lines susceptibility to Cry2Ab. The findings from this study demonstrate that HzAPN1 is a functional receptor of Cry1Ac, but not Cry2Ab.
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de Assis Fonseca FC, Firmino AAP, de Macedo LLP, Coelho RR, de Sousa Júnior JDA, Silva-Junior OB, Togawa RC, Pappas GJ, de Góis LAB, da Silva MCM, Grossi-de-Sá MF. Sugarcane giant borer transcriptome analysis and identification of genes related to digestion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118231. [PMID: 25706301 PMCID: PMC4338194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane is a widely cultivated plant that serves primarily as a source of sugar and ethanol. Its annual yield can be significantly reduced by the action of several insect pests including the sugarcane giant borer (Telchin licus licus), a lepidopteran that presents a long life cycle and which efforts to control it using pesticides have been inefficient. Although its economical relevance, only a few DNA sequences are available for this species in the GenBank. Pyrosequencing technology was used to investigate the transcriptome of several developmental stages of the insect. To maximize transcript diversity, a pool of total RNA was extracted from whole body insects and used to construct a normalized cDNA database. Sequencing produced over 650,000 reads, which were de novo assembled to generate a reference library of 23,824 contigs. After quality score and annotation, 43% of the contigs had at least one BLAST hit against the NCBI non-redundant database, and 40% showed similarities with the lepidopteran Bombyx mori. In a further analysis, we conducted a comparison with Manduca sexta midgut sequences to identify transcripts of genes involved in digestion. Of these transcripts, many presented an expansion or depletion in gene number, compared to B. mori genome. From the sugarcane giant borer (SGB) transcriptome, a number of aminopeptidase N (APN) cDNAs were characterized based on homology to those reported as Cry toxin receptors. This is the first report that provides a large-scale EST database for the species. Transcriptome analysis will certainly be useful to identify novel developmental genes, to better understand the insect's biology and to guide the development of new strategies for insect-pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Campos de Assis Fonseca
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Augusto Pereira Firmino
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Lima Pepino de Macedo
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ramos Coelho
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | - Orzenil Bonfim Silva-Junior
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Fátima Grossi-de-Sá
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
- Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Cordero-Llana O, Scott SA, Maslen SL, Anderson JM, Boyle J, Chowhdury RR, Tyers P, Barker RA, Kelly CM, Rosser AE, Stephens E, Chandran S, Caldwell MA. Clusterin secreted by astrocytes enhances neuronal differentiation from human neural precursor cells. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:907-13. [PMID: 21212797 PMCID: PMC3131926 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation from expanded human ventral mesencephalic neural precursor cells (NPCs) is very limited. Astrocytes are known to secrete neurotrophic factors, and so in order to enhance neuronal survival from NPCs, we tested the effect of regional astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) from the rat cortex, hippocampus and midbrain on this process. Human NPC's were expanded in FGF-2 before differentiation for 1 or 4 weeks in ACM. The results show that ACM from the hippocampus and midbrain increase the number of neurons from expanded human NPCs, an effect that was not observed with cortical ACM. In addition, both hippocampal and midbrain ACM increased the number and length of phosphorylated neurofilaments. MALDI-TOF analysis used to determine differences in media revealed that although all three regional ACMs had cystatin C, α-2 macroglobulin, extracellular matrix glycoprotein and vimentin, only hippocampal and midbrain ACM also contained clusterin, which when immunodepleted from midbrain ACM eliminated the observed effects on neuronal differentiation. Furthermore, clusterin is a highly glycosylated protein that has no effect on cell proliferation but decreases apoptotic nuclei and causes a sustained increase in phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, implicating its role in cell survival and differentiation. These findings further reveal differential effects of regional astrocytes on NPC behavior and identify clusterin as an important mediator of NPC-derived neuronal survival and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cordero-Llana
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - S A Scott
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - S L Maslen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - J M Anderson
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - J Boyle
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - R-R Chowhdury
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - P Tyers
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - R A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - C M Kelly
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - A E Rosser
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
- Cardiff University School Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - E Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - S Chandran
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Brain Repair, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | - M A Caldwell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratory for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
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Shan S, Xia L, Ding X, Zhang Y, Hu S, Sun Y, Yu Z, Han L. Homology Modeling of Cry1Ac Toxin-binding Alkaline Phosphatase Receptor from Helicoverpa armigera and Its Functional Interpretation. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201190099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Tryfona T, Stephens E. Analysis of carbohydrates on proteins by offline normal-phase liquid chromatography MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS/MS. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 658:137-151. [PMID: 20839102 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-780-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins typically exist as a diverse population of glycoforms, which can consist of a great number of different glycan structures (including structural isomers) that vary in their degree of occupancy at given glycosylation sites. Hence, the detailed characterization of such glycans can be a very demanding task. Liquid chromatography in combination with mass spectrometric techniques can provide a fast and sensitive tool for the analysis of these structurally complex molecules. Here we describe a sensitive method that employs capillary normal-phase HPLC coupled offline to MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS/MS for the detailed characterization of enzymatically released N-glycans. The normal-phase chromatography allows the separation of some isobaric glycan structures and analysis of the glycans by MALDI high-energy CID gives sequence, linkage and branching information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Tryfona
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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9
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Hwang H, Zhang J, Chung KA, Leverenz JB, Zabetian CP, Peskind ER, Jankovic J, Su Z, Hancock AM, Pan C, Montine TJ, Pan S, Nutt J, Albin R, Gearing M, Beyer RP, Shi M, Zhang J. Glycoproteomics in neurodegenerative diseases. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2010; 29:79-125. [PMID: 19358229 PMCID: PMC2799547 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation regulates protein function and cellular distribution. Additionally, aberrant protein glycosylations have been recognized to play major roles in human disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Glycoproteomics, a branch of proteomics that catalogs and quantifies glycoproteins, provides a powerful means to systematically profile the glycopeptides or glycoproteins of a complex mixture that are highly enriched in body fluids, and therefore, carry great potential to be diagnostic and/or prognostic markers. Application of this mass spectrometry-based technology to the study of neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease) is relatively new, and is expected to provide insight into the biochemical pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, as well as biomarker discovery. In this review, we have summarized the current understanding of glycoproteins in biology and neurodegenerative disease, and have discussed existing proteomic technologies that are utilized to characterize glycoproteins. Some of the ongoing studies, where glycoproteins isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and human brain are being characterized in Parkinson's disease at different stages versus controls, are presented, along with future applications of targeted validation of brain specific glycoproteins in body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jianpeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathryn A. Chung
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - James B. Leverenz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cyrus P. Zabetian
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elaine R. Peskind
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhen Su
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Aneeka M. Hancock
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Catherine Pan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas J. Montine
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sheng Pan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John Nutt
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Roger Albin
- Ann Arbor VAMC GRECC and Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Marla Gearing
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Richard P. Beyer
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Min Shi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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10
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Singh A, Sivaprasad CVS. Functional interpretation of APN receptor from M.sexta using a molecular model. Bioinformation 2009; 3:321-5. [PMID: 19707293 PMCID: PMC2720666 DOI: 10.6026/97320630003321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect pests are the major cause of damage to commercially important agricultural crops. The continuous application of synthetic pesticides resulted in severe insect resistance by plants. This causes irreversible damage to the environment. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) emerged as a valuable biological alternative in pest control. However, insect resistance against Bt has been reported in many cases. Insects develop resistance to insecticides through mechanisms that reduce the binding of toxins to gut receptors. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanism of insect resistance is not fully understood. Therefore, it is important to study the mechanism of toxin resistance by analyzing amino-peptidase-N (APN) receptor of the insect M. sexta. A homology model of APN was constructed using Insight II molecular modeling software and the model was further evaluated using the PROCHECK program. Oligosaccharides participating in post translational modification were constructed and docked onto specific APN functional sites. Post analyses of the APN model provide insights on the functional properties of APN towards the understanding of receptor and toxin interactions. We also discuss the predicted binding sites for ligands, metals and Bt toxins in M. sexta APN receptor. These data help in the development of a roadmap for the design and synthesis of novel insect resistant Cry toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Singh
- Bioinformatics and Applied Division, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Deoghat, Jhalwa, Allahabad 211012, India
| | - CVS Sivaprasad
- Bioinformatics and Applied Division, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Deoghat, Jhalwa, Allahabad 211012, India
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11
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2003-2004. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:273-361. [PMID: 18825656 PMCID: PMC7168468 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2008] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the third update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings the topic to the end of 2004. Both fundamental studies and applications are covered. The main topics include methodological developments, matrices, fragmentation of carbohydrates and applications to large polymeric carbohydrates from plants, glycans from glycoproteins and those from various glycolipids. Other topics include the use of MALDI MS to study enzymes related to carbohydrate biosynthesis and degradation, its use in industrial processes, particularly biopharmaceuticals and its use to monitor products of chemical synthesis where glycodendrimers and carbohydrate-protein complexes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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12
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Ghosh K, Chandra K, Ojha AK, Islam SS. NMR and MALDI-TOF analysis of a water-soluble glucan from an edible mushroom, Volvariella diplasia. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2834-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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NMR and MALDI-TOFMS analysis of a heteroglycan isolated from hot water extract of edible mushroom, Volvariella bombycina. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2258-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Angelucci C, Barrett-Wilt GA, Hunt DF, Akhurst RJ, East PD, Gordon KH, Campbell PM. Diversity of aminopeptidases, derived from four lepidopteran gene duplications, and polycalins expressed in the midgut of Helicoverpa armigera: identification of proteins binding the delta-endotoxin, Cry1Ac of Bacillus thuringiensis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 38:685-96. [PMID: 18549954 PMCID: PMC2852237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Helicoverpa armigera midgut proteins that bind the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) delta-endotoxin Cry1Ac were purified by affinity chromatography. SDS-PAGE showed that several proteins were eluted with N-acetylgalactosamine and no further proteins were detected after elution with urea. Tandem mass spectral data for tryptic peptides initially indicated that the proteins resembled aminopeptidases (APNs) from other lepidopterans and cDNA sequences for seven APNs were isolated from H. armigera through a combination of cloning with primers derived from predicted peptide sequences and established EST libraries. Phylogenetic analysis showed lepidopteran APN genes in nine clades of which five were part of a lepidopteran-specific radiation. The Cry1Ac-binding proteins were then identified with four of the seven HaAPN genes. Three of those four APNs are likely orthologs of APNs characterised as Cry1Ac-binding proteins in other lepidopterans. The fourth Cry1Ac-binding APN has orthologs not previously identified as Cry1Ac-binding partners. The HaAPN genes were expressed predominantly in the midgut through larval development. Each showed consistent expression along the length of the midgut but five of the genes were expressed at levels about two orders of magnitude greater than the remaining two. The remaining mass spectral data identified sequences encoding polycalin proteins with multiple lipocalin-like domains. A polycalin has only been previously reported in another lepidopteran, Bombyx mori, but polycalins in both species are now linked with binding of Bt Cry toxins. This is the first report of hybrid, lipocalin-like domains in shorter polycalin sequences that are not present in the longest sequence. We propose that these hybrid domains are generated by alternative splicing of the mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Donald F. Hunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | | | - Peter D. East
- CSIRO Entomology, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Peter M. Campbell
- CSIRO Entomology, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +612 62464394; fax: +612 62464173. (P.M. Campbell)
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15
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Ghosh K, Chandra K, Roy SK, Mondal S, Maiti D, Das D, Ojha AK, Islam SS. Structural studies of a methyl galacturonosyl-methoxyxylan isolated from the stem of Lagenaria siceraria (Lau). Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:341-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Pigott CR, Ellar DJ. Role of receptors in Bacillus thuringiensis crystal toxin activity. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2007; 71:255-81. [PMID: 17554045 PMCID: PMC1899880 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00034-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis produces crystalline protein inclusions with insecticidal or nematocidal properties. These crystal (Cry) proteins determine a particular strain's toxicity profile. Transgenic crops expressing one or more recombinant Cry toxins have become agriculturally important. Individual Cry toxins are usually toxic to only a few species within an order, and receptors on midgut epithelial cells have been shown to be critical determinants of Cry specificity. The best characterized of these receptors have been identified for lepidopterans, and two major receptor classes have emerged: the aminopeptidase N (APN) receptors and the cadherin-like receptors. Currently, 38 different APNs have been reported for 12 different lepidopterans. Each APN belongs to one of five groups that have unique structural features and Cry-binding properties. While 17 different APNs have been reported to bind to Cry toxins, only 2 have been shown to mediate toxin susceptibly in vivo. In contrast, several cadherin-like proteins bind to Cry toxins and confer toxin susceptibility in vitro, and disruption of the cadherin gene has been associated with toxin resistance. Nonetheless, only a small subset of the lepidopteran-specific Cry toxins has been shown to interact with cadherin-like proteins. This review analyzes the interactions between Cry toxins and their receptors, focusing on the identification and validation of receptors, the molecular basis for receptor recognition, the role of the receptor in resistant insects, and proposed models to explain the sequence of events at the cell surface by which receptor binding leads to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Pigott
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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17
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Wuhrer M, Deelder AM. Negative-mode MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS of oligosaccharides labeled with 2-aminobenzamide. Anal Chem 2007; 77:6954-9. [PMID: 16255595 DOI: 10.1021/ac051117e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MALDI-TOF-MS of 2-aminobenzamide-labeled N-glycans was shown to allow the analysis of sodium adducts and proton adducts in the positive-ion mode as well as deprotonated species in the negative-ion mode from a single preparation spot, using N-glycans of adult worms of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni as model substances. Fragment ion analysis of these species was performed by MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. With laser-induced dissociation, sodium adducts and proton adducts mainly showed cleavage of glycosidic linkages. High-energy collision-induced dissociation of sodium adducts resulted in extensive cross-ring cleavages and provided information on linkage positions. Of particular value were the negative-mode MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS analyses of the deprotonated N-glycans, which featured (1) various ring fragmentations giving linkage information, (2) extensive (1,3)A cross-ring cleavage of mannoses carrying an antenna readily revealing the composition of the antenna, (3) D as well as [D-18]- ions providing specifically the composition of the 6-antenna, and (4) pronounced stability of fucose linkages resulting in detailed information on fucosylation positions. The outlined approach thus allows the acquisition of both heCID MS/MS spectra of sodium adducts and LID MS/MS spectra of deprotonated species from a 2-aminobenzamide-labeled N-glycan prepared in 6-aza-2-thiothymine, resulting in a wealth of structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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18
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Maslen SL, Goubet F, Adam A, Dupree P, Stephens E. Structure elucidation of arabinoxylan isomers by normal phase HPLC–MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS/MS. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:724-35. [PMID: 17208205 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 11/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Normal phase-high performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) tandem mass spectrometry is evaluated for the detailed structural characterization of various isomers of arabinoxylan (AX) oligosaccharides produced from endo-beta-(1-->4)-xylanase (endoxylanase) digestion of wheat AX. The fragmentation characteristics of these oligosaccharides upon MALDI-TOF/TOF high-energy collision induced dissociation (CID) were investigated using purified AX oligosaccharide standards labeled at the reducing end with 2-aminobenzoic acid (2-AA). A variety of cross-ring cleavages and 'elimination' ions in the fragment ion spectra provided extensive structural information, including Araf substitution patterns along the xylan backbone and comprehensive linkage assignment. The off-line coupling of this MALDI-CID technique to capillary normal phase HPLC enabled the separation and identification of isomeric oligosaccharides (DP 4-8) produced by endoxylanase digestion of AX. Furthermore, this technique was used to characterize structurally different isomeric AX oligosaccharides produced by endoxylanase enzymes with different substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Maslen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
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19
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Irungu J, Go EP, Dalpathado DS, Desaire H. Simplification of Mass Spectral Analysis of Acidic Glycopeptides Using GlycoPep ID. Anal Chem 2007; 79:3065-74. [PMID: 17348632 DOI: 10.1021/ac062100e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectral analysis is an increasingly common method used to characterize glycoproteins. When more than one glycosylation site is present on a protein, obtaining MS data of glycopeptides is a highly effective way of obtaining glycosylation information because this approach can be used to identify not only what the carbohydrates are but also at which glycosylation site they are attached. Unfortunately, this is not yet a routine analytical approach, in part because data analysis can be quite challenging. We are developing strategies to simplify this analysis. Presented herein is a novel mass spectrometry technique that identifies the peptide moiety of either sulfated, sialylated, or both sialylated and sulfated glycopeptides. This technique correlates product ions in collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments of suspected glycopeptides to a peptide composition using a newly developed web-based tool, GlycoPep ID. After identifying the peptide portion of glycopeptides with GlycoPep ID, the process of assigning the rest of the glycopeptide composition to the MS data is greatly facilitated because the "unknown" portion of the mass assignment that remains can be directly attributed to the carbohydrate component. Several examples of the utility and reliability of this method are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Irungu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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20
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Geyer H, Geyer R. Strategies for analysis of glycoprotein glycosylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1764:1853-69. [PMID: 17134948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins are known to exhibit multiple biological functions. In order to assign distinct functional properties to defined structural features, detailed information on the respective carbohydrate moieties is required. Chemical and biochemical analyses, however, are often impeded by the small amounts of sample available and the vast structural heterogeneity of these glycans, thus necessitating highly sensitive and efficient methods for detection, separation and structural investigation. The aim of this article is to briefly review suitable strategies for characterization of glycosylation at the levels of intact proteins, glycopeptides and free oligosaccharides. Furthermore, methods commonly used for isolation, fractionation and carbohydrate structure analysis of liberated glycoprotein glycans are discussed in the context of potential applications in glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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21
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Maslen S, Sadowski P, Adam A, Lilley K, Stephens E. Differentiation of Isomeric N-Glycan Structures by Normal-Phase Liquid Chromatography−MALDI-TOF/TOF Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2006; 78:8491-8. [PMID: 17165844 DOI: 10.1021/ac0614137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The detailed characterization of protein N-glycosylation is very demanding given the many different glycoforms and structural isomers that can exist on glycoproteins. Here we report a fast and sensitive method for the extensive structure elucidation of reducing-end labeled N-glycan mixtures using a combination of capillary normal-phase HPLC coupled off-line to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and TOF/TOF-MS/MS. Using this method, isobaric N-glycans released from honey bee phospholipase A2 and Arabidopsis thaliana glycoproteins were separated by normal-phase chromatography and subsequently identified by key fragment ions in the MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectra. In addition, linkage and branching information were provided by abundant cross-ring and "elimination" fragment ions in the MALDI-CID spectra that gave extensive structural information. Furthermore, the fragmentation characteristics of N-glycans reductively aminated with 2-aminobenzoic acid and 2-aminobenzamide were compared. The identification of N-glycans containing 3-linked core fucose was facilitated by distinctive ions present only in the MALDI-CID spectra of 2-aminobenzoic acid-labeled oligosaccharides. To our knowledge, this is the first MS/MS-based technique that allows confident identification of N-glycans containing 3-linked core fucose, which is a major allergenic determinant on insect and plant glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Maslen
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, UK CB2 1EW
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22
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Harrison RL, Jarvis DL. Protein N-glycosylation in the baculovirus-insect cell expression system and engineering of insect cells to produce "mammalianized" recombinant glycoproteins. Adv Virus Res 2006; 68:159-91. [PMID: 16997012 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3527(06)68005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus expression vectors are frequently used to express glycoproteins, a subclass of proteins that includes many products with therapeutic value. The insect cells that serve as hosts for baculovirus vector infection are capable of transferring oligosaccharide side chains (glycans) to the same sites in recombinant proteins as those that are used for native protein N-glycosylation in mammalian cells. However, while mammalian cells produce compositionally more complex N-glycans containing terminal sialic acids, insect cells mostly produce simpler N-glycans with terminal mannose residues. This structural difference between insect and mammalian N-glycans compromises the in vivo bioactivity of glycoproteins and can potentially induce allergenic reactions in humans. These features obviously compromise the biomedical value of recombinant glycoproteins produced in the baculovirus expression vector system. Thus, much effort has been expended to characterize the potential and limits of N-glycosylation in insect cell systems. Discoveries from this research have led to the engineering of insect N-glycosylation pathways for assembly of mammalian-style glycans on baculovirus-expressed glycoproteins. This chapter summarizes our knowledge of insect N-glycosylation pathways and describes efforts to engineer baculovirus vectors and insect cell lines to overcome the limits of insect cell glycosylation. In addition, we consider other possible strategies for improving glycosylation in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Harrison
- Insect Biocontrol Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Plant Sciences Institute, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
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23
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Cindrić M, Bindila L, Cepo T, Peter-Katalinić J. Mass Spectrometry-Based Glycoproteomic Approach Involving Lysine Derivatization for Structural Characterization of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:3066-76. [PMID: 17081058 DOI: 10.1021/pr060177d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-containing peptides comprising glycosylation sites derived from recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) by trypsin or Lys-C and PNGase F dual digestion were derivatized with 2-methoxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole and its deuterated analogues. In the same reaction, under reducing conditions (beta-mercaptoethanol), cysteines were converted into methyl-cysteines and lysines into Lys-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole. Both modifications on cysteines and lysines simplified the CID-MS/MS spectra, while preserving the structural information by yielding y-series ions and improved the mass spectral signal intensity up to 25 times. Moreover, by this approach, the N-glycan occupation sites were unambiguously determined. O-Glycosylation sites as well as O-glycan structures were determined by a LC-MS/MS experiment carried out on dually digested rHuEPO. N-Glycan mixture purified on a graphitized carbon column using a newly developed method that extracted only sialylated carbohydrates was analyzed first using MALDI-TOF in negative linear ion mode with low mass accuracy but without interferences and metastabile ions and then a reflectron with high mass accuracy. After defining the precursor ions, we performed the nanoESI QTOF MS/MS analysis on N-glycans, mainly targeting the distinction between carbohydrates with sialylated antennae and those lacking sialic acid moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cindrić
- Pliva-Research & Development Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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24
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Wuhrer M, Deelder AM. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in-source decay combined with tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry of permethylated oligosaccharides: targeted characterization of specific parts of the glycan structure. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:943-51. [PMID: 16470682 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) has been introduced in recent years as a valuable tool for the structural characterization of permethylated oligosaccharides. In this report, we describe the combination of MALDI in-source decay (ISD) with the subsequent TOF/TOF-MS analyses of specific fragments, allowing the detailed characterization of the selected part of the oligosaccharide molecule. Part of the second-generation fragment ions were different from those observed in conventional MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS experiments. Other fragments, which had already been observed in conventional MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS and again showed up in second-generation fragment analysis, could be assigned to specific parts of the molecule. Our approach disclosed different structural features of the oligosaccharides: due to permethylation, the glycosidic linkage fragments allowed the distinction between terminal, monosubstituted and disubstituted monosaccharides and indicated the oligosaccharide sequence. Moreover, substitution positions were deduced based on characteristic cross-ring fragmentation by high-energy collision-induced fragmentation. In conclusion, combination of MALDI-ISD with TOF/TOF-MS allows the detailed characterization of specific moieties of permethylated oligosaccharides and is, therefore, a powerful technique for structural glycomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Wuhrer
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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25
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Lee JJ, Dissanayake S, Panico M, Morris HR, Dell A, Haslam SM. Mass spectrometric characterisation of Taenia crassiceps metacestode N-glycans. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2005; 143:245-9. [PMID: 16024105 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Jang Lee
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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26
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Li JS, Li J. Characterization of N-linked oligosaccharides in chorion peroxidase of Aedes aegypti mosquito. Protein Sci 2005; 14:2370-86. [PMID: 16131661 PMCID: PMC2253460 DOI: 10.1110/ps.051419105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 06/05/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A peroxidase is present in the chorion of Aedes aegypti eggs and catalyzes chorion protein cross-linking during chorion hardening, which is critical for egg survival in the environment. The unique chorion peroxidase (CPO) is a glycoprotein. This study deals with the N-glycosylation site, structures, and profile of CPO-associated oligosaccharides using mass spectrometric techniques and enzymatic digestion. CPO was isolated from chorion by solubilization and several chromatographic methods. Mono-saccharide composition was analyzed by HPLC with fluorescent detection. Our data revealed that carbohydrate (D-mannose, N-acetyl D-glucosamine, D-arabinose, N-acetyl D-galactosamine, and L-fucose) accounted for 2.24% of the CPO molecular weight. A single N-glycosylation site (Asn328-Cys- Thr) was identified by tryptic peptide mapping and de novo sequencing of native and PNGase A-deglycosylated CPO using matrix-assisted laser/desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI/TOF/MS) and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The Asn328 was proven to be a major fully glycosylated site. Potential tryptic glycopeptides and profile were first assessed by MALDI/TOF/MS and then by precursor ion scanning during LC/MS/MS. The structures of N-linked oligosaccharides were elucidated from the MS/MS spectra of glycopeptides and exoglycosidase sequencing of PNGase A-released oligosaccharides. These CPO-associated oligosaccharides had dominant Man3GlcNAc2 and Man3 (Fuc) GlcNAc2 and high mannose-type structures (Man(4-8)GlcNAc2). The truncated structures, Man2GlcNAc2 and Man2 (Fuc) GlcNAc2, were also identified. Comparison of CPO activity and Stokes radius between native and deglycosylated CPO suggests that the N-linked oligosaccharides influence the enzyme activity by stabilizing its folded state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsuo S Li
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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27
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Goyal K, Pinelli C, Maslen SL, Rastogi RK, Stephens E, Tunnacliffe A. Dehydration-regulated processing of late embryogenesis abundant protein in a desiccation-tolerant nematode. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:4093-8. [PMID: 16023104 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins occur in desiccation-tolerant organisms, including the nematode Aphelenchus avenae, and are thought to protect other proteins from aggregation. Surprisingly, expression of the LEA protein AavLEA1 in A. avenae is partially discordant with that of its gene: protein is present in hydrated animals despite low cognate mRNA levels. Moreover, on desiccation, when its gene is upregulated, AavLEA1 is specifically cleaved to discrete, smaller polypeptides. A processing activity was found in protein extracts of dehydrated, but not hydrated, nematodes, and main cleavage sites were mapped to 11-mer repeated motifs in the AavLEA1 sequence. Processed polypeptides retain function as protein anti-aggregants and we hypothesise that the expression pattern and cleavage of LEA protein allow rapid, maximal availability of active molecules to the dehydrating animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshamata Goyal
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QT, UK
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28
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Abstract
Although mass spectrometry (MS)-based protein identification is a straightforward task, the characterization of most posttranslational modifications still represents a challenge. N-glycosylation with its well known consensus sequence, common core structure, and "universally" active endoglycosidase seems to belong to the easier category. In this chapter, MS methods for the analysis of N-glycosylated proteins are reviewed. In particular, LC-MS analysis of glycoprotein digests is discussed in detail. The examples included in this chapter illustrate the improved detection sensitivities achieved during the last decade. The characterization of site heterogeneity and of site occupancy is addressed. Low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation of N-linked glycopeptides and their sodium-adducts is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin F Medzihradszky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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