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Cao Q, Rediske RR, Yao L, Xie L. Effect of microcystins on root growth, oxidative response, and exudation of rice (Oryza sativa). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 149:143-149. [PMID: 29156306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 30 days indoor hydroponic experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of microcystins (MCs) on rice root morphology and exudation, as well as bioaccumulation of MCs in rice. MCs were bioaccumulated in rice with the greatest concentrations being observed in the leaves (113.68μgg-1 Fresh weight (FW)) when exposed to 500μgL-1 MCs. Root activity at 500μgL-1 decreased 37%, compared to the control. MCs also induced disruption of the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation in rice roots. Root growth was significantly inhibited by MCs. Root weight, length; surface area and volume were significantly decreased, as well as crown root number and lateral root number. After 30 days exposure to MCs, an increase was found in tartaric acid and malic acid while the other organic acids were not affected. Glycine, tyrosine, and glutamate were the only amino acids stimulated at MCs concentrations of 500μgL-1. Similarly, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and carbohydrate at 50 and 500μgL-1 treatments were significantly increased. The increase of DOC and carbohydrate in root exudates was due to rice root membrane permeability changes induced by MCs. Overall, this study indicated that MCs significantly inhibited rice root growth and affected root exudation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Richard R Rediske
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Lei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Sheremet YA, Emets AI, Azmi A, Vissenberg K, Verbelen JP, Blume YB. Effect of serine/threonine protein kinases and protein phosphatases inhibitors on mitosis progression in a synchronized tobacco BY-2 culture. CYTOL GENET+ 2012. [DOI: 10.3103/s009545271202003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rasmussen CG, Sun B, Smith LG. Tangled localization at the cortical division site of plant cells occurs by several mechanisms. J Cell Sci 2010; 124:270-9. [PMID: 21172800 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.073676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
TANGLED (TAN) is the founding member of a family of plant-specific proteins required for correct orientation of the division plane. Arabidopsis thaliana TAN is localized before prophase until the end of cytokinesis at the cortical division site (CDS), where it appears to help guide the cytokinetic apparatus towards the cortex. We show that TAN is actively recruited to the CDS by distinct mechanisms before and after preprophase band (PPB) disassembly. Colocalization with the PPB is mediated by one region of TAN, whereas another region mediates its recruitment to the CDS during cytokinesis. This second region binds directly to POK1, a kinesin that is required for TAN localization. Although this region of TAN is recruited to the CDS during cytokinesis without first colocalizing with the PPB, pharmacological evidence indicates that the PPB is nevertheless required for both early and late localization of TAN at the CDS. Finally, we show that phosphatase activity is required for maintenance of early but not late TAN localization at the CDS. We propose a new model in which TAN is actively recruited to the CDS by several mechanisms, indicating that the CDS is dynamically modified from prophase through to the completion of cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn G Rasmussen
- University of California, San Diego, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA.
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Sheremet YA, Yemets AI, Verbelen JP, Blume YB. The effect of okadaic acid on Arabidopsis thaliana root morphology and microtubule organization in its cells. CYTOL GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452709010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yemets A, Sheremet Y, Blume YB. Does tubulin phosphorylation correlate with cell death in plant cells? BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2005; 5:S36. [PMCID: PMC1810284 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-5-s1-s36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alla Yemets
- Department of Genomics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str., 148, Kiev, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Yarina Sheremet
- Department of Genomics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str., 148, Kiev, 03143, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav B Blume
- Department of Genomics and Biotechnology, Institute of Cell Biology and Genetic Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolotnogo str., 148, Kiev, 03143, Ukraine
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Dynamic Behavior of Microtubules and Vacuoles at M/G1 Interface Observed in Living Tobacco BY-2 Cells. TOBACCO BY-2 CELLS 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-10572-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Azimzadeh J, Traas J, Pastuglia M. Molecular aspects of microtubule dynamics in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2001; 4:513-519. [PMID: 11641067 DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are highly dynamic structures that play a major role in a wide range of processes, including cell morphogenesis, cell division, intracellular transport and signaling. The recent identification in plants of proteins involved in microtubule organization has begun to reveal how cytoskeleton dynamics are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Azimzadeh
- Station de Génétique et Amélioration des Plantes, INRA, Route de Saint Cyr, 78026 Cedex, Versailles, France
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John PC, Mews M, Moore R. Cyclin/Cdk complexes: their involvement in cell cycle progression and mitotic division. PROTOPLASMA 2001; 216:119-142. [PMID: 11732181 DOI: 10.1007/bf02673865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication and mitosis are dependent on the activity of cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK) enzymes, which are heterodimers of a catalytic subunit with a cyclin subunit. Cyclin binding to specific individual proteins is thought to provide potential substrates to Cdk. Protein binding by cyclins is assessed in terms of its mechanisms and biological significance, using evidence from diverse organisms including substrate specificity in animal Cdk enzymes containing D-, A-, and B-type cyclins and extensive cyclin gene manipulations in yeasts. Assembly of protein complexes with cyclin/Cdk is noted and the capacity of the cyclin-dependent kinase subunit Cks, in such complex, to extend the range of Cdk substrates is documented and discussed in terms of cell cycle regulation. Cell cycle progression involves changing abundance of individual cyclins, due to changing rates of their transcription or proteolysis, with consequent changes in the substrates of CDK through the cell cycle. Some overlap of the functions of individual cyclins in vivo has been identified by cyclin deletions and is suggested to follow a pattern in which cyclins can commonly complete functions initiated by the preceding cyclins well enough to preserve viability as groups of cyclins are removed by proteolysis. Cyclin accumulation is particularly important in terminating the G1 phase, when it raises CDK activity and starts events leading to DNA replication. It is suggested that plants share this mechanism. The distribution of cyclins and Cdk in maize root tip cells during mitosis and cytokinesis indicates the presence of Cdk1 (Cdc2a) and cyclin CycB1zm;2 at the mature and disassembling preprophase band and the presence of CycB1zm;2 at condensing and condensed chromosomes. Both observations correlate with the earlier-reported capacity of injected metaphase cyclin/CDK to accelerate preprophase band disassembly and chromosome condensation and with observations of the location of Cdk and cyclins in other laboratories. Additionally CycB1zm;2 is seen at the nuclear envelope during its breakdown, which correlates with an acceleration of the process by injected metaphase cyclin B/CDK. A phenomenon possibly unique to the plant kingdom is the persistence of mitotic cyclins after anaphase. Participation of cyclins in cytokinesis is indicated by the concentration of the mitotic cyclin CycA1;zm;1 at the phragmoplast. It is suggested that cyclins have a general function of spatially focusing Cdk activity and that in the plant cell the concentrations of cyclins are important mediators of CDK activity at the cytoskeleton, chromosomes, spindle, nuclear envelope, and phragmoplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C John
- Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Riou-Khamlichi C, Menges M, Healy JM, Murray JA. Sugar control of the plant cell cycle: differential regulation of Arabidopsis D-type cyclin gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:4513-21. [PMID: 10848578 PMCID: PMC85832 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.13.4513-4521.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In most plants, sucrose is the major transported carbon source. Carbon source availability in the form of sucrose is likely to be a major determinant of cell division, and mechanisms must exist for sensing sugar levels and mediating appropriate control of the cell cycle. We show that sugar availability plays a major role during the G(1) phase by controlling the expression of CycD cyclins in Arabidopsis. CycD2 mRNA levels increase within 30 min of the addition of sucrose; CycD3 is induced after 4 h. This corresponds to induction of CycD2 expression early in G(1) and CycD3 expression in late G(1) near the S-phase boundary. CycD2 and CycD3 induction is independent both of progression to a specific point in the cell cycle and of protein synthesis. Protein kinase activity of CycD2- and CycD3-containing cyclin-dependent kinases is consistent with the observed regulation of their mRNA levels. CycD2 and CycD3 therefore act as direct mediators of the presence of sugar in cell cycle commitment. CycD3, but not CycD2, expression responds to hormones, for which we show that the presence of sugars is required. Finally, protein phosphatases are shown to be involved in regulating CycD2 and CycD3 induction. We propose that control of CycD2 and CycD3 by sucrose forms part of cell cycle control in response to cellular carbohydrate status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Riou-Khamlichi
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Lin Q, Buckler ES, Muse SV, Walker JC. Molecular evolution of type 1 serine/threonine protein phosphatases. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1999; 12:57-66. [PMID: 10222161 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1998.0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 serine/threonine protein phosphatases (PP1s) play key roles in many cellular processes. To understand the evolutionary relationships among PP1s from various kingdoms and to provide a valid basis to evaluate the structure-function relationships of these phosphatases, 44 PP1 sequences were aligned, revealing a high sequence similarity among PP1 homologs. About one-third of the total amino acids are conserved in all the sequences studied. Most of these conserved amino acids are located within a 270-amino-acid core region. They include most sites critical to the activity and regulation of PP1s based on three-dimensional structural studies of mammalian PP1s. Positional variation analysis using a sliding window approach revealed two variable blocks in the 270-amino-acid core region. The major variable block corresponds to a subdomain composed of three alpha-helices (alphaG, alphaH, and alphaI) and three beta-sheets (beta7, beta8, and beta9). Phylogenetic analyses suggested that plant and animal PP1s form distinct monophyletic groups. The plant PP1 family contains several subgroups that may be older than the monocot-dicot divergence. In the animal PP1 family, different vertebrate isoforms appear to form distinct subgroups. Relative substitution rate studies indicated that plant PP1s are more diverse than animal PP1s, with an average substitution rate 1.5 times as large as that of animal PP1s. The possible involvement of PP1s in the establishment of multicellularity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Lin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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Mineyuki Y. The Preprophase Band of Microtubules: Its Function as a Cytokinetic Apparatus in Higher Plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Vaughn KC, Harper JD. Microtubule-organizing centers and nucleating sites in land plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1998; 181:75-149. [PMID: 9522456 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) are morphologically diverse cellular sites involved in the nucleation and organization of microtubules (MTs). These structures are synonymous with the centrosome in mammalian cells. In most land plant cells, however, no such structures are observed and some have argued that plant cells may not have MTOCs. This review summarizes a number of experimental approaches toward the elucidation of those subcellular sites involved in microtubule nucleation and organization. In lower land plants, structurally well-defined MTOCs are present, such as the blepharoplast, multilayered structure, and polar organizer. In higher plants, much of the nucleation and organization of MTs occurs on the nuclear envelope or other endomembranes, such as the plasmalemma and smooth (tubular) endoplasmic reticulum. In some instances, one endomembrane may serve as a site of nucleation whereas others serve as the site of organization. Structural and motor microtubule-associated proteins also appear to be involved in MT nucleation and organization. Immunochemical evidence indicates that at least several of the proteins found in mammalian centrosomes, gamma-tubulin, centrin, pericentrin, and polypeptides recognized by the monoclonal antibodies MPM-2, 6C6, and C9 also recognize putative lower land plant MTOCs, indicating shared mechanisms of nucleation/organization in plants and animals. The most recent data from tubulin incorporation in vivo, mutants with altered MT organization, and molecular studies indicate the potential of these research tools in investigation of MTOCs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Vaughn
- Southern Weed Science Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA
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Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins by phosphorylation is a universal mechanism for regulating diverse biological functions. Recognition that many cellular proteins are reversibly phosphorylated in response to external stimuli or intracellular signals has generated an ongoing interest in identifying and characterizing plant protein kinases and protein phosphatases that modulate the phosphorylation status of proteins. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the structure, regulation, and function of plant protein phosphatases. Three major classes of enzymes have been reported in plants that are homologues of the mammalian type-1, -2A, and -2C protein serine/threonine phosphatases. Molecular genetic and biochemical studies reveal a role for some of these enzymes in signal transduction, cell cycle progression, and hormonal regulation. Studies also point to the presence of additional phosphatases in plants that are unrelated to these major classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Smith
- AgBiotech Center, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903-0231, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Abstract
Cortical microtubule arrays in plants are involved in many morphogenetically important processes. Recent analog cytochemical and immunolocalization experiments have provided new insights into the temporal and spatial dynamics of cortical microtubules. Current data suggest that the arrangement of these arrays is modulated by cell cycle and signal transduction elements, including calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Cyr
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Abstract
Particles that can nucleate microtubules in vitro have been isolated from higher plant cells. Observations of living cells injected with fluorescent probes have improved our understanding of plant cytoskeleton dynamics. Despite growing recognition of the need for biochemical studies on cytoskeleton-associated proteins, little progress has been made in this field in the past year, although plant lamins have been isolated and partially characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shibaoka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Osaka University, Japan
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