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Yamamura Y, Mabuchi A. Functional characterization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase encoding genes from Scoparia dulcis L. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2020; 61:6. [PMID: 32124148 PMCID: PMC7052086 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-020-00284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most plant cytochrome P450 (P450) proteins need to be supplied with electrons from a redox partner, e.g. an NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), for the activation of oxygen molecules via heme. CPR is a flavoprotein with an N-terminal transmembrane domain, which transfers electrons from NADPH to the P450 via coenzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide. RESULTS In this study, a novel CPR (SdCPR) was isolated from a tropical medicinal plant Scoparia dulcis L. The deduced amino acid of SdCPR showed high homology of > 76% with CPR from higher plants and belonged to the class II CPRs of dicots. Recombinant SdCPR protein reduced cytochrome c, ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6), and dichlorophenolindophenol in an NADPH-dependent manner. To elucidate the P450 monooxygenase activity of SdCPR, we isolated a cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (SdC4H, CYP73A111) gene from S. dulcis. Biochemical characterization of SdCPR/SdC4H demonstrated that SdCPR supports the oxidation step of SdC4H. Real-time qPCR results showed that expression levels of SdCPR and SdC4H were inducible by mechanical wounding treatment and phytohormone elicitation (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid), which were consistent with the results of promotor analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the SdCPR and SdC4H are related to defense reactions, including the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Yamamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Mabuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Matekalo D, Skorić M, Nikolić T, Novaković L, Lukić M, Božunović J, Aničić N, Filipović B, Mišić D. Organ-specific and genotype-dependent constitutive biosynthesis of secoiridoid glucosides in Centaurium erythraea Rafn, and its elicitation with methyl jasmonate. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 155:69-82. [PMID: 30077897 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While bioactive properties of Centaurium erythraea Rafn secoiridoid glucosides (SG) are widely recognized, many aspects related to their biochemistry, metabolism and relationship to the overall plant physiology are not yet understood. Here we present for the first time an insight into the molecular background of organ-specific and genotype-dependent constitutive biosynthesis of secoiridoids in C. erythraea, by comparing chemical profiles and secoiridoid glucosides-related gene expression. Genes encoding enzymes for intermediate steps of secoiridoids biosynthesis up to secologanin have been identified by analysing transcriptomic data from C. erythraea leaves. Results suggest an organ-specific capacity for the production and accumulation of secoiridoid glucosides, and highlight leaves as the main biosynthesis site. They also point out that significant differences in SG content among various C. erythraea genotypes, are, at least partially, determined by different expression patterns of SG-related genes. The biosynthesis of SG in C. erythraea leaves is enhanced upon treatments with methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which causes reprogramming of SG-related gene expression, leading to an increased production of valuable bioactive compounds. The present study unveiled several rate-limiting genes (encoding GES, G8O, 8HGO, IS and 7DLGT) in SG biosynthesis. SLS and CPR are highlighted as important genes/enzymes that might regulate biosynthetic flux through SG pathway. Information gathered within this study will help us gain deeper insight into the SG metabolism and develop strategies for enhanced biosynthesis of specific secoiridoid glucosides in homologous or heterologous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Matekalo
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marijana Skorić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tijana Nikolić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lazar Novaković
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milana Lukić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Takovska 43, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Božunović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Aničić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Filipović
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Mišić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia
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Tsou CY, Matsunaga S, Okada S. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase from the green microalga Botryococcus braunii, B race. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 125:30-37. [PMID: 28818427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The green microalga Botryococcus braunii of the B race accumulates various lipophilic compounds containing a 10,11-oxidosqualene epoxide moiety in addition to large amounts of triterpene hydrocarbons. While 2,3-squalene epoxidases have already been isolated and characterized from the alga, the enzyme that catalyzes the 10,11-epoxidation of squalene has remained elusive. In order to obtain a molecular tool to explore a 10,11-squalene epoxidase, cDNA cloning of an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) that is required by both squalene epoxidases and cytochrome P450 enzymes was carried out. The isolated cDNA contained an open reading frame (1998 bp) that encoded for a protein with 665 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 71.46 kDa and a theoretical pI of 5.49. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed the presence of conserved motifs, including FMN, FAD, and NADPH binding domains, which are typical of other CPRs and necessary for enzyme activity. By truncation of the N-terminal transmembrane anchor and addition of a 6× His-tag, BbCPR was heterologously produced in Escherichia coli and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. The purified recombinant enzyme showed optimal reducing activity of cytochrome c at around a neutral pH at a temperature range of 30-37°C. For steady state kinetic parameters, the recombinant enzyme had a km for cytochrome c and NADPH of 11.7±1.6 and 9.4±1.4 μM, and a kcat for cytochrome c and NADPH of 2.78±0.09 and 3.66±0.11 μmol/min/mg protein, respectively. This is the first study to perform the functional characterization of a CPR from eukaryotic microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yau Tsou
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural & Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural & Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Shigeru Okada
- Laboratory of Aquatic Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural & Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review We provide an overview of the current knowledge on cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism organized as metabolons and factors that facilitate their stabilization. Essential parameters will be discussed including those that are commonly disregarded using the dhurrin metabolon from Sorghum bicolor as a case study. Recent Findings Sessile plants control their metabolism to prioritize their resources between growth and development, or defense. This requires fine-tuned complex dynamic regulation of the metabolic networks involved. Within the recent years, numerous studies point to the formation of dynamic metabolons playing a major role in controlling the metabolic fluxes within such networks. Summary We propose that P450s and their partners interact and associate dynamically with POR, which acts as a charging station possibly in concert with Cytb5. Solvent environment, lipid composition, and non-catalytic proteins guide metabolon formation and thereby activity, which have important implications for synthetic biology approaches aiming to produce high-value specialized metabolites in heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Etienne Bassard
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
- Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-1799 Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Tomas Laursen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Center for Synthetic Biology, VILLUM Research Center “Plant Plasticity,” Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen Denmark
- Feedstocks Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
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Evolution of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases (POR) in Apiales - POR 1 is missing. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 98:21-8. [PMID: 26854662 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is the obligate electron donor to eukaryotic microsomal cytochromes P450 enzymes. The number of PORs within plant species is limited to one to four isoforms, with the most common being two PORs per plant. These enzymes provide electrons to a huge number of different cytochromes P450s (from 50 to several hundred within one plant). Within the eudicotyledons, PORs can be divided into two major clades, POR 1 and POR 2. Based on our own sequencing analysis and publicly available data, we have identified 45 PORs from the angiosperm order Apiales. These were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis along with 237 other publicly available (NCBI and oneKP) POR sequences found within the clade Asterids. Here, we show that the order Apiales only harbor members of the POR 2 clade, which are further divided into two distinct subclades. This is in contrast to most other eudicotyledon orders that have both POR 1 and POR 2. This suggests that through gene duplications and one gene deletion, Apiales only contain members of the POR 2 clade. Three POR 2 isoforms from Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae, were all full-length in an Illumina root transcriptome dataset (available from the SRA at NCBI). All three genes were shown to be functional upon reconstitution into nanodiscs, confirming that none of the isoforms are pseudogenes.
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Šiler B, Mišić D. Biologically Active Compounds from the Genus Centaurium s.l. (Gentianaceae). STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63601-0.00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Rana S, Lattoo SK, Dhar N, Razdan S, Bhat WW, Dhar RS, Vishwakarma R. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase: molecular cloning and functional characterization of two paralogs from Withania somnifera (L.) dunal. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57068. [PMID: 23437311 PMCID: PMC3578826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, a highly reputed medicinal plant, synthesizes a large array of steroidal lactone triterpenoids called withanolides. Although its chemical profile and pharmacological activities have been studied extensively during the last two decades, limited attempts have been made to decipher the biosynthetic route and identification of key regulatory genes involved in withanolide biosynthesis. Cytochrome P450 reductase is the most imperative redox partner of multiple P450s involved in primary and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. We describe here the cloning and characterization of two paralogs of cytochrome P450 reductase from W. somnifera. The full length paralogs of WsCPR1 and WsCPR2 have open reading frames of 2058 and 2142 bp encoding 685 and 713 amino acid residues, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that grouping of dual CPRs was in accordance with class I and class II of eudicotyledon CPRs. The corresponding coding sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins, purified and characterized. Recombinant proteins of both the paralogs were purified with their intact membrane anchor regions and it is hitherto unreported for other CPRs which have been purified from microsomal fraction. Southern blot analysis suggested that two divergent isoforms of CPR exist independently in Withania genome. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that both genes were widely expressed in leaves, stalks, roots, flowers and berries with higher expression level of WsCPR2 in comparison to WsCPR1. Similar to CPRs of other plant species, WsCPR1 was un-inducible while WsCPR2 transcript level increased in a time-dependent manner after elicitor treatments. High performance liquid chromatography of withanolides extracted from elicitor-treated samples showed a significant increase in two of the key withanolides, withanolide A and withaferin A, possibly indicating the role of WsCPR2 in withanolide biosynthesis. Present investigation so far is the only report of characterization of CPR paralogs from W. somnifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satiander Rana
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Surrinder K. Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Niha Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Sumeer Razdan
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Wajid Waheed Bhat
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Rekha S. Dhar
- Plant Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
| | - Ram Vishwakarma
- Medicinal Chemistry, Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR), Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, India
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Huang FC, Sung PH, Do YY, Huang PL. Differential expression and functional characterization of the NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase genes from Nothapodytes foetida. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 190:16-23. [PMID: 22608516 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Three unique NADPH:cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) cDNAs have been isolated from a Nothapodytes foetida cDNA library and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis showed that NfCPR1 is a class I isoform, whereas NfCPR2 and NfCPR3 are class II isoforms. Both NfCPR1 and NfCPR2 transcripts were detected in all examined organs of N. foetida, with the highest level for NfCPR1 being in the seeds whereas for NfCPR2 predominantly in leaves. In contrast, NfCPR3 transcripts were only detected in flower buds and seeds at almost equal expression levels. Moreover, NfCPR1 expression did not change during wounding treatment, whereas NfCPR2 and NfCPR3 were induced in response to wounding. Microsomes isolated from insect cells co-expressing NfCPR2 and cytochrome P450 enzyme geraniol 10-hydroxylase (G10H) enhanced the production of eriodictyol from naringenin approximately 11-fold relative to control G10H-only insect cells, indicating the supportive role of NfCPR2 for G10H activity in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Chin Huang
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
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