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Chen Z, Wang Y, Huang R, Zhang Z, Huang J, Yu F, Lin Y, Guo Y, Liang K, Zhou Y, Chen F. Integration of transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveals several levels of metabolic regulation in the excess starch and early senescent leaf mutant lses1 in rice. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:137. [PMID: 35321646 PMCID: PMC8941791 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The normal metabolism of transitory starch in leaves plays an important role in ensuring photosynthesis, delaying senescence and maintaining high yield in crops. OsCKI1 (casein kinase I1) plays crucial regulatory roles in multiple important physiological processes, including root development, hormonal signaling and low temperature-treatment adaptive growth in rice; however, its potential role in regulating temporary starch metabolism or premature leaf senescence remains unclear. To reveal the molecular regulatory mechanism of OsCKI1 in rice leaves, physiological, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of leaves of osckI1 allele mutant lses1 (leaf starch excess and senescence 1) and its wild-type varieties (WT) were performed. RESULTS Phenotypic identification and physiological measurements showed that the lses1 mutant exhibited starch excess in the leaves and an obvious leaf tip withering phenotype as well as high ROS and MDA contents, low chlorophyll content and protective enzyme activities compared to WT. The correlation analyses between protein and mRNA abundance are weak or limited. However, the changes of several important genes related to carbohydrate metabolism and apoptosis at the mRNA and protein levels were consistent. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network might play accessory roles in promoting premature senescence of lses1 leaves. Comprehensive transcriptomic and proteomic analysis indicated that multiple key genes/proteins related to starch and sugar metabolism, apoptosis and ABA signaling exhibited significant differential expression. Abnormal increase in temporary starch was highly correlated with the expression of starch biosynthesis-related genes, which might be the main factor that causes premature leaf senescence and changes in multiple metabolic levels in leaves of lses1. In addition, four proteins associated with ABA accumulation and signaling, and three CKI potential target proteins related to starch biosynthesis were up-regulated in the lses1 mutant, suggesting that LSES1 may affect temporary starch accumulation and premature leaf senescence through phosphorylation crosstalk ABA signaling and starch anabolic pathways. CONCLUSION The current study established the high correlation between the changes in physiological characteristics and mRNA and protein expression profiles in lses1 leaves, and emphasized the positive effect of excessive starch on accelerating premature leaf senescence. The expression patterns of genes/proteins related to starch biosynthesis and ABA signaling were analyzed via transcriptomes and proteomes, which provided a novel direction and research basis for the subsequent exploration of the regulation mechanism of temporary starch and apoptosis via LSES1/OsCKI1 in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- Postdoctoral Station of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Rongyu Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Zesen Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Jinpeng Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yaohai Lin
- College of Computer and Information Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuchun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Kangjing Liang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Yuanchang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
| | - Fangyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization of Crops, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Breeding by Design, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, China.
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Brunetti C, Gori A, Marino G, Latini P, Sobolev AP, Nardini A, Haworth M, Giovannelli A, Capitani D, Loreto F, Taylor G, Mugnozza GS, Harfouche A, Centritto M. Dynamic changes in ABA content in water-stressed Populus nigra: effects on carbon fixation and soluble carbohydrates. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:627-644. [PMID: 30715123 PMCID: PMC6821382 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hydraulic and chemical signals operate in tandem to regulate systemic plant responses to drought. Transport of abscisic acid (ABA) through the xylem and phloem from the root to shoot has been suggested to serve as the main signal of water deficit. There is evidence that ABA and its ABA-glycosyl-ester (ABA-GE) are also formed in leaves and stems through the chloroplastic 2-C-methylerythritol-5-phosphate (MEP) pathway. This study aimed to evaluate how hormonal and hydraulic signals contribute to optimize stomatal (gs), mesophyll (gm) and leaf hydraulic (Kleaf) conductance under well-watered and water-stressed conditions in Populus nigra (black poplar) plants. In addition, we assessed possible relationships between ABA and soluble carbohydrates within the leaf and stem. METHODS Plants were subjected to three water treatments: well-watered (WW), moderate stress (WS1) and severe stress (WS2). This experimental set-up enabled a time-course analysis of the response to water deficit at the physiological [leaf gas exchange, plant water relations, (Kleaf)], biochemical (ABA and its metabolite/catabolite quantification in xylem sap, leaves, wood, bark and roots) and molecular (gene expression of ABA biosynthesis) levels. KEY RESULTS Our results showed strong coordination between gs, gm and Kleaf under water stress, which reduced transpiration and increased intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEint). Analysis of gene expression of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) and ABA content in different tissues showed a general up-regulation of the biosynthesis of this hormone and its finely-tuned catabolism in response to water stress. Significant linear relationships were found between soluble carbohydrates and ABA contents in both leaves and stems, suggesting a putative function for this hormone in carbohydrate mobilization under severe water stress. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the tight regulation of the photosynthetic machinery by levels of ABA in different plants organs on a daily basis in both well-watered and water stress conditions to optimize WUEint and coordinate whole plant acclimation responses to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- University of Florence, Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marino
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Paolo Latini
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Anatoly P Sobolev
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo (Roma), Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Matthew Haworth
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Alessio Giovannelli
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Donatella Capitani
- Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo (Roma), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy
| | - Gail Taylor
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California-Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Antoine Harfouche
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Trees and Timber Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
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Geilfus CM, Ludwig-Müller J, Bárdos G, Zörb C. Early response to salt ions in maize (Zea mays L.). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 220:173-180. [PMID: 29195231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates leaf growth and transpiration rate of plants exposed to salt stress. Despite the known fact that cell dehydration is instrumental for the modulation of ABA concentrations when NaCl is high in the external environment, it was never tested as to whether sodium (Na) or chlorine (Cl) also modulate ABA concentrations. To answer this question, a hydroponic study on maize (Zea mays) was established, by exposing plants to 50mM of sodium glucosamide or glucosamine chloride. The effect of both ions on ABA was investigated in an early stage before (i) the salt ions accumulated to toxic tissue concentrations and before (ii) cells dehydrated. This allowed studying early responses to Na and Cl separately, well before plants were stressed by these ions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used to quantify ABA concentrations in roots and in leaves after a period of 2h after ion application. The transcript abundance of the key regulatory enzyme of the biosynthesis of ABA in maize, the 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene viviparous 14, was quantified via real-time quantitative-reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction. The results reveal that Cl and Na induce the increase of leaf tissue ABA concentrations at two hours after plants were exposed to 50mM of the ions. Surprisingly, this effect was more pronounced in response to the Cl component. The increase in the guard-cell regulating ABA concentration correlated with a reduced transpiration. Mainly because of this result we suggest that the early accumulation of ABA is useful in maintaining cell turgor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- Controlled Environment Horticulture, Faculty of Life Sciences, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Lentzeallee, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jutta Ludwig-Müller
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, D-01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gyöngyi Bárdos
- Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Zörb
- Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 25, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Sellaro R, Pacín M, Casal JJ. Meta-Analysis of the Transcriptome Reveals a Core Set of Shade-Avoidance Genes in Arabidopsis. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:692-702. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Sellaro
- IFEVA; Facultad de Agronomía; Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Manuel Pacín
- IFEVA; Facultad de Agronomía; Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jorge J. Casal
- IFEVA; Facultad de Agronomía; Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir; Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires-CONICET; Buenos Aires Argentina
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Thalmann M, Santelia D. Starch as a determinant of plant fitness under abiotic stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:943-951. [PMID: 28277621 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Contents 943 I. 943 II. 944 III. 945 IV. 945 V. 948 VI. 949 950 References 950 SUMMARY: Abiotic stresses, such as drought, high salinity and extreme temperatures, pose one of the most important constraints to plant growth and productivity in many regions of the world. A number of investigations have shown that plants, including several important crops, remobilize their starch reserve to release energy, sugars and derived metabolites to help mitigate the stress. This is an essential process for plant fitness with important implications for plant productivity under challenging environmental conditions. In this Tansley insight, we evaluate the current literature on starch metabolism in response to abiotic stresses, and discuss the key enzymes involved and how they are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Thalmann
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, Zürich, 8008, Switzerland
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Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the "classical" plant hormones, i.e. discovered at least 50 years ago, that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. This chapter reviews our current understanding of ABA synthesis, metabolism, transport, and signal transduction, emphasizing knowledge gained from studies of Arabidopsis. A combination of genetic, molecular and biochemical studies has identified nearly all of the enzymes involved in ABA metabolism, almost 200 loci regulating ABA response, and thousands of genes regulated by ABA in various contexts. Some of these regulators are implicated in cross-talk with other developmental, environmental or hormonal signals. Specific details of the ABA signaling mechanisms vary among tissues or developmental stages; these are discussed in the context of ABA effects on seed maturation, germination, seedling growth, vegetative stress responses, stomatal regulation, pathogen response, flowering, and senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 Address
- correspondence to e-mail:
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Cominelli E, Galbiati M, Albertini A, Fornara F, Conti L, Coupland G, Tonelli C. DOF-binding sites additively contribute to guard cell-specificity of AtMYB60 promoter. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:162. [PMID: 22088138 PMCID: PMC3248575 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that the Arabidopsis thaliana AtMYB60 protein is an R2R3MYB transcription factor required for stomatal opening. AtMYB60 is specifically expressed in guard cells and down-regulated at the transcriptional levels by the phytohormone ABA. RESULTS To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing AtMYB60 expression, its promoter was dissected through deletion and mutagenesis analyses. By studying different versions of AtMYB60 promoter::GUS reporter fusions in transgenic plants we were able to demonstrate a modular organization for the AtMYB60 promoter. Particularly we defined: a minimal promoter sufficient to confer guard cell-specific activity to the reporter gene; the distinct roles of different DOF-binding sites organised in a cluster in the minimal promoter in determining guard cell-specific expression; the promoter regions responsible for the enhancement of activity in guard cells; a promoter region responsible for the negative transcriptional regulation by ABA. Moreover from the analysis of single and multiple mutants we could rule out the involvement of a group of DOF proteins, known as CDFs, already characterised for their involvement in flowering time, in the regulation of AtMYB60 expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings shed light on the regulation of gene expression in guard cells and provide new promoter modules as useful tools for manipulating gene expression in guard cells, both for physiological studies and future biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cominelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Galbiati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Albertini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Fornara
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Lucio Conti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- Fondazione Filarete, Milano, Italy
| | - George Coupland
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chiara Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Wang RS, Pandey S, Li S, Gookin TE, Zhao Z, Albert R, Assmann SM. Common and unique elements of the ABA-regulated transcriptome of Arabidopsis guard cells. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:216. [PMID: 21554708 PMCID: PMC3115880 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the presence of drought and other desiccating stresses, plants synthesize and redistribute the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA). ABA promotes plant water conservation by acting on specialized cells in the leaf epidermis, guard cells, which border and regulate the apertures of stomatal pores through which transpirational water loss occurs. Following ABA exposure, solute uptake into guard cells is rapidly inhibited and solute loss is promoted, resulting in inhibition of stomatal opening and promotion of stomatal closure, with consequent plant water conservation. There is a wealth of information on the guard cell signaling mechanisms underlying these rapid ABA responses. To investigate ABA regulation of gene expression in guard cells in a systematic genome-wide manner, we analyzed data from global transcriptomes of guard cells generated with Affymetrix ATH1 microarrays, and compared these results to ABA regulation of gene expression in leaves and other tissues. Results The 1173 ABA-regulated genes of guard cells identified by our study share significant overlap with ABA-regulated genes of other tissues, and are associated with well-defined ABA-related promoter motifs such as ABREs and DREs. However, we also computationally identified a unique cis-acting motif, GTCGG, associated with ABA-induction of gene expression specifically in guard cells. In addition, approximately 300 genes showing ABA-regulation unique to this cell type were newly uncovered by our study. Within the ABA-regulated gene set of guard cells, we found that many of the genes known to encode ion transporters associated with stomatal opening are down-regulated by ABA, providing one mechanism for long-term maintenance of stomatal closure during drought. We also found examples of both negative and positive feedback in the transcriptional regulation by ABA of known ABA-signaling genes, particularly with regard to the PYR/PYL/RCAR class of soluble ABA receptors and their downstream targets, the type 2C protein phosphatases. Our data also provide evidence for cross-talk at the transcriptional level between ABA and another hormonal inhibitor of stomatal opening, methyl jasmonate. Conclusions Our results engender new insights into the basic cell biology of guard cells, reveal common and unique elements of ABA-regulation of gene expression in guard cells, and set the stage for targeted biotechnological manipulations to improve plant water use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Sheng Wang
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Breeze E, Harrison E, McHattie S, Hughes L, Hickman R, Hill C, Kiddle S, Kim YS, Penfold CA, Jenkins D, Zhang C, Morris K, Jenner C, Jackson S, Thomas B, Tabrett A, Legaie R, Moore JD, Wild DL, Ott S, Rand D, Beynon J, Denby K, Mead A, Buchanan-Wollaston V. High-resolution temporal profiling of transcripts during Arabidopsis leaf senescence reveals a distinct chronology of processes and regulation. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:873-94. [PMID: 21447789 PMCID: PMC3082270 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leaf senescence is an essential developmental process that impacts dramatically on crop yields and involves altered regulation of thousands of genes and many metabolic and signaling pathways, resulting in major changes in the leaf. The regulation of senescence is complex, and although senescence regulatory genes have been characterized, there is little information on how these function in the global control of the process. We used microarray analysis to obtain a high-resolution time-course profile of gene expression during development of a single leaf over a 3-week period to senescence. A complex experimental design approach and a combination of methods were used to extract high-quality replicated data and to identify differentially expressed genes. The multiple time points enable the use of highly informative clustering to reveal distinct time points at which signaling and metabolic pathways change. Analysis of motif enrichment, as well as comparison of transcription factor (TF) families showing altered expression over the time course, identify clear groups of TFs active at different stages of leaf development and senescence. These data enable connection of metabolic processes, signaling pathways, and specific TF activity, which will underpin the development of network models to elucidate the process of senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Breeze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart McHattie
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Hughes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Hickman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Hill
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Kiddle
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Youn-sung Kim
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dafyd Jenkins
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cunjin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Morris
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Jenner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Jackson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Thomas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Tabrett
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Roxane Legaie
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan D. Moore
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Wild
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Sascha Ott
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Rand
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Beynon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Denby
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Mead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky Buchanan-Wollaston
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9EF, United Kingdom
- Warwick Systems Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to
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