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Granados-Hernández LA, Pisanty I, Raventós J, Ezcurra E. An evolutionary approach by second derivatives of the population growth rate of Castilleja tenuiflora, a hemiparasitic plant with and without hosts. Evol Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-022-10224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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Pinto-Carrasco D, Delgado L, Sánchez Agudo JA, Rico E, Martínez-Ortega MM. Phylogeography and ecological differentiation of strictly Mediterranean taxa: the case of the Iberian endemic Odontites recordonii. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:166-183. [PMID: 34668187 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Ecological drivers for genetic differentiation in Mediterranean climates are still underexplored. We have used the strictly Mediterranean endemic Odontites recordonii as a model species to address this question. This species is one of the three Iberian representatives of the O. vernus group, which are morphologically similar. Thus, it was additionally necessary to clarify their phylogenetic relationships. METHODS We used amplified fragment length polymorphisms to reveal phylogenetic relationships within O. vernus group, and to reconstruct the phylogeographic patterns within O. recordonii. Additionally, ecological niche models were generated to detect refugia along the Quaternary climatic oscillations. And finally, alleles under natural selection were identified, and correlations between allele presences and environmental variables were calculated in order to shed light on the ecological drivers promoting differentiation. RESULTS The three species from the O. vernus group were recovered as distinct species. Three genetic groups were found within O. recordonii and a putative refugium was detected for each one. Eighty-one alleles could be under diversifying selection, and 58 alleles showed significant correlations with environmental variables, especially with temperature and precipitation seasonality and summer drought. CONCLUSIONS The three Iberian species of the O. vernus group are reciprocal monophyletic taxa. The three genetic groups of O. recordonii could have been restricted to narrow refugia during the Quaternary and displayed present distributions in accordance with bioclimatic conditions. Temperature and precipitation seasonality and the intensity of summer drought are definitory climatic parameters of Mediterranean-type climates, and they could have acted as drivers of genetic differentiation on O. recordonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pinto-Carrasco
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Biobanco de ADN vegetal, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Espejo s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Delgado
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José A Sánchez Agudo
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Enrique Rico
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Montserrat Martínez-Ortega
- Departamento de Botánica y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. Licenciado Méndez Nieto s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain
- Biobanco de ADN vegetal, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Espejo s/n, E-37007, Salamanca, Spain
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Malaník M, Daňková I, Pokorná M, Gazdová M, Dall'Acqua S, Šmejkal K. Iridoid aglycones from the underground parts of Lathraea squamaria. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2019.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cerutti A, Jauneau A, Laufs P, Leonhardt N, Schattat MH, Berthomé R, Routaboul JM, Noël LD. Mangroves in the Leaves: Anatomy, Physiology, and Immunity of Epithemal Hydathodes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:91-116. [PMID: 31100996 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydathodes are organs found on aerial parts of a wide range of plant species that provide almost direct access for several pathogenic microbes to the plant vascular system. Hydathodes are better known as the site of guttation, which is the release of droplets of plant apoplastic fluid to the outer leaf surface. Because these organs are only described through sporadic allusions in the literature, this review aims to provide a comprehensive view of hydathode development, physiology, and immunity by compiling a historic and contemporary bibliography. In particular, we refine the definition of hydathodes.We illustrate their important roles in the maintenance of plant osmotic balance, nutrient retrieval, and exclusion of deleterious chemicals from the xylem sap. Finally, we present our current understanding of the infection of hydathodes by adapted vascular pathogens and the associated plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Cerutti
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA and CNRS and Université Paul Sabatier, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Alain Jauneau
- Plateforme Imagerie, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 3450, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Patrick Laufs
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA and AgroParisTech and CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78000 Versailles, France
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d'Aix-Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université and Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives and CNRS, UMR 7265, F-13108 Saint Paul-Les-Durance, France
| | - Martin H Schattat
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Richard Berthomé
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse and INRA and CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Jean-Marc Routaboul
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse and INRA and CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
| | - Laurent D Noël
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse and INRA and CNRS, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France;
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Světlíková P, Hájek T, Těšitel J. Water-stress physiology of Rhinanthus alectorolophus, a root-hemiparasitic plant. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200927. [PMID: 30067852 PMCID: PMC6070206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Root-hemiparasitic plants of the genus Rhinanthus acquire resources through a water-wasting physiological strategy based on high transpiration rate mediated by the accumulation of osmotically active compounds and constantly open stomata. Interestingly, they were also documented to withstand moderate water stress which agrees with their common occurrence in rather dry habitats. Here, we focused on the water-stress physiology of Rhinanthus alectorolophus by examining gas exchange, water relations, stomatal density, and biomass production and its stable isotope composition in adult plants grown on wheat under contrasting (optimal and drought-inducing) water treatments. We also tested the effect of water stress on the survival of Rhinanthus seedlings, which were watered either once (after wheat sowing), twice (after wheat sowing and the hemiparasite planting) or continuously (twice and every sixth day after that). Water shortage significantly reduced seedling survival as well as the biomass production and gas exchange of adult hemiparasites. In spite of that drought-stressed and even wilted plants from both treatments still considerably photosynthesized and transpired. Strikingly, low-irrigated plants exhibited significantly elevated photosynthetic rate compared with high-irrigated plants of the same water status. This might relate to biochemical adjustments of these plants enhancing the resource uptake from the host. Moreover, low-irrigated plants did not acclimatize to water stress by lowering their osmotic potential, perhaps due to the capability to tolerate drought without such an adjustment, as their osmotic potential at full turgor was already low. Contrary to results of previous studies, hemiparasites seem to close their stomata in response to severe drought stress and this happens probably passively after turgor is lost in guard cells. The physiological traits of hemiparasites, namely the low osmotic potential associated with their parasitic lifestyle and the ability to withstand drought and recover from the wilting likely enable them to grow in dry habitats. However, the absence of osmotic adjustment of adults and sensitivity of seedlings to severe drought stress demonstrated here may result in a substantial decline of the hemiparasitic species with ongoing climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Světlíková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Těšitel
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Světlíková P, Hájek T, Těšitel J. A hemiparasite in the forest understorey: photosynthetic performance and carbon balance of Melampyrum pratense. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20:50-58. [PMID: 28960778 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Melampyrum pratense is an annual root-hemiparasitic plant growing mostly in forest understorey, an environment with unstable light conditions. While photosynthetic responses of autotrophic plants to variable light conditions are in general well understood, light responses of root hemiparasites have not been investigated. We carried out gas exchange measurements (light response and photosynthetic induction curves) to assess the photosynthetic performance of M. pratense in spring and summer. These data and recorded light dynamics data were subsequently used to model carbon balance of the hemiparasite throughout the entire growth season. Summer leaves had significantly lower rates of saturated photosynthesis and dark respiration than spring leaves, a pattern expected to reflect the difference between sun- and shade-adapted leaves. However, even the summer leaves of the hemiparasite exhibited a higher rate of light-saturated photosynthesis than reported in non-parasitic understorey herbs. This is likely related to its annual life history, rare among other understorey herbs. The carbon balance model considering photosynthetic induction still indicated insufficient autotrophic carbon gain for seed production in the summer months due to limited light availability and substantial carbon loss through dark respiration. The results point to potentially high importance of heterotrophic carbon acquisition in M. pratense, which could be of at least comparable importance as in other mixotrophic plants growing in forests - mistletoes and partial mycoheterotrophs. It is remarkable that despite apparent evolutionary pressure towards improved carbon acquisition from the host, M. pratense retains efficient photosynthesis and high transpiration rate, the ecophysiological traits typical of related root hemiparasites in the Orobanchaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Světlíková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - T Hájek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - J Těšitel
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Světlíková P, Hájek T, Těšitel J. Hydathode trichomes actively secreting water from leaves play a key role in the physiology and evolution of root-parasitic rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:61-8. [PMID: 25987711 PMCID: PMC4479752 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Root hemiparasites from the rhinanthoid clade of Orobanchaceae possess metabolically active glandular trichomes that have been suggested to function as hydathode trichomes actively secreting water, a process that may facilitate resource acquisition from the host plant's root xylem. However, no direct evidence relating the trichomes to water secretion exists, and carbon budgets associated with this energy-demanding process have not been determined. METHODS Macro- and microscopic observations of the leaves of hemiparasitic Rhinanthus alectorolophus were conducted and night-time gas exchange was measured. Correlations were examined among the intensity of guttation, respiration and transpiration, and analysis of these correlations allowed the carbon budget of the trichome activity to be quantified. We examined the intensity of guttation, respiration and transpiration, correlations among which indicate active water secretion. KEY RESULTS Guttation was observed on the leaves of 50 % of the young, non-flowering plants that were examined, and microscopic observations revealed water secretion from the glandular trichomes present on the abaxial leaf side. Night-time rates of respiration and transpiration and the presence of guttation drops were positively correlated, which is a clear indicator of hydathode trichome activity. Subsequent physiological measurements on older, flowering plants indicated neither intense guttation nor the presence of correlations, which suggests that the peak activity of hydathodes is in the juvenile stage. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first unequivocal evidence for the physiological role of the hydathode trichomes in active water secretion in the rhinanthoid Orobanchaceae. Depending on the concentration of organic elements calculated to be in the host xylem sap, the direct effect of water secretion on carbon balance ranges from close to neutral to positive. However, it is likely to be positive in the xylem-only feeding holoparasites of the genus Lathraea, which is closely related to Rhinanthus. Thus, water secretion by the hydathodes might be viewed as a physiological pre-adaptation in the evolution of holoparasitism in the rhinanthoid lineage of Orobanchaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Světlíková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic and Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň 379 82, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Hájek
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic and Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň 379 82, Czech Republic Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic and Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň 379 82, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Těšitel
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, České Budějovice 370 05, Czech Republic and Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Dukelská 135, Třeboň 379 82, Czech Republic
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Těšitel J, Těšitelová T, Fisher JP, Lepš J, Cameron DD. Integrating ecology and physiology of root-hemiparasitic interaction: interactive effects of abiotic resources shape the interplay between parasitism and autotrophy. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:350-360. [PMID: 25197020 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Root hemiparasites are green photosynthetic plants, which parasitically acquire resources from host xylem. Mineral nutrients and water, two principal below-ground abiotic resources, were assumed to affect the interaction between hemiparasites and their hosts. The shape of these effects and the underlying physiological mechanisms have, however, remained unclear. We conducted a glasshouse experiment with root-hemiparasitic Rhinanthus alectorolophus, in which we manipulated the availability of mineral nutrients and water. Biomass production and Chl fluorescence of the hemiparasites and hosts were recorded, together with proportion of host-derived carbon in hemiparasite biomass. The abiotic resources had profound interactive effects on the performance of both the hemiparasite and the hosts, as well as the balance of above-ground biomass between them. These effects were mainly based on an increase of growth and photosynthetic efficiency under high nutrient concentrations, on the hemiparasite's ability to induce strong water stress on the hosts if water is limiting, and on release of the host from parasitism by simultaneous abundance of both resources. Hemiparasitism is a highly variable interaction, in which environmental conditions affect both the parasitic and autotrophic (and thus competitive) components. A hemiparasite's own photosynthesis plays a crucial role in the assimilation of parasitized mineral resources and their transformation into growth and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Těšitel
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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