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de Macedo ARS, de Oliveira JFA, Sommerfeld S, Notário FO, Martins MM, Bastos LM, Bezerra BGP, Lisboa LDS, Rocha HAO, Araujo RM, Medeiros-Ronchi AA, Azevedo V, Fonseca BB. Unlocking the power of Libidibia ferrea extracts: antimicrobial, antioxidant, and protective properties for potential use in poultry production. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103668. [PMID: 38631232 PMCID: PMC11040116 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts are increasingly recognized as potential prophylactic agents in poultry production due to their diverse bioactive properties. This study investigated the phytochemical and biological properties of Libidibia ferrea (L. ferrea), a plant species native to the Caatinga region of northeastern Brazil. The aim of this study was to identify secondary metabolites and to demonstrate the antimicrobial, antioxidant and protective effects of the plant extract. Three extracts were produced: EHMV, a hydroalcoholic extract from the maceration of pods, and EEMC and EEMV ethanolic extracts from the maceration of peels and pods, respectively, from L. ferrea. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-MS/MS) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) were used to characterize the metabolites and metals. The antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Galinarum (SG), Salmonella pullorum (SP), Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) and Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) was evaluated alone and in combination with probiotic bacteria (Bacillus velenzensis) using agar diffusion and the bactericidal minimum concentration (CBM). The antioxidant potential of the extracts was evaluated in 5 in vitro assays and 6 assays in 3t3 cells. The toxicity of EHMV was tested, and its ability to combat SP infection was demonstrated using a chicken embryo model. The results showed that EHMV exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The combination of EHMV with BV had synergistic effects, increased antimicrobial activity and induced bacterial sporulation. Composition analysis revealed the presence of 8 compounds, including tannins and phenolic compounds. In vitro antioxidant tests demonstrated that total antioxidant capacity(TAC) activity was increased, and the extract had strong reducing power and notable metal chelating effects. Analysis of 3T3 cells confirmed the protective effect of EHMV against oxidative stress. Toxicity assessments in chicken embryos confirmed the safety of EHMV and its protective effect against SP-induced mortality. EHMV from L. ferrea is rich in proteins and contains essential metabolites that contribute to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. When associated with probiotic bacteria such as B. velezensis, this extract increases the inhibition of SH, SG, SP, and APE. The nontoxic nature of EHMV and its protective effects on chicken embryos make it a potential supplement for poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simone Sommerfeld
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Oliveira Notário
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mário Machado Martins
- Biotechnology Institute of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luciana Machado Bastos
- Biotechnology Institute of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Dos Santos Lisboa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Mendonça Araujo
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Vasco Azevedo
- Department of Genetics, Ecology, and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in the Tropics at the Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Biotechnology Institute of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Sommerfeld S, Mundim AV, Silva RR, Queiroz JS, Rios MP, Notário FO, Medeiros Ronchi AA, Beletti ME, Franco RR, Espindola FS, Goulart LR, Fonseca BB. Physiological Changes in Chicken Embryos Inoculated with Drugs and Viruses Highlight the Need for More Standardization of this Animal Model. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1156. [PMID: 35565581 PMCID: PMC9099557 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have been developed using the Gallus gallus embryo as an experimental model to study the toxicity of drugs and infections. Studies that seek to standardize the evaluated parameters are needed to better understand and identify the viability of CEs as an experimental model. Therefore, we sought to verify whether macroscopic, histopathological, blood count, metabolites and/or enzymes changes and oxidative stress in CE of different ages are specific to the model. To achieve this goal, in ovo assays were performed by injecting a virus (Gammacoronavirus) and two drugs (filgrastim and dexamethasone) that cause known changes in adult animals. Although congestion and inflammatory infiltrate were visible in the case of viral infections, the white blood cell count and inflammation biomarkers did not change. Filgrastim (FG) testing did not increase granulocytes as we expected. On the other hand, CE weight and red blood cell count were lower with dexamethasone (DX), whereas white blood cell count and biomarkers varied depended on the stage of CE development. Our work reinforces the importance of standardization and correct use of the model so that the results of infection, toxicity and pharmacokinetics are reproducible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sommerfeld
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, Brazil; (A.V.M.); (R.R.S.); (J.S.Q.); (M.P.R.); (F.O.N.); (A.A.M.R.); (B.B.F.)
| | - Antonio Vicente Mundim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, Brazil; (A.V.M.); (R.R.S.); (J.S.Q.); (M.P.R.); (F.O.N.); (A.A.M.R.); (B.B.F.)
| | - Rogério Reis Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, Brazil; (A.V.M.); (R.R.S.); (J.S.Q.); (M.P.R.); (F.O.N.); (A.A.M.R.); (B.B.F.)
| | - Jéssica Santos Queiroz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, Brazil; (A.V.M.); (R.R.S.); (J.S.Q.); (M.P.R.); (F.O.N.); (A.A.M.R.); (B.B.F.)
| | - Maisa Paschoal Rios
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, Brazil; (A.V.M.); (R.R.S.); (J.S.Q.); (M.P.R.); (F.O.N.); (A.A.M.R.); (B.B.F.)
| | - Fabiana Oliveira Notário
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, Brazil; (A.V.M.); (R.R.S.); (J.S.Q.); (M.P.R.); (F.O.N.); (A.A.M.R.); (B.B.F.)
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Medeiros Ronchi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, Brazil; (A.V.M.); (R.R.S.); (J.S.Q.); (M.P.R.); (F.O.N.); (A.A.M.R.); (B.B.F.)
| | - Marcelo Emílio Beletti
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-319, Brazil;
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues Franco
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-319, Brazil; (R.R.F.); (F.S.E.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-319, Brazil; (R.R.F.); (F.S.E.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-319, Brazil; (R.R.F.); (F.S.E.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38402-018, Brazil; (A.V.M.); (R.R.S.); (J.S.Q.); (M.P.R.); (F.O.N.); (A.A.M.R.); (B.B.F.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-319, Brazil; (R.R.F.); (F.S.E.); (L.R.G.)
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Wong GK, Cavey MJ. Development of the liver in the chicken embryo. I. Hepatic cords and sinusoids. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1992; 234:555-67. [PMID: 1456458 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092340411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hemopoiesis in the liver of the chicken embryo begins on day 7 of incubation (Hamburger and Hamilton Stage 30) and peaks on day 14 (Stage 40). During this time frame, the differentiation of hepatic cells was examined by light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and morphometry. The avian liver is a closely packed mass of dendriform cords and discontinuous sinusoids. Hepatocytes are pyramidal in shape, and they ring the bile canaliculi which run through the centers of the cords. Semithin sections, made possible by infiltration and embedding in glycol methacrylate, were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to assess the general architecture of the organ and the lipid content of the hepatocytes and by the periodic acid-Schiff reaction and hematoxylin to visualize the cytoplasmic stores of glycogen. The number of hepatocytes with demonstrable glycogen fluctuates erratically in early hemopoiesis, and the proportion of glycogen-containing cells progressively increases as hemopoiesis climbs to a peak. Most differentiating hepatocytes are devoid of lipid droplets until Stages 39 and 40. From Stage 30 to 35, hepatocyte volume falls to its lowest value. Subsequently (Stages 36 to 40), cell volume increases and hepatocytes achieve a relatively uniform size. Ultrastructural changes in the differentiating hepatocytes, including alterations to the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus, are documented. These morphological and morphometric findings on the prehepatocyte population and hepatic vasculature cover 2 of the 3 elements deemed critical to hepatic hemopoiesis in many vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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