1
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Wang JS. Evolving longer for a mate: A new scorpionfly (Mecoptera: Panorpoidea: Panorpidae) with exaggeratedly elongated male abdominal segments. Zootaxa 2023; 5264:109-118. [PMID: 37044960 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5264.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Male scorpionflies often evolve exaggeratedly elongated abdominal segments (EEAS) that are used as a sexual display to the females, and a combat weapon in intra-sexual disputes. EEAS have independently evolved several times since the Jurassic till the present day in at least eight genera and four families. In this paper, Neopanorpa exaggerata sp. n. with EEAS is described from Yunnan Province, China. Through comparisons among extinct and extant species, our current knowledge is summarized for the evolution, copulatory mechanism, and biogeography of the scorpionflies with EEAS. Also discussed are the trade-offs between the benefits of "looking sexy" and the negative impacts associated with a long abdomen. Additionally, further clarification is provided on the multiple origins of EEAS in Panorpoidea.
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2
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Leith NT, Fowler-Finn KD, Moore MP. Evolutionary interactions between thermal ecology and sexual selection. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1919-1936. [PMID: 35831230 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thermal ecology and mate competition are both pervasive features of ecological adaptation. A surge of recent work has uncovered the diversity of ways in which temperature affects mating interactions and sexual selection. However, the potential for thermal biology and reproductive ecology to evolve together as organisms adapt to their thermal environment has been underappreciated. Here, we develop a series of hypotheses regarding (1) not only how thermal ecology affects mating system dynamics, but also how mating dynamics can generate selection on thermal traits; and (2) how the thermal consequences of mate competition favour the reciprocal co-adaptation of thermal biology and sexual traits. We discuss our hypotheses in the context of both pre-copulatory and post-copulatory processes. We also call for future work integrating experimental and phylogenetic comparative approaches to understand evolutionary feedbacks between thermal ecology and sexual selection. Overall, studying reciprocal feedbacks between thermal ecology and sexual selection may be necessary to understand how organisms have adapted to the environments of the past and could persist in the environments of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah T Leith
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kasey D Fowler-Finn
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Living Earth Collaborative, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael P Moore
- Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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3
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White TE, Latty T, Umbers KDL. The exploitation of sexual signals by predators: a meta-analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220444. [PMID: 35642366 PMCID: PMC9156902 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual signals are often central to reproduction, and their expression is thought to strike a balance between advertising to mates and avoiding detection by predatory eavesdroppers. Tests of the predicted predation costs have produced mixed results, however. Here we synthesized 187 effects from 78 experimental studies in a meta-analytic test of two questions; namely, whether predators, parasites and parasitoids express preferences for the sexual signals of prey, and whether sexual signals increase realized predation risk in the wild. We found that predators and parasitoids express strong and consistent preferences for signals in forced-choice contexts. We found a similarly strong overall increase in predation on sexual signallers in the wild, though here it was modality specific. Olfactory and acoustic signals increased the incidence of eavesdropping relative to visual signals, which experienced no greater risk than controls on average. Variation in outcome measures was universally high, suggesting that contexts in which sexual signalling may incur no cost, or even reduce the incidence of predation, are common. Our results reveal unexpected complexity in a central viability cost to sexual signalling, while also speaking to applied problems in invasion biology and pest management where signal exploitation holds promise for bio-inspired solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E. White
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2106, Australia
| | - Tanya Latty
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2106, Australia
| | - Kate D. L. Umbers
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales 2751, Australia,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
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4
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Phylogeny and secondary sexual trait evolution in Schizocosa wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) shows evidence for multiple gains and losses of ornamentation and species delimitation uncertainty. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2022; 169:107397. [PMID: 35031456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Nearctic spider genus Schizocosa Chamberlin, 1904 have garnered much attention in behavioral studies and over many decades, a number of species have developed as model systems for investigating patterns of sexual selection and multimodal communication. Many of these studies have employed a comparative approach using putative, but not rigorously tested, sister species pairs that have distinctive morphological traits and attendant behaviors. Despite past emphasis on the efficacy of these presumably comparative-based studies of closely related species, generating a robust phylogenetic hypothesis for Schizocosa has been an ongoing challenge. Here, we apply a phylogenomic approach using anchored hybrid enrichment to generate a data set comprising over 400 loci representing a comprehensive taxonomic sample of 23 Nearctic Schizocosa. Our sampling also includes numerous outgroup lycosid genera that allow for a robust evaluation of genus monophyly. Based on analyses using concatenation and coalescent-based methods, we recover a well-supported phylogeny that infers the following: 1) The New World Schizocosa do not form a monophyletic group; 2) Previous hypotheses of North American species require reconsideration along with the composition of species groups; 3) Multiple longstanding model species are not genealogically exclusive and thus are not "good" species; 4) This updated phylogenetic framework establishes a new working paradigm for studying the evolution of characters associated with reproductive communication and mating. Ancestral character state reconstructions show a complex pattern of homoplasy that has likely obfuscated previous attempts to reconstruct relationships and delimit species. Important characters presumably related to sexual selection, such as foreleg pigmentation and dense bristle formation, have undergone repeated gain and loss events, many of which have led to increased morphological divergence between sister-species. Evaluation of these traits in a comparative framework illuminates how sexual selection and natural selection influence character evolution and provides a model for future studies of multimodal communication evolution and function.
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5
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Sowersby W, Eckerström-Liedholm S, Rowiński PK, Balogh J, Eiler S, Upstone JD, Gonzalez-Voyer A, Rogell B. The relative effects of pace of life-history and habitat characteristics on the evolution of sexual ornaments: A comparative assessment. Evolution 2021; 76:114-127. [PMID: 34545942 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Selection may favor greater investment into sexual ornaments when opportunities for future reproduction are limited, for example, under high adult mortality. However, predation, a key driver of mortality, typically selects against elaborate sexual ornaments. Here, we examine the evolution of sexual ornaments in killifishes, which have marked contrasts in life-history strategy among species and inhabit environments that differ in accessibility to aquatic predators. We first assessed if the size of sexual ornaments (unpaired fins) influenced swimming performance. Second, we investigated whether the evolution of larger ornamental fins is driven primarily by the pace of life-history (investment into current vs. future reproduction) or habitat type (a proxy for predation risk). We found that larger fins negatively affected swimming performance. Further, males from species inhabiting ephemeral habitats, with lower predation risk, had larger fins and greater sexual dimorphism in fin size, compared to males from more accessible permanent habitats. We show that enlarged ornamental fins, which impair locomotion, evolve more frequently in environments that are less accessible to predators, without clear associations to life-history strategy. Our results provide a rare link between the evolution of sexual ornaments, effects on locomotion performance, and natural selection on ornament size potentially through habitat differences in predation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Sowersby
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden.,Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Simon Eckerström-Liedholm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden.,Wild Animal Initiative, Washington, D.C., 20010
| | - Piotr K Rowiński
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden
| | - Julia Balogh
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden
| | - Stefan Eiler
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden
| | - Joseph D Upstone
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez-Voyer
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden.,Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Björn Rogell
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-11418, Sweden.,Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Freshwater Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, SE-17893, Sweden
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6
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Physiological costs and age constraints of a sexual ornament: an experimental study in a wild bird. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sexual ornaments are often considered honest signals of quality because potential costs or constraints prevent their display by low-quality individuals. Testing for potential physiological costs of ornaments is difficult, as this requires experimentally forcing individuals to produce and display elaborate ornaments. We use this approach to test whether a sexually selected trait is physiologically costly to male superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus). Male fairy-wrens molt from brown to blue breeding plumage at different times of the year, and females strongly prefer the few males that are blue early, during winter. We used short-acting testosterone implants to stimulate males to produce “early-blue” plumage and assessed costs during and after molt using a panel of physiological indices. Testosterone-implanted, T-males molted in winter and produced blue plumage 6 weeks before control-implanted, C-males. T-males molted while in lower body condition, tended to have lower fat reserves, and were more likely to be parasitized by lice. However, we detected no negative effects on immune function, blood parasites, exposure to stressors, or survival. Juvenile males never naturally display early-blue plumage, but we found no evidence for increased costs paid by juvenile T-males. Instead, juvenile T-males molted later than adult T-males, suggesting that age presents an absolute constraint on ornament exaggeration that cannot be fully overcome by testosterone treatment. Together, these small costs and large, age-related constraints may enforce signal honesty, and explain female preference for early-blue males.
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7
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Gilman RT, Fowler-Finn K, Hebets EA. A Probable Case of Incipient Speciation in Schizocosa Wolf Spiders Driven by Allochrony, Habitat Use, and Female Mate Choice. Am Nat 2018; 192:332-346. [PMID: 30125229 DOI: 10.1086/698302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that speciation can occur between populations that are not geographically isolated. The emergence of assortative mating is believed to be critical to this process, but how assortative mating arises in diverging populations is poorly understood. The wolf spider genus Schizocosa has become a model system for studying mechanisms of assortative mating. We conducted a series of experiments to identify the factors that control mate pair formation in a Schizocosa population that includes both ornamented and nonornamented males. We show that the population also includes two previously unrecognized female phenotypes. One female phenotype mates mostly or exclusively with ornamented males, and the other mates mostly or exclusively with unornamented males. Assortative mating within these groups is maintained by differences in maturation time, microhabitat use, and female mate preference. We conclude that the population is not a single species, as previously believed, but rather an incipient species pair with multiple overlapping mechanisms of reproductive isolation. The identification of a new incipient species pair in the well-studied and rapidly speciating Schizocosa clade presents new opportunities for the study of speciation without geographic isolation.
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8
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McQueen A, Naimo AC, Teunissen N, Magrath RD, Delhey K, Peters A. Bright birds are cautious: seasonally conspicuous plumage prompts risk avoidance by male superb fairy-wrens. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.0446. [PMID: 28659448 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased predation risk is considered a cost of having conspicuous colours, affecting the anti-predator behaviour of colourful animals. However, this is difficult to test, as individual factors often covary with colour and behaviour. We used alarm call playback and behavioural observations to assess whether individual birds adjust their response to risk according to their plumage colour. Male superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) change from a dull brown to conspicuous blue plumage each year, allowing the behaviour of different coloured birds to be compared while controlling for within-individual effects. Because the timing of colour change varies among males, blue and brown birds can also be compared at the same time of year, controlling for seasonal effects on behaviour. While blue, fairy-wrens fled more often in response to alarm calls, and took longer to emerge from cover. Blue fairy-wrens also spent more time foraging in cover and being vigilant. Group members appeared to benefit from the presence of blue males, as they reduced their response to alarms, and allocated less time to sentinel behaviour when a blue male was close by. We suggest that fairy-wrens perceive themselves to be at a higher risk of predation while in conspicuous plumage and adjust their behaviour accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra McQueen
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Annalise C Naimo
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Niki Teunissen
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Robert D Magrath
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Kaspar Delhey
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Anne Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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9
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Grunst AS, Grunst ML, Rathbun NA, Hubbard JK, Safran RJ, Gonser RA, Tuttle EM. Disruptive selection on plumage coloration across genetically determined morphs. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Bell RD, Roberts JA. Trail-following behavior by males of the wolf spider, Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz). J ETHOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10164-016-0486-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Oliveira R, R. Pereira C, A. F. D. Pimentel AL, Schlindwein C. The Consequences of Predation Risk on the Male Territorial Behavior in a Solitary Bee. Ethology 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reisla Oliveira
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Evolução; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | - Christiane R. Pereira
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Evolução; Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; Ouro Preto MG Brazil
| | | | - Clemens Schlindwein
- Departamento de Botânica; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Minas Gerais MG Brazil
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12
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Clark DL, Kizer Zeeff C, Karson A, Roberts JA, Uetz GW. Risky Courtship: Background Contrast, Ornamentation, and Display Behavior of Wolf Spiders Affect Visual Detection by Toad Predators. Ethology 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam Karson
- Department of Biology Alma College Alma MI USA
| | - J. Andrew Roberts
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University at Newark Newark OH USA
| | - George W. Uetz
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA
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13
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Winandy L, Denoël M. Expression of sexual ornaments in a polymorphic species: phenotypic variation in response to environmental risk. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:1049-56. [PMID: 25847588 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Secondary sexual traits may evolve under the antagonistic context of sexual and natural selection. In some polymorphic species, these traits are only expressed during the breeding period and are differently expressed in alternative phenotypes. However, it is unknown whether such phenotypes exhibit phenotypic plasticity of seasonal ornamentations in response to environmental pressures such as in the presence of fish (predation risk). This is an important question to understand the evolution of polyphenisms. We used facultative paedomorphosis in newts as a model system because it involves the coexistence of paedomorphs that retain gills in the adult stage with metamorphs that have undergone metamorphosis, but also because newts exhibit seasonal sexual traits. Our aim was therefore to determine the influence of fish on the development of seasonal ornamentation in the two phenotypes of the palmate newt (Lissotriton helveticus). During the entire newt breeding period, we assessed the importance of phenotype and fish presence with an information-theoretic approach. Our results showed that paedomorphs presented much less developed ornamentation than metamorphs and those ornamentations varied over time. Fish inhibited the development of sexual traits but differently between phenotypes: in contrast to metamorphs, paedomorphs lack the phenotypic plasticity of sexual traits to environmental risk. This study points out that internal and external parameters act in complex ways in the expression of seasonal sexual ornamentations and that similar environmental pressure can induce a contrasted evolution in alternative phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Winandy
- Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology, Behavioural Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M Denoël
- Laboratory of Fish and Amphibian Ethology, Behavioural Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Ecology and Evolution, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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14
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Deng B, Estes A, Grieb B, Richard D, Hinds B, Hebets E. A male spider's ornamentation polymorphism maintained by opposing selection with two niches. J Theor Biol 2014; 357:103-11. [PMID: 24831413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Levene mechanism to maintain genotypic polymorphism by opposing selection on genotypes in multiple niches was proposed 60 years ago, and yet no systems were found to satisfy the mechanism's rather restrictive conditions. Reported here is such an example that a wolf spider population lives in a habitat of mixed rocks and leafy litter for which the females are phenotypically indistinguishable and the males have two distinct phenotypes subject to opposing selection with respect to the substrates. Census data is best-fitted to a population genetics model of the Levene type. A majority of the best fit support polymorphism, with many fitted parameter values quantitatively consistent with various laboratory studies on two closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States.
| | - Alex Estes
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States.
| | - Brett Grieb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States.
| | - Douglas Richard
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States.
| | - Brittney Hinds
- Department of Mathematics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States.
| | - Eileen Hebets
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, United States.
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15
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Kusche H, Meyer A. One cost of being gold: selective predation and implications for the maintenance of the Midas cichlid colour polymorphism (Perciformes: Cichlidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Kusche
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; 78457 Konstanz Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology; University of Konstanz; 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; 78457 Konstanz Germany
- International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology; University of Konstanz; 78457 Konstanz Germany
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16
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Fowler-Finn KD, Rosenthal MF, Hebets EA. Locomotor Performance Varies With Adult Phenotype in Ornamented/Non-Ornamented Wolf Spiders. Ethology 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eileen A. Hebets
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Nebraska; Lincoln; NE; USA
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17
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18
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HUSAK JERRYF, RIBAK GAL, WILKINSON GERALDS, SWALLOW JOHNG. Sexual dimorphism in wing beat frequency in relation to eye span in stalk-eyed flies (Diopsidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01758.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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