Relationships between breeding values and physiological responses to fasting and refeeding in dairy bulls

Physiological basis for residual feed intake

Residual feed intake (RFI) is a measure of feed efficiency that is independent of level of production, such as size and growth rate in beef cattle, and thus is a useful new trait for studying the physiological mechanisms underlying variation in feed efficiency. Five major physiological processes are likely to contribute to variation in RFI, these being processes associated with intake of feed, digestion of feed, metabolism (anabolism and catabolism associated with and including variation in body composition), physical activity, and thermoregulation. Studies on Angus steers following divergent selection for RFI estimated that heat production from metabolic processes, body composition, and physical activity explained 73% of the variation in RFI. The proportions of variation in RFI that these processes explain are protein turnover, tissue metabolism and stress (37%); digestibility (10%); heat increment and fermentation (9%); physical activity (9%); body composition (5%); and feeding patterns (2%). Other studies in cattle and studies in poultry similarly found these processes to be important in explaining RFI. The physiological mechanisms identified so far are based on very few studies, some of which have small sample sizes. The genomic basis to variation in these physiological processes remains to be determined. Early studies have shown many hundred genes to be associated with differences in RFI, perhaps in hindsight not surprising given the diversity of physiological processes involved. Further research is required to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the variation in RFI in target populations and to marry the physiological information with molecular genetics information that will become the basis for commercial tests for genetically superior animals.

Selection for milk production from a lactation biology viewpoint

The success of selection for increased milk production in dairy cows is apparent. Certainly, many herds now have average production levels that would have only been associated with the best producers in the herd 30 yr ago. There are, of course, many reasons for this success. Among these are improvements in genetic selection methods and associated use of artificial insemination, better fulfillment of nutritional needs and diet formulation, and careful attention to mastitis control and milking management. Development of new management tools (i.e., bovine somatotropin, improved crops, estrus detection devices, estrus synchronization, monitoring of individual animal performance, and disease prevention) should not be forgotten. Although many aspects of a dairy operation determine overall performance and profitability, the focus of this paper is the udder. Information indicates that both the structure and function of the bovine mammary gland have been directly impacted by long-term selection for increased milk production but improved functionality may have been more important. This review also considered studies that attempt to develop techniques and measurements for possible selection of genetically superior animals including measurement of circulating hormones and direct assay of mammary tissue function.

Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in bulls of various growth hormone genotypes

A leucine/valine substitution at amino acid position 127 was identified by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism in the bovine growth hormone gene. Genotyping was performed in 84 AI bulls of three different breeds, in which plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) were also measured. Gene frequencies of variants L (leucine) und V (valine) were 0.80/0.20 (Black and White), 0.90/0.10 (Brown), 0.71/0.29 (Simmental). Hormone concentrations were measured during different physiological conditions (normal feeding, fasting, realimentation) in the majority of animals. Generally, genotype LL was associated with higher concentrations of GH than LV. This difference was significant in Black and White bulls (P < 0.05). In contrast, IGF-1 concentrations were higher in LV than in LL animals. This was most pronounced in mature, realimented Simmental bulls. We conclude that the various GH alleles influence the circulating concentrations of GH and IGF-1.

Relationships between breeding values and physiological responses to fasting and refeeding in dairy bulls: update for young animals

SUMMARY

Relationships between plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GH), free fatty acids (FFA), urea (UR), glucose (GL) and insulin (IN) and estimated breeding values (EBV) were examined for 213 Australian Holstein-Friesian diary bulls tested in 1985-1988 at four artificial breeding centres. Measurements were taken before and after 3 days of fasting and, for 124 bulls sampled in 1987 or later, 24 h after resumption of feeding. Results for 150 older bulls at two centres (V and N) are compared with those for 27 bulls averaging 27 months tested at centre N and of 37 yearling bulls tested at two other centres. Both younger and older bulls showed low positive correlations of around 0.25 between mean plasma GH and EBVs. However, earlier results from centre V suggesting relationships between EBVs and the increase in FFA with fasting, the subsequent decrease in FFA and increase in GL following resumption of feeding were not repeated for the younger bulls which exhibited substantially higher concentrations of FFA and lower concentrations of insulin after 3 days of fasting. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Zusammenhänge zwischen Zuchtwerten und physiologischen Reaktionen auf Hungerperioden und Wiederaufnabme der Fütterung bei Milchviehbullen-aktualisierte Untersuchung fur jüngeren Bullen Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Plasmakonzentrationen von freien Fettsäuren (FFA), Harnstoff (UR), Glukose (GL), Insulin (IN) und Somatrotopin (GH) und Zuchtwerten (ZW) 213 australischer Holstein-Friesian Bullen wurden untersucht. Die physiologischen Messungen wurden im Zeitraum 1985-1988 in vier KB Stationen vor und nach einer 3-tägigen Hungerperiode durchgeführt. Für 124 Bullen, die nach 1986 geprüft wurden, wurden zusäzliche physiologische Messungen 24 Stunden nach der ersten Futteraufnahme durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse von 150 älteren Bullen von 2 Stationen (V und N) wurden verglichen mit den Ergebnissen von 27 jüngeren Bullen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 27 Monaten, die in der Station N geprüft wurden und weiterhin mit den Ergebnissen von 37 Bullen, die in zwei weiteren Stationen getestet wurden. Sowohl für die jüngeren als auch für die älteren Bullen wurden geringe positive Korrelationen von ungefähr 0,25 zwischen dem durchschnittlichen Somatropin Gehalt und dem ZW festgestellt. Frühere Ergebnisse der Station V zeigten Beziehungen zwischen dem ZW der Bullen und einem Anstieg der FFA während der Hungerperiode mit einem anschließendem Absinken der FFA und einem gleichzeitigem Ansteigen des Glucosegehaltes nach der erste Futteraufnahme. Diese Beziehungen zwischen den ZW und den Gehalten an FFA und GL wurden für die jüngeren Bullen nicht beobachtet, die höherere Konzentrationen von FFA und geringere Konzentrationen von IN nach einer 3-tägigen Hungerperiode zeigten.

Relationship between age, nutritional status and dairy merit with plasma profiles of growth hormone (GH) and free fatty acids (FFA) in bulls

SUMMARY

Blood plasma levels of growth hormone (bGH) and of free fatty acids (FFA) were measured in repeated samples drawn every 15' for bHG, every 1 h for FFA one day after morning feeding and after 3 days of severe feed restriction of 7 young (< 2 years) and 14 old (> 5 years) bulls. The numerous data were condensated by the PULSAR program of Merriam and Wachter (1982) to mean level, average baseline concentration, number, average amplitude and average duration of secretory peaks. Young bulls had higher values for all of these parameters except peak duration and increased these after fast except for peak duration, baseline and integral while mature bulls reacted little to food restriction. FFA plasma levels were higher in young bulls under normal feeding when mature bulls had more frequent peaks. After feed restriction mature bulls increased the mean plasma level to the increased level of young bulls but decreased the peak frequency. The milk protein yield breeding values are related significantly to mean level, integral and the peak duration of plasma bGH levels but in different directions in young and in mature bulls. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Beziehungen zwischen Alter, Futterstatus, Milchzuchtwert und Plasmaspiegel von Wachstumshormon (GH) und Freien Fettsäuren (FFA) bei Stieren Blutplasmaspiegel von Wachstumshormon (GH) und Freien Fettsäuren (FFA) wurden in wiederholten Proben gemessen, die im Falle von GH alle 15 min. und im Falle von FFA jede Stunde einen Tag nach Morgenfütterung, nach drei Tagen starker Futterrestriktion bei sieben jungen (weniger als zwei Jahre) und 14 alten (über fünf Jahre) Stieren gezogen worden waren. Die zahlreichen Daten wurden mit Hilfe des Computerprogrammes von Merriam und Wachter (1982) kondensiert zu durchschnittlichen Plasmaspiegel, durchschnittliche Basiskonzentration, Zahl, durchschnittliche Amplitude und durchschnittliche Dauer von Sekretionsspitzen und Integral. Die Jungstiere hatten für alle diese Parameter höhere Werte, außer der Dauer von Sekretionsspitzen und nahmen mit Ausnahme von dieser, von Basisspiegel und Integral nach Futterrestriktion zu, während Altstiere auf diese sehr wenig reagiert haben. FFA-Plasmaspiegel waren bei jungen Stieren höher unter Normalfütterung, während alte Stiere häufiger Sekretionsspitzen zeigten. Nach Futterrestriktion steigerten Altstiere den mittleren Plasmaspiegel auf den angestiegenen Spiegel junger Stiere, aber verminderten die Häufigkeit der Sekretionsspitzen. Milchprotein-Zuchtwerte sind signifikant mit mittlerem Plasmaspiegelwert, Integral und Dauer der Sekretionsspitzen bei Plasma GH korreliert, aber in verschiedener Richtung bei jungen und bei Altstieren.