1
|
Pratt-Phillips S. Effect of Exercise Conditioning on Countering the Effects of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Horses-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:727. [PMID: 38473112 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important health concern in horses, along with humans and companion animals. Adipose tissue is an inflammatory organ that alters the insulin-signaling cascade, ultimately causing insulin dysregulation and impaired glucose metabolism. These disruptions can increase the risk of metabolic disease and laminitis in horses and may also impact energy metabolism during exercise. A single bout of exercise, along with chronic exercise conditioning, increases insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal via both contraction- and insulin-mediated glucose uptake pathways. Regular exercise also increases calorie expenditure, which can facilitate weight (as body fat) loss. This paper explores the metabolic pathways affected by adiposity, as well as discusses the impact of exercise on insulin metabolism in horses.
Collapse
|
2
|
Impacts of Adiposity on Exercise Performance in Horses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040666. [PMID: 36830453 PMCID: PMC9951652 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is ample research describing the increased risk of health concerns associated with equine obesity, including insulin dysregulation and laminitis. For athletes, the negative effect of weight carriage is well documented in racing thoroughbreds (i.e., handicapping with weight) and rider weight has been shown to impact the workload of ridden horses and to some degree their gait and movement. In many groups of competitive and athletic horses and ponies, obesity is still relatively common. Therefore, these animals not only are at risk of metabolic disease, but also must perform at a higher workload due to the weight of their adipose tissue. Excess body weight has been documented to affect gait quality, cause heat stress and is expected to hasten the incidence of arthritis development. Meanwhile, many equine event judges appear to favor the look of adiposity in competitive animals. This potentially rewards horses and ponies that are at higher risk of disease and reinforces the owner's decisions to keep their animals fat. This is a welfare concern for these animals and is of grave concern for the equine industry.
Collapse
|
3
|
Obesity-Related Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows and Horses: Comparison to Human Metabolic Syndrome. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11121406. [PMID: 34947937 PMCID: PMC8705694 DOI: 10.3390/life11121406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a serious health problem with frequent occurrence both in human and animal populations. It is estimated that it may affect over 85% of the human population and 70–80% of horses and cows by 2030. Fat cow syndrome (FCS) is a combination of metabolic, digestive, infectious, and reproductive disorders that affects obese periparturient dairy cows, and occurs most frequently in loose-housing systems, where periparturient and dry cows are fed and managed in one group disregarding the lactation stages. Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) was named after human metabolic syndrome (MetS) and has insulin dysregulation as a central and consistent feature. It is often associated with obesity, although EMS may occur in a lean phenotype as well. Other inconsistent features of EMS are cardiovascular changes and adipose dysregulation. Laminitis is the main clinical consequence of EMS. MetS holds a 30-years old lead in research and represents a clustering of risk factors that comprise abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and hyperglycemia (impaired fasting glucose or type 2 diabetes mellitus—T2DM), which are associated with doubled atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, and a 5-fold increased risk for T2DM. The main aim of this review is to provide critical information for better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction in animals, especially in cows and horses, in comparison with MetS. Human medicine studies can offer suitable candidate mechanisms to fill the existing gap in the literature, which might be indispensable for owners to tackle FCS, EMS, and their consequences.
Collapse
|
4
|
Lyn Macon E, Harris P, Partridge E, Day Barker V, Adams A. Effect of Dose and Fasting on Oral Sugar Test Responses in Insulin Dysregulated Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 107:103770. [PMID: 34802623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The oral sugar test (OST) is frequently used to identify insulin dysregulated (ID) equines. The effect of fasting and varying sugar dose for the OST has been investigated in the pony but little work has been done in the horse. This study aimed to investigate (1) an OST response with access to forage continued until the time of the OST or prevented for 3 hours prior to the OST and (2) responses of ID and non-insulin dysregulated (NID) horses to two different OST doses. Twenty-one mixed-breed horses (14.8 ± 3.2 years; 574.3 ± 83.3 kg) were used in two randomized crossover studies. Seven ID and seven NID horses were used in study A, and eight ID and eight NID in study B. Study A horses underwent an OST (0.15 mL/kg BW) either after a fast (FA) or directly off pasture (FE). Study B horses received either a low (LD; 0.15 mL/kg BW) or high dose (HD; 0.45 mL/kg BW) OST on one occasion each. Blood was collected at basal (T0), and post-60 minute (T60) for later determination of insulin (RIA). Data were analyzed via ANOVA with repeated measures. ID horses had significantly (P < 0.05) greater insulin responses than NID for all OSTs. There was no statistical difference between LD versus HD mean insulin concentrations (T0, T60, delta insulin) for either ID or NID horses. ID had higher T0 (P < 0.01) for FE compared to FA; however, FE and FA did not significantly affect T60 or delta insulins (DI) concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lyn Macon
- 108 M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
| | - Patricia Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Petcare Science Institute, Freeby Lane, Waltham-on-the-Wold, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Emma Partridge
- 108 M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Virginia Day Barker
- 108 M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Amanda Adams
- MARS Equestrian Research Fellow, Department of Veterinary Science, M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bradbery AN, Coverdale JA, Hartz CJ, Millican AA, Goehring MS, Fikes KK, Picking E, Hammer CJ, Dunlap KA, Cardoso RC, Wickersham TA, Leatherwood JL, Satterfield MC. Effect of maternal overnutrition on predisposition to insulin resistance in the foal: Maternal parameters and foal pancreas histoarchitecture. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 227:106720. [PMID: 33636430 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Results from previous studies indicate that maternal overnutrition during late gestation predisposes foals to metabolic disease, however, specific mechanisms resulting in disease remain unknown. Quarter Horse mares (n = 16), were randomly assigned to dietary treatments, beginning on gestational day 235, and consisted of a control group (CON- diet meeting nutrient requirement; n = 8) or an overfed diet (HIGH; n = 8) where mares received an additional 40 % above CON. On gestational days 285 and 315, an intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT) was conducted. Following parturition, foals were separated from the mare, prohibited from nursing, and an FSIGTT was conducted at 2 h postpartum. Foals were immediately euthanized and tissues preserved for analyses. There was no effect of treatment on foal BW (P = 0.50), pancreas weight (P = 0.60), or FSIGTT area under the curve for glucose (P = 0.80) and insulin (P = 0.70). Colocalization of α-amylase to isolate pancreatic islets of Langerhans indicated increased islet number and size in foals from HIGH mares (P < 0.01). Immunofluoresent analysis of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin indicate no difference in intensity of staining (P> 0.10). Foals exposed to overnutrition during peak fetal growth had altered pancreatic islet development that may lead to adult-onset metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Bradbery
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - J A Coverdale
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - C J Hartz
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - A A Millican
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - M S Goehring
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - K K Fikes
- Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, 77341, United States
| | - E Picking
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - C J Hammer
- North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, United States
| | - K A Dunlap
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - R C Cardoso
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - T A Wickersham
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - J L Leatherwood
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
| | - M C Satterfield
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Delarocque J, Frers F, Huber K, Jung K, Feige K, Warnken T. Metabolic impact of weight variations in Icelandic horses. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10764. [PMID: 33575132 PMCID: PMC7847705 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin dysregulation (ID) is an equine endocrine disorder, which is often accompanied by obesity and various metabolic perturbations. The relationship between weight variations and fluctuations of the insulin response to oral glucose tests (OGT) as well as the metabolic impact of ID have been described previously. The present study seeks to characterize the concomitant metabolic impact of variations in the insulin response and bodyweight during repeated OGTs using a metabolomics approach. Methods Nineteen Icelandic horses were subjected to five OGTs over one year and their bodyweight, insulin and metabolic response were monitored. Analysis of metabolite concentrations depending on time (during the OGT), relative bodyweight (rWeight; defined as the bodyweight at one OGT divided by the mean bodyweight across all OGTs) and relative insulin response (rAUCins; defined accordingly from the area under the insulin curve during OGT) was performed using linear models. Additionally, the pathways significantly associated with time, rWeight and rAUCins were identified by rotation set testing. Results The results suggested that weight gain and worsening of ID activate distinct metabolic pathways. The metabolic profile associated with weight gain indicated an increased activation of arginase, while the pathways associated with time and rAUCins were consistent with the expected effect of glucose and insulin, respectively. Overall, more metabolites were significantly associated with rWeight than with rAUCins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Frers
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Klaus Jung
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Delarocque J, Frers F, Huber K, Feige K, Warnken T. Weight loss is linearly associated with a reduction of the insulin response to an oral glucose test in Icelandic horses. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:151. [PMID: 32448298 PMCID: PMC7245939 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02356-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin dysregulation (ID) goes along with lasting or transient hyperinsulinemia able to trigger equine laminitis, a painful and crippling foot condition. Promoting weight loss through dietary changes and physical activity is currently the main option to prevent this disease. This study aimed at describing the relationship between weight variations and the level of ID as determined by oral glucose tests (OGT). Therefore, the insulin response of 19 Icelandic horses to repeated OGTs was retrospectively analysed considering the variations in their body weight. RESULTS There was a strong linear relationship between variations in body weight and variations in the total insulin response to OGT as approximated by the area under the curve of insulin (p < 0.001). As indicated by a weighted least squares model, the insulin response decreased by 22% for 5% weight loss on average. However some horses did not respond to weight loss with a reduction of their insulin response to OGT. Additionally, a high correlation between 120 min serum insulin concentration and total insulin response was observed (r = 0.96, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The results corroborate that weight loss is effective against ID and allow for a better quantification of the expected improvement of the insulin response after weight loss. However, it is unclear why some horses did not respond as expected. The high correlation between the 120 min insulin concentration and total insulin response suggests that insulin status can be accurately determined and monitored with only few samples in a practical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Delarocque
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Florian Frers
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Korinna Huber
- Institute of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 35, 70593, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| | - Tobias Warnken
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hanover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Staub C, Venturi E, Cirot M, Léonard L, Barrière P, Blard T, Gaudé Y, Gascogne T, Yvon JM, Lecompte F, Ramé C, Reigner F, Dupont J. Ultrasonographic measures of body fatness and their relationship with plasma levels and adipose tissue expression of four adipokines in Welsh pony mares. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 69:75-83. [PMID: 31374538 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is responsible for metabolic dysregulations that alter fertility and induce pathologies. The objectives of the present study were to validate a reliable method for the evaluation of body fatness in mares and to associate the body fat estimation data to metabolic changes, including adipokines at the plasma and adipose tissue levels. To reach this purpose, animals were subjected to two extreme breeding conditions to study the variation of morphological, ultrasound, and physiological parameters. Twenty Welsh mares were followed up monthly from April to October before and after animals were moved outdoors to grasslands. Body weight (BW), body length (BL), height at the withers (HW), thoracic perimeter (TP), 5-point body condition score (BCS), and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) at the level of the shoulder, the lumbar region, and the rump, measured by ultrasonography, and plasma and adipose tissue metabolic indicators were assessed in parallel. Statistical analysis was performed using a linear mixed-effects model, whereas Pearson tests were used for the analysis of the correlations between the different parameters. Although mean BW did not increase significantly (P = 0.0940), TP (P = 0.0002) and BCS (P < 0.0001) increased during the study period. Ultrasonographic examination of subcutaneous adipose tissue showed an increase in SFT at the level of the shoulder (P < 0.0001), lumbar region (P < 0.0001), and rump (P < 0.0001). Plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (P < 0.0001), phospholipids (P < 0.0001), and cholesterol (P < 0.0001) increased significantly, whereas triglycerides (P < 0.0001) decreased significantly during the study period. Although both plasma concentrations and adipose tissue expression of leptin (P < 0.0001) and resistin (P < 0.0001) increased significantly, adiponectin (P < 0.0001) significantly decreased and visfatin remained unchanged (P = 0.8401). Expression of adipokine receptors studied showed the opposite pattern compared with their ligand. Ultrasonographic measurements of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness at the shoulder, lumbar region, and rump are relevant indicators of fatness related with adipokine plasma concentrations and expression of adipokine-related receptors in adipose tissue, and particularly highlight seasonal effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Staub
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France.
| | - E Venturi
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - M Cirot
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - L Léonard
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - P Barrière
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - T Blard
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - Y Gaudé
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - T Gascogne
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - J M Yvon
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - F Lecompte
- INRA, Plateforme CIRE, Service d'imagerie, UMR0085 PRC, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - C Ramé
- INRA, UMR0085 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - F Reigner
- INRA, UE1297 Physiologie Animale de l'Orfrasière, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| | - J Dupont
- INRA, UMR0085 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly F-37380, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Moore JL, Siciliano PD, Pratt-Phillips SE. Effects of Diet Versus Exercise on Morphometric Measurements, Blood Hormone Concentrations, and Oral Sugar Test Response in Obese Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:38-45. [PMID: 31203982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss plans in horses typically use dietary restriction, but exercise may have additional benefits. This study aimed to compare the effects of a diet or exercise protocol resulting in comparable caloric restriction in obese horses. Ten obese horses were paired according to sex, age, and breed or breed type. One horse from each pair was randomly assigned to either diet (DIET)-intake restricted to approximately 85% of digestible energy requirements or exercise (EX)-exercised to expend approximately 15% of digestible energy requirements, resulting in 85% of requirements available, for 4 weeks. Body weight (BW), heart girth (HG), girth-to-height ratio (G:H), neck circumference (NC), neck circumference-to-height ratio (NC:H), belly girth (BG), body condition score (BCS), cresty neck score (CNS), serum insulin, plasma leptin, and plasma ghrelin concentrations were measured weekly. An oral sugar test was conducted on days 0 and 28 to measure insulin to glucose ratio (Ins:glc) and 60-minute insulin sensitivity index (ISI60). Results were analyzed using repeated measures. A P ≤ .05 was considered significant, and .05 <P ≤ .10 was considered a tendency. Both groups showed similar decreases over time in BW, HG, G:H, BG, BCS, and CNS, but the EX group showed significantly greater losses in NC (and NC:H). The EX group showed significant improvements in (log) Ins:glc, as well as a tendency for improvements in (log) ISI60 and plasma leptin concentrations, while the DIET group showed no change. Horses showed no changes in (log) plasma ghrelin with weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Moore
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
| | - Paul D Siciliano
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meier A, de Laat M, Reiche D, Fitzgerald D, Sillence M. The efficacy and safety of velagliflozin over 16 weeks as a treatment for insulin dysregulation in ponies. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:65. [PMID: 30808423 PMCID: PMC6390376 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A previous six-week (wk) study demonstrated the potential of the sodium-glucose linked transport inhibitor velagliflozin as a novel treatment for equine insulin dysregulation. The present study examined the safety and efficacy of velagliflozin over 16 wk. of treatment, and over 4 wk. of withdrawal. Twenty-four insulin dysregulated ponies were selected, based on their hyper-responsiveness to a diet challenge meal containing 3.8 g non-structural carbohydrates (NSC)/kg bodyweight (BW). Ponies with serum insulin > 90 μIU/mL either 2 or 4 h after feeding were enrolled, and randomly allocated to receive either velagliflozin (0.3 mg/kg BW orally once daily, n = 12), or a placebo (n = 10-12) for 16 wk. The subjects were fed 7.5 g NSC/kg BW/day to maintain a fat body condition. Safety was assessed through daily monitoring, veterinary examination, and the measurement of fasting blood glucose, biochemistry and haematology. Efficacy at reducing post-prandial hyperinsulinemia was assessed using a diet challenge every 8 wk. during treatment and 4 wk. after withdrawal. RESULTS Velagliflozin was well accepted by all subjects and caused no adverse effects or hypoglycaemia. Post-prandial serum insulin (insulin Cmax) did not change significantly in the control animals over the entire study period (P = 0.101). In contrast, insulin Cmax (mean ± SE) concentrations fell over time in the velagliflozin-treated group from 205 ± 25 μIU/mL in wk. 0, to 119 ± 19 μIU/mL (P = 0.015) and 117 ± 15 μIU/ml (P = 0.029) after 8 and 16 wk. of treatment, respectively. Although the insulin Cmax in this group was not significantly lower than in controls at wk-8 (P = 0.061), it was lower at wk-16 (P = 0.003), and all 12 treated ponies were below the previously-determined risk threshold for laminitis at this time. After 4 wk. withdrawal, the insulin Cmax returned to 199 ± 36 μIU/mL in the treated group, with no rebound effect. CONCLUSIONS Velagliflozin appears to be a promising and safe treatment for equine insulin dysregulation, bringing post-prandial insulin concentrations below the laminitis risk threshold, albeit without normalising them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Meier
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - M. de Laat
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - D. Reiche
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, 55218 Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - D. Fitzgerald
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| | - M. Sillence
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences School, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pritchard A, Nielsen B, McLean A, Robison C, Yokoyama M, Hengemuehle S, Bailey S, Harris P. Insulin Resistance as a Result of Body Condition Categorized as Thin, Moderate, and Obese in Domesticated U.S. Donkeys (Equus asinus). J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 77:31-35. [PMID: 31133313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Donkeys are often kept, especially in industrialized countries, as companion animals. Donkeys have greater digestive efficiency and tend to expend less energy than horses or ponies, which contributes to obesity in nonworking donkeys. Obesity in all equine species increases risk of chronic health conditions such as laminitis and insulin resistance. Previous studies in horses and ponies have documented obesity's potential effects on glucose-insulin dynamics with lower insulin sensitivity and higher insulin responses to glucose. However, limited studies on obesity and its health impacts in donkeys exist, so these effects on glucose-insulin dynamics have not been fully studied. Twenty-four donkeys were selected according to initial body condition score (BCS) and divided into three categories with eight donkeys in each: thin, moderate, and obese. A frequently sampled glucose-insulin tolerance test was performed with subsequent MINMOD analysis to determine the effects of BCS on glucose-insulin dynamics. Basal insulin was highest in obese donkeys when compared with moderate and thin donkeys (P = .02 and P = .01, respectively). There was an overall trend across groups for BCS to lower insulin sensitivity (P = .06). No other effect was found. Body condition score seems to affect donkeys in a similar manner to horses and ponies as higher BCS was associated with higher basal insulin and may lower insulin sensitivity. Higher basal insulin concentrations in obese donkeys could negatively influence health and contribute to serious, chronic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Nielsen
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Amy McLean
- University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cara Robison
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | | | - Simon Bailey
- The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia Harris
- Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham on the Wolds, Leicestershire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Durham AE, Frank N, McGowan CM, Menzies-Gow NJ, Roelfsema E, Vervuert I, Feige K, Fey K. ECEIM consensus statement on equine metabolic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:335-349. [PMID: 30724412 PMCID: PMC6430910 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is a widely recognized collection of risk factors for endocrinopathic laminitis. The most important of these risk factors is insulin dysregulation (ID). Clinicians and horse owners must recognize the presence of these risk factors so that they can be targeted and controlled to reduce the risk of laminitis attacks. Diagnosis of EMS is based partly on the horse's history and clinical examination findings, and partly on laboratory testing. Several choices of test exist which examine different facets of ID and other related metabolic disturbances. EMS is controlled mainly by dietary strategies and exercise programs that aim to improve insulin regulation and decrease obesity where present. In some cases, pharmacologic aids might be useful. Management of an EMS case is a long‐term strategy requiring diligence and discipline by the horse's carer and support and guidance from their veterinarians.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Frank
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts
| | - Cathy M McGowan
- Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Neston, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Menzies-Gow
- Department of clinical sciences and services, Royal Veterinary College, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Roelfsema
- Department of Equine Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Fey
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bamford NJ, Potter SJ, Baskerville CL, Harris PA, Bailey SR. Influence of dietary restriction and low-intensity exercise on weight loss and insulin sensitivity in obese equids. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:280-286. [PMID: 30520164 PMCID: PMC6335535 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The importance of including exercise with dietary modification for the management of obese equids is not clearly understood. Objectives To evaluate the effect of a practical low‐intensity exercise regimen, in addition to dietary restriction, on indices of insulin sensitivity (SI) and plasma adipokine concentrations in obese equids. Animals Twenty‐four obese (body condition score [BCS] ≥ 7/9) horses and ponies. Methods Over a 12‐week period, animals received either dietary restriction only (DIET) or dietary restriction plus low‐intensity exercise (DIET+EX). All animals were provided with a restricted ration of grass hay at 1.25% body weight (BW) on a dry matter basis, providing 82.5% estimated digestible energy requirements. The DIET+EX group undertook low‐intensity exercise 5 days per week on an automated horse walker. Before and after weight loss, total body fat mass (TBFM) was determined, indices of SI were calculated using minimal model analysis of a frequently sampled IV glucose tolerance test, and adipokines plus inflammatory biomarkers were measured using validated assays. Results Decreases in BCS, BW, and TBFM were similar between groups (all P > .05). After weight loss, animals in both groups had decreased basal insulin and leptin concentrations, and increased adiponectin concentrations (all P < .001). Furthermore, animals in the DIET+EX group had significantly improved SI and decreased serum amyloid A concentrations relative to animals in the DIET group (both P = .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Regular low‐intensity exercise provided additional health benefits compared with dietary restriction alone in this population of obese equids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bamford
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha J Potter
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Courtnay L Baskerville
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R Bailey
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Almanza-Aguilera E, Brunius C, Bernal-Lopez MR, Garcia-Aloy M, Madrid-Gambin F, Tinahones FJ, Gómez-Huelgas R, Landberg R, Andres-Lacueva C. Impact in Plasma Metabolome as Effect of Lifestyle Intervention for Weight-Loss Reveals Metabolic Benefits in Metabolically Healthy Obese Women. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2600-2610. [PMID: 29877711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Little is known regarding metabolic benefits of weight loss (WL) on the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) patients. We aimed to examine the impact of a lifestyle weight loss (LWL) treatment on the plasma metabolomic profile in MHO individuals. Plasma samples from 57 MHO women allocated to an intensive LWL treatment group (TG, hypocaloric Mediterranean diet and regular physical activity, n = 30) or to a control group (CG, general recommendations of a healthy diet and physical activity, n = 27) were analyzed using an untargeted 1H NMR metabolomics approach at baseline, after 3 months (intervention), and 12 months (follow-up). The impact of the LWL intervention on plasma metabolome was statistically significant at 3 months but not at follow-up and included higher levels of formate and phosphocreatine and lower levels of LDL/VLDL (signals) and trimethylamine in the TG. These metabolites were also correlated with WL. Higher myo-inositol, methylguanidine, and 3-hydroxybutyrate, and lower proline, were also found in the TG; higher levels of hippurate and asparagine, and lower levels of 2-hydroxybutyrate and creatine, were associated with WL. The current findings suggest that an intensive LWL treatment, and the consequent WL, leads to an improved plasma metabolic profile in MHO women through its impact on energy, amino acid, lipoprotein, and microbial metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Almanza-Aguilera
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Avinguda Joan XXIII 27-31 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Carl Brunius
- Department of Food Science , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Uppsala 750 07 , Sweden.,Food and Nutrition Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , Göteborg 412 58 , Sweden
| | - M Rosa Bernal-Lopez
- Internal Medicine Department, Biomedical Institute of Malaga (IBIMA) , Regional University Hospital of Malaga (Carlos Haya Hospital) , Málaga 29010 , Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Avinguda Joan XXIII 27-31 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Francisco Madrid-Gambin
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Avinguda Joan XXIII 27-31 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain.,Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Biomedical Institute of Malaga (IBIMA) , Regional University Hospital of Malaga (Virgen de la Victoria Hospital) , Málaga 29010 , Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Huelgas
- Internal Medicine Department, Biomedical Institute of Malaga (IBIMA) , Regional University Hospital of Malaga (Carlos Haya Hospital) , Málaga 29010 , Spain.,Ciber Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
| | - Rikard Landberg
- Department of Food Science , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Uppsala 750 07 , Sweden.,Food and Nutrition Division, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , Göteborg 412 58 , Sweden
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences and Gastronomy, Food Technology Reference Net (XaRTA), Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA), Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences , University of Barcelona , Avinguda Joan XXIII 27-31 , Barcelona 08028 , Spain.,CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Auyyuenyong R, Henze A, Ungru J, Schweigert FJ, Raila J, Vervuert I. Determination of lipid profiles in serum of obese ponies before and after weight reduction by using multi-one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:111-117. [PMID: 29241051 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a key component of equine metabolic syndrome, which is highly associated with laminitis. Feed restriction and/or exercise are known to alleviate the detrimental effects of insulin resistance in obese ponies. However, little is known about changes in the serum lipid patterns due to weight reduction and its association with disease outcomes. Therefore, the lipid patterns in the serum of 14 mature ponies before and after a 14-week body weight reduction program (BWRP) were investigated by multi-one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography (MOD-TLC). Additionally, sensitivity to insulin (SI), body condition scores (BCS) and cresty neck scores (CNS) were measured. A BWRP resulted in a significant loss of body weight (P<0.001), which was associated with beneficial decreases in BCS and CNS (both, P<0.001). Serum lipid compositions revealed significantly increased free fatty acid (FFA), sphingomyelin (SM; both P<0.001), total cholesterol (C) and cholesterol ester (CE) (both P<0.01) and triacylglycerol (TG; P<0.05) densities. Improvement of SI after the BWRP was associated with increases in neutral lipids (C, CE and TG, all P<0.01), FFA and the phospholipid SM (both, P<0.001). The results show that a BWRP in obese ponies was effective and associated with changes in the concentrations of neutral lipids and the phospholipid SM, indicating that SM may play a role in insulin signaling pathways and thus in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the progression of metabolic syndrome in obese ponies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratchada Auyyuenyong
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Andrea Henze
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Julia Ungru
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian J Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics, University of Leipzig, An den Tierklinken 9, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lindåse SS, Nostell KE, Müller CE, Jensen-Waern M, Bröjer JT. Effects of diet-induced weight gain and turnout to pasture on insulin sensitivity in moderately insulin resistant horses. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:300-9. [PMID: 26919602 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.3.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify insulin sensitivity and monitor glucose, insulin, and lipid concentrations in a group of moderately insulin-resistant horses during induction of obesity by use of a forage diet supplemented with fat and during subsequent turnout to pasture. ANIMALS 9 adult Standardbred mares (11 to 20 years old). PROCEDURES Weight gain of horses was induced during 22 weeks by use of a forage diet supplemented with fat fed in gradually increasing amounts, followed by feeding of that fat-supplemented diet at 2.5 times the daily maintenance requirements. Horses were then turned out to pasture. Insulin sensitivity was measured with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp method before and after weight gain and after 4 weeks at pasture. Body weight, body condition score, and cresty neck score as well as fasting and postprandial concentrations of plasma insulin, plasma glucose, serum triglyceride, and serum nonesterified fatty acids were measured during the study. RESULTS Body weight typically increased by 10%, and body condition score (scale, 1 to 9) increased by > 1.5 from the start to the end of the weight-gain period. There was no difference in insulin sensitivity or metabolic clearance rate of insulin during the weight-gain period. Four weeks at pasture generally improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic clearance rate of insulin by 54% and 32%, respectively, but there was no change in body weight or body condition score. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Findings indicated that dietary composition played a more important role than did short-term weight gain on alterations in insulin sensitivity of horses.
Collapse
|
17
|
Salleh Hudin N, Strubbe D, Teyssier A, De Neve L, White J, Janssens GPJ, Lens L. Predictable food supplies induce plastic shifts in avian scaled body mass. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
18
|
Gill JC, Pratt-Phillips SE, Mansmann R, Siciliano PD. Weight Loss Management in Client-Owned Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
19
|
Brinkmann L, Gerken M, Hambly C, Speakman JR, Riek A. Thyroid hormones correlate with field metabolic rate in ponies, Equus ferus caballus. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2559-66. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.138784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
During winter free living herbivores are often exposed to reduced energy supply at the same time that energy needs for thermoregulation increase. Several wild herbivores as well as robust horse breeds reduce their metabolism during times of low ambient temperature and food shortage. Thyroid hormones (TH) affect metabolic intensity and a positive effect of TH on basal metabolic rate (BMR) has been demonstrated in mammals and birds. As BMR and field metabolic rate (FMR) are often assumed to be intrinsically linked, TH may represent a reliable indicator for FMR. To test this hypothesis, ten Shetland pony mares were kept under semi-extensive central European conditions. During the winter month one group was fed 60% and one group 100% of their maintenance energy requirements. We measured FMR, locomotor activity, resting heart rate and TH levels in summer and winter. FMR, locomotor activity, resting heart rate and total T3 concentrations decreased substantially in winter compared to summer, whereas total T4 increased. Feed restriction led to a reduced FMR and resting heart rate, while TH and locomotor activity were not affected. Across both seasons FMR, resting heart and locomotor activity were positively correlated with total T3 but negatively and more weakly related with total T4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Brinkmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martina Gerken
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John R. Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, PR China
| | - Alexander Riek
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Argo CM, Dugdale AH, McGowan CM. Considerations for the use of restricted, soaked grass hay diets to promote weight loss in the management of equine metabolic syndrome and obesity. Vet J 2015; 206:170-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
21
|
Level of energy restriction alters body condition score and morphometric profile in obese Shetland ponies. Vet J 2015; 206:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
22
|
Changes in oxidative stress in response to different levels of energy restriction in obese ponies. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1402-11. [PMID: 25181634 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514001974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effect of different levels of energy restriction on metabolic parameters in obese ponies. Relative weight changes, markers of lipid metabolism and oxidant/antioxidant balance were monitored. A total of eighteen obese (body condition score ≥ 7/9) Shetland ponies were studied over a 23·5-week trial, which was divided into three periods. The first period involved a 4-week adaptation period in which each animal was fed 100% of their maintenance energy requirements needed to maintain a stable obese body weight (MERob). This was followed by a 16·5-week weight-loss period in which ponies were assigned to receive either 100% (control group, CONTROL), 80% (slow weight-loss (SLOW) group) or 60% (rapid weight-loss (RAPID) group) of their MERob. During the 3-week end-phase period, all ponies were again fed 100% of their MERob. Relative weight loss was higher in the RAPID group (P< 0·001) compared with the SLOW group. No linear relationship was found as a doubling of the percentage of energy restriction was accompanied by a tripling of the percentage of weight loss. Relative weight gain afterwards in the end-phase period was higher in the RAPID group (P< 0·001) compared with the SLOW and CONTROL groups. During the weight-loss period, TAG and NEFA concentrations were highest in the RAPID group, as were α-tocopherol and ferric-reducing ability of plasma concentrations. After 8 weeks of weight loss, the concentrations of advanced oxidation protein products were higher in the RAPID group compared with the SLOW and CONTROL groups (P< 0·001). In conclusion, the level of energy restriction influences the extent of changes in oxidant/antioxidant balance. Practically, more severe energy restriction regimens may be associated with a greater regain of weight after the restriction period.
Collapse
|
23
|
Dixon CE. Hyperlipaemia in a laminitic pony following imposition of dietary restriction and in‐feed medications. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2013-000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
24
|
Bruynsteen L, Erkens T, Peelman LJ, Ducatelle R, Janssens GPJ, Harris PA, Hesta M. Expression of inflammation-related genes is associated with adipose tissue location in horses. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:240. [PMID: 24295090 PMCID: PMC4220830 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In humans, adipose tissue (AT) originating from different depots shows varying gene expression profiles. In horses, the risk of certain metabolic disorders may also be influenced by the impact of specific AT depots. Macrophage infiltration in human and rat AT is considered to be a source of inflammatory changes. In horses, this relationship has not been extensively studied yet. Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), a useful method to evaluate differences in mRNA expression across different tissues, can be used to evaluate differences between equine AT depots. For a correct interpretation of the RT-qPCR results, expression data have to be normalized by the use of validated reference genes. The main objectives of this study were to compare mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes, as well as adipocyte morphology and number between different equine AT depots; and in addition, to investigate the presence of antigen presenting cells in equine AT and any potential relationship with adipokine mRNA expression. Results In this study, the mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes (leptin, chemokine ligand 5, interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, adiponectin, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and superoxide dismutase 2) and candidate reference gene stability was investigated in 8 different AT depots collected from the nuchal, abdominal (mesenteric, retroperitoneal, and peri-renal) and subcutaneous (tail head and loin) AT region. By using GeNorm analysis, HPRT1, RPL32, and GAPDH were found to be the most stable genes in equine AT. The mRNA expression of leptin, chemokine ligand 5, interleukin 10, interleukin 1β, adiponectin, and matrix metalloproteinase 2 significantly differed across AT depots (P < 0.05). No significant AT depot effect was found for interleukin 6 and superoxide dismutase 2 (P > 0.05). Adipocyte area and number of antigen presenting cells per adipocyte significantly differed between AT depots (P < 0.05). Conclusions Adipose tissue location was associated with differences in mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes. This depot-specific difference in mRNA expression suggests that the overall inflammatory status of horses could be partially determined by the relative proportion of the different AT depots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Bruynsteen
- Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Effects of l-carnitine supplementation on body weight losses and metabolic profile in obese and insulin-resistant ponies during a 14-week body weight reduction programme. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Suagee J, Corl B, Crisman M, Pleasant R, Thatcher C, Geor R. Relationships between Body Condition Score and Plasma Inflammatory Cytokines, Insulin, and Lipids in a Mixed Population of Light-Breed Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2012; 27:157-63. [DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.K. Suagee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg VA
| | - B.A. Corl
- Department of Dairy Science; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg VA
| | - M.V. Crisman
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Blacksburg VA
| | - R.S. Pleasant
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Blacksburg VA
| | - C.D. Thatcher
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences; Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine; Blacksburg VA
| | - R.J. Geor
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Blacksburg VA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ungru J, Coenen M, Vervuert I, Blüher M, Raila J, Boston R. Effects of body weight reduction on blood adipokines and subcutaneous adipose tissue adipokine mRNA expression profiles in obese ponies. Vet Rec 2012; 171:528. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Ungru
- Nutrition Diseases & Dietetics; Institute of Animal Nutrition; University of Leipzig; Leipzig 04159 Germany
| | - M. Coenen
- Nutrition Diseases & Dietetics; Institute of Animal Nutrition; University of Leipzig; Leipzig 04159 Germany
| | - I. Vervuert
- Nutrition Diseases & Dietetics; Institute of Animal Nutrition; University of Leipzig; Leipzig 04159 Germany
| | - M. Blüher
- Medical Department; University of Leipzig; Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - J. Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science; University of Potsdam; Nuthetal 14558 Germany
| | - Ray Boston
- Department of Clinical Studies; University of Pennsylvania; West Chester Pennsylvania 19382 USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
McGowan CM, Dugdale AH, Pinchbeck GL, Argo CM. Dietary restriction in combination with a nutraceutical supplement for the management of equine metabolic syndrome in horses. Vet J 2012; 196:153-9. [PMID: 23141962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have examined the effect of dietary restriction in horses with equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). This study aimed to determine improvements in insulin sensitivity following dietary restriction for 6 weeks, and to determine if the improvement would be greater in horses receiving short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (sc-FOS). Dietary management involved feeding grass hay, restricted to 1.25% of body mass (BM) as daily dry matter intake and soaked in cold water prior to feeding, with the addition of a vitamin and mineral nutraceutical supplement with or without the addition of sc-FOS (10 g/100 kg). Soaking the hay resulted in a significant reduction in non-structural carbohydrates (38%, P = 0.01), digestible energy (6.78%, P = 0.01) and water soluble minerals. Following 6 weeks of dietary restriction with soaked grass hay and nutraceutical supplement, horses lost an average of 6.8% BM and showed reductions in body condition score (BCS) and belly circumference. Sensitivity to insulin improved overall, as determined by the total insulin response during the combined glucose insulin test. The magnitude of improvement in insulin sensitivity was associated with the degree of insulin resistance recorded at outset, and the extent of overall losses in BM and BCS, but was independent of the addition of sc-FOS. The nutraceutical supplement was highly palatable and no adverse effects were noted. From the findings of this study a strict dietary program in combination with a specifically designed vitamin and mineral nutraceutical supplement can be recommended to obtain rapid improvements in BM, BCS and insulin sensitivity of animals presenting with EMS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M McGowan
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Argo CM, Curtis GC, Grove-White D, Dugdale AHA, Barfoot CF, Harris PA. Weight loss resistance: a further consideration for the nutritional management of obese Equidae. Vet J 2012; 194:179-88. [PMID: 23117030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based, weight loss management advice is required to address equine obesity. Changes in body mass (BM), body condition score (BCS), heart (HG) and belly circumference (BG), direct (ultrasonographic) and indirect (D(2)O dilution, bioelectrical impedance analysis [BIA]) measures of body fat as well as indices of insulin resistance (IR) were monitored in 12 overweight (BCS ≥ 7/9) horses and ponies of mixed breed and gender for 16 weeks. Animals were randomly assigned to two groups (Group 1, n=6, BCS 7.6/9 ± 0.6, 489 ± 184.6 kg; Group 2, n=6, BCS 8.1/9 ± 0.6, 479 ± 191.5 kg). Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was restricted to 1.25% BM as one of two, near-isocaloric (DE ∼0.115 MJ/kg BM/day), forage-based diets (Group 1, 0.8% BM chaff-based feed: 0.45% BM hay; Group 2, 1.15% BM hay: 0.1% BM nutrient-balancer). Statistical modelling revealed considerable between-animal heterogeneity in proportional weight losses (0.16-0.55% of Week 1 BM weekly). The magnitude of weight loss resistance (WLR) or sensitivity to dietary restriction was independent of diet or any measured outset variable and was largely (65%) attributed to animal identity. Predicted rates of weight loss decreased over time. BCS and BIA were poor estimates of D(2)O-derived body fat%. Reciprocal changes in depths of retroperitoneal and subcutaneous adipose tissues were evident. Changes in BG were associated with losses in retroperitoneal fat and BM (r(2), 0.67 and 0.79). Indices of IR improved for 9/12 animals by Week 16. For obese animals, weight loss should be initiated by restricting forage DMI to 1.25% BM. Subsequent restriction to 1% BM may be warranted for WLR animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline McG Argo
- University of Liverpool, Department of Obesity and Endocrinology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Van Weyenberg S, Buyse J, Kalmar ID, Swennen Q, Janssens GPJ. Voluntary feed intake and leptin sensitivity inad libitumfed obese ponies following a period of restricted feeding: a pilot study. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012; 97:624-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Secombe CJ, Lester GD. The role of diet in the prevention and management of several equine diseases. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
32
|
Effect of Energy Restriction on Growth, Slaughter Performance,Serum Biochemical Parameters and Lpin2/WDTC1/mRNA Expressionof Broilers in the Later Phase. J Poult Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.011001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
33
|
Amato C, Martin L, Dumon H, Jaillardon L, Nguyen P, Siliart B. Variations of plasma leptin in show horses during a work season. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:850-9. [PMID: 22129462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocytokine mainly expressed by adipose tissue. Secretion of leptin in healthy animals is closely related to fat mass and metabolic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate plasma leptin variations, in relation to nutritional and exercise parameters in adult show horses during a work season. EDTA-blood samples were taken at rest from 37 Iberian horses. Body weight, body condition score and fat percentage determined by ultrasonic measurement of rump fat thickness were measured. Plasma leptin was determined with a multi-species RIA kit. Linear mixed effects model was used to assess relationship between plasma leptin and other biological parameters. Plasma leptin concentration was <12.6 ng/ml (mean = 2.8 ± 1.6 ng/ml) and was significantly higher during training periods (p < 0.0001) (4.5 ± 1.7 ng/ml) than in show periods (2.0 ± 1.1 ng/ml), despite a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in energy intake. The body weight remained almost constant. The plasma leptin concentrations were significantly affected by exercise (p < 0.0001), body weight (p = 0.04) and BCS (p < 0.0001), but were not affected by percentage of fat. In conclusion, the marked decrease in leptin values observed during a period of intense (i.e. excessive) exercise could result from an adaptation to cumulative alterations in energy balance, to exercise per se or to a combination of both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Amato
- Nutrition et Endocrinologie, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Atlanpôle-La Chantrerie, Nantes, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
The concept of an equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) was first proposed in 2002. This concept has developed over time, and EMS was recently described in a consensus statement released by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. In human medicine, metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to a set of risk factors that predict the risk of cardiovascular disease, including obesity, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (IR), dyslipidemia, microalbuminuria, and hypertension. EMS shares some of the features of MetS, including increased adiposity, hyperinsulinemia, IR, but differs in that laminitis is the primary disease of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Frank
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
|
36
|
Suagee JK, Corl BA, Wearn JG, Crisman MV, Hulver MW, Geor RJ, McCutcheon LJ. Effects of the insulin-sensitizing drug pioglitazone and lipopolysaccharide administration on insulin sensitivity in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:356-64. [PMID: 21314724 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and insulin resistance increase the risk of laminitis in horses. Pioglitazone (PG) is an insulin-sensitizing drug used in humans that is absorbed after oral administration to horses. HYPOTHESIS PG treatment will increase insulin sensitivity and transcript abundance of glucose and lipid transporters in adipose and skeletal muscle tissues. ANIMALS Sixteen lean, healthy horses. METHODS Eight horses were administered PG (1 mg/kg bodyweight PO) for 12 days before induction of insulin resistance through IV administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treated and untreated controls (CN; n = 8) were subjected to testing of peripheral insulin sensitivity and biopsies of both subcutaneous (nuchal ligament) adipose tissue and skeletal muscle before and after treatment, and 24 hours after LPS administration. RESULTS PG treatment did not improve basal insulin sensitivity (CNs: 1.4 ± 0.3, PG-treated: 1.9 ± 1.3; P > .4) or mitigate LPS-induced insulin resistance (CNs: 0.4 ± 0.3, PG-treated: 0.4 ± 0.3); however, transcript abundance of glucose and lipid transporters was altered in both skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Either a higher dose or longer treatment period might be required for physiological effects to be observed. PG is a novel therapeutic agent requiring further investigation in horses in order to determine treatment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Suagee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dugdale AHA, Curtis GC, Cripps P, Harris PA, Argo CM. Effect of dietary restriction on body condition, composition and welfare of overweight and obese pony mares. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:600-10. [PMID: 20840575 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00110.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Increased prevalence of obesity among UK horses and ponies demands evidence-based advice to promote weight loss. HYPOTHESIS Restriction of dry matter intake (DMI) to 1% of body mass (BM, 67% [corrected] of predicted maintenance digestible energy [DE] requirements) would promote weight loss without compromise to health. METHODS Five mature (mean ± s.e. 10 ± 2 years), overweight/obese pony mares (BM, 257 ± 20 kg: body condition score [BCS] 6.8/9 ± 0.5) were studied over 12 weeks. Animals were individually housed. Daily provision of a chaff-based, complete diet (measured DE, 8.5 MJ/kg DM) was restricted to 1% of actual BM as DMI daily. BCS, girth measurements and ultrasound-derived measures of subcutaneous fat depth overlying the gluteal region and 12th intercostal space (rib-eye) were recorded weekly. Body fat content was estimated at the beginning and end of the study by deuterium oxide dilution methods. Clinical biochemistry was monitored weekly. Behaviour was observed (24 h, 3/5 ponies) on 3 occasions. RESULTS BM decreased by 4.3 ± 1.1% during the first week and thereafter by 0.7 ± 0.1% of BM at end of Week 1 each week. BCS remained constant. Heart and belly girths, rump width and subcutaneous fat depth at rib-eye decreased significantly with time and BM. Fat comprised 45 ± 19% of BM loss. Fatter animals lost relatively more fat. With decreased feeding activity, time spent in 'play' and rest increased by 36 ± 11% and 438 ± 95%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This plane of nutrition resulted in an overall rate of weight loss of 1% of outset BM weekly. BCS was not a useful index of early weight loss but heart and belly girths and subcutaneous rib-eye fat were identified as alternative markers. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This study provides an evidence-base for the management of weight loss in obese animals, especially those for which exercise may be contra-indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H A Dugdale
- University of Liverpool, School of Veterinary Science, Leahurst, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Geor RJ. Nutrition and Exercise in the Management of Horses and Ponies at High Risk for Laminitis. J Equine Vet Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2010.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
39
|
Berkeley EV, Linklater WL, Dierenfeld ES. Dietary impact on circulating glucose profiles in the white rhinoceros. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2010; 95:245-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
40
|
Endocrinopathic laminitis: reducing the risk through diet and exercise. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010; 26:371-8. [PMID: 20699181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain individual animals appear predisposed to recurrent pasture-associated laminitis, but the exact mechanisms underlying their predisposition remain a fundamental question in laminitis research. The risk of endocrinopathic laminitis can be reduced if steps are taken to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce inflammation using strategies based on exercise and diet. Exercise has been shown to reduce insulin resistance and suppress inflammation, and dietary manipulation can significantly affect insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
The effects of dietary manipulation and exercise on weight loss and related indices of health in horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s1478061509356169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
43
|
|