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Haselmann A, Wenter M, Knaus WF, Fuerst-Waltl B, Zebeli Q, Winckler C. Forage particle size and forage preservation method modulate lying behaviour in dairy cows. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sun X, Cheng L, Jonker A, Munidasa S, Pacheco D. A Review: Plant Carbohydrate Types—The Potential Impact on Ruminant Methane Emissions. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:880115. [PMID: 35782553 PMCID: PMC9249355 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.880115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are the major component of most ruminant feeds. The digestion of carbohydrates in the rumen provides energy to the ruminants but also contributes to enteric methane (CH4) emissions. Fresh forage is the main feed for grazing ruminants in temperate regions. Therefore, this review explored how dietary carbohydrate type and digestion affect ruminant CH4 emissions, with a focus on fresh forage grown in temperate regions. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. Rhamnose is the only monosaccharide that results in low CH4 emissions. However, rhamnose is a minor component in most plants. Among polysaccharides, pectic polysaccharides lead to greater CH4 production due to the conversion of methyl groups to methanol and finally to CH4. Thus, the degree of methyl esterification of pectic polysaccharides is an important structural characteristic to better understand CH4 emissions. Apart from pectic polysaccharides, the chemical structure of other polysaccharides per se does not seem to affect CH4 formation. However, rumen physiological parameters and fermentation types resulting from digestion in the rumen of polysaccharides differing in the rate and extent of degradation do affect CH4 emissions. For example, low rumen pH resulting from the rapid degradation of readily fermentable carbohydrates decreases and inhibits the activities of methanogens and further reduces CH4 emissions. When a large quantity of starch is supplemented or the rate of starch degradation is low, some starch may escape from the rumen and the escaped starch will not yield CH4. Similar bypass from rumen digestion applies to other polysaccharides and needs to be quantified to facilitate the interpretation of animal experiments in which CH4 emissions are measured. Rumen bypass carbohydrates may occur in ruminants fed fresh forage, especially when the passage rate is high, which could be a result of high feed intake or high water intake. The type of carbohydrates affects the concentration of dissolved hydrogen, which consequently alters fermentation pathways and finally results in differences in CH4 emissions. We recommend that the degree of methyl esterification of pectic polysaccharides is needed for pectin-rich forage. The fermentation type of carbohydrates and rumen bypass carbohydrates should be determined in the assessment of mitigation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Sun
- The Innovation Centre of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
- Jilin Inter-Regional Cooperation Centre for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin, China
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Xuezhao Sun
| | - Long Cheng
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arjan Jonker
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sineka Munidasa
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Pacheco
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- David Pacheco
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Samal L, Kumar Dash S. Nutritional Interventions to Reduce Methane Emissions in Ruminants. Vet Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.101763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane is the single largest source of anthropogenic greenhouse gases produced in ruminants. As global warming is a main concern, the interest in mitigation strategies for ruminant derived methane has strongly increased over the last years. Methane is a natural by-product of anaerobic microbial (bacteria, archaea, protozoa, and fungi) fermentation of carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, amino acids in the rumen. This gaseous compound is the most prominent hydrogen sink product synthesized in the rumen. It is formed by the archaea, the so-called methanogens, which utilize excessive ruminal hydrogen. Different nutritional strategies to reduce methane production in ruminants have been investigated such as dietary manipulations, plant extracts, lipids and lipid by-products, plant secondary metabolites, flavonoids, phenolic acid, statins, prebiotics, probiotics, etc. With the range of technical options suggested above, it is possible to develop best nutritional strategies to reduce the ill effects of livestock on global warming. These nutritional strategies seem to be the most developed means in mitigating methane from enteric fermentation in ruminants and some are ready to be applied in the field at the moment.
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Haselmann A, Wenter M, Fuerst-Waltl B, Zollitsch W, Zebeli Q, Knaus W. Comparing the effects of silage and hay from similar parent grass forages on organic dairy cows’ feeding behavior, feed intake and performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Børsting CF, Brask M, Hellwing ALF, Weisbjerg MR, Lund P. Enteric methane emission and digestion in dairy cows fed wheat or molasses. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1448-1462. [PMID: 31785884 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to measure enteric methane (CH4) emission and its relation with rumen digestion in dairy cows fed diets rich in 1 of the 2 carbohydrate sources, starch or sugar. The rations were based on late first-cut grass-clover silage supplemented with wheat (Wh), NaOH-treated wheat (Wh+NaOH), sugar beet molasses (Mo), or sugar beet molasses with addition of sodium bicarbonate (Mo+Bic). Wheat and molasses made up 35% of dry matter in the 2 diets with molasses and wheat, respectively. Four cows fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal canulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Nutrient digestibility was measured using chromium oxide and titanium oxide as flow markers, and emissions of CH4 and hydrogen were measured via open-circuit indirect calorimetry on 4 consecutive days. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with treatment and period as fixed effects and cow as random effect. Furthermore, orthogonal contrasts were calculated. The cows produced 32.5, 33.6, 36.2, and 35.1 L of CH4/kg of dry matter intake (DMI) on diets Wh, Wh+NaOH, Mo, and Mo+Bic, respectively. The emission of CH4 per day, per kilogram of DMI, and per kilogram of energy-corrected milk as well as daily hydrogen emission were higher on the Mo diet compared with the Wh diet. With the present inclusion of wheat and molasses in the diet, no effects of NaOH treatment of wheat or of sodium bicarbonate supplementation to the Mo diet could be demonstrated on CH4 emission expressed per kilogram of DMI or per kilogram of energy-corrected milk. The duodenal flow of starch was higher when wheat was treated with NaOH. Under the conditions in the present experiment, ruminal NDF digestibility was not affected by carbohydrate source, NaOH treatment of wheat, or bicarbonate supplementation. Total volatile fatty acid concentration in the rumen and the proportions of acetate and propionate were not affected by carbohydrate source, NaOH treatment of wheat, or bicarbonate supplementation. Likewise, we could not show any influence of diet on microbial protein synthesis or efficiency of microbial protein synthesis expressed as grams of microbial protein synthesis per kilogram of true rumen-digested organic matter. We concluded that CH4 emission was increased when wheat was replaced by molasses, whereas no effect of manipulating rumen fermentation by NaOH treatment of wheat or addition of bicarbonate to molasses could be found with a level of approximately 25% of dry matter from starch and sugar, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Børsting
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M Brask
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - A L F Hellwing
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, PO Box 50, DK 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Haque MN. Dietary manipulation: a sustainable way to mitigate methane emissions from ruminants. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018; 60:15. [PMID: 29946475 PMCID: PMC6004689 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-018-0175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Methane emission from the enteric fermentation of ruminant livestock is a main source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and a major concern for global warming. Methane emission is also associated with dietary energy lose; hence, reduce feed efficiency. Due to the negative environmental impacts, methane mitigation has come forward in last few decades. To date numerous efforts were made in order to reduce methane emission from ruminants. No table mitigation approaches are rumen manipulation, alteration of rumen fermentation, modification of rumen microbial biodiversity by different means and rarely by animal manipulations. However, a comprehensive exploration for a sustainable methane mitigation approach is still lacking. Dietary modification is directly linked to changes in the rumen fermentation pattern and types of end products. Studies showed that changing fermentation pattern is one of the most effective ways of methane abatement. Desirable dietary changes provide two fold benefits i.e. improve production and reduce GHG emissions. Therefore, the aim of this review is to discuss biology of methane emission from ruminants and its mitigation through dietary manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Najmul Haque
- Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, 8100 Bangladesh
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Ribeiro AF, Messana JD, Neto AJ, Lage JF, Fiorentini G, Vieira BR, Berchielli TT. Enteric methane emissions, intake, and performance of young Nellore bulls fed different sources of forage in concentrate-rich diets containing crude glycerine. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an15645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Forty young Nellore bulls were used to determine the effects of different sources of forage in concentrate-rich diets containing crude glycerine on feed intake, performance, and enteric methane emissions. Ten animals (397 ± 34 kg and 20 ± 2 months of age) were slaughtered to estimate the initial carcass weights, and the remaining 30 animals (417 ± 24.7) were randomly assigned to three treatments with 10 replicates. The treatments consisted of three different sources of forage [NDF from forage (fNDF) was fixed 15% of dry matter]; corn silage, sugarcane, and sugarcane bagasse; in diets rich in concentrates with 10% dry matter crude glycerine. There were no differences in the intake of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, gross energy, or metabolisable energy. No effects of the type of forage were observed on performance or enteric methane emissions. These results suggest that alternatives to corn silage that have high fibre content, such as sugarcane and sugarcane bagasse, do not significantly affect the intake, performance, or enteric methane emissions of young Nellore bulls.
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Zhao XH, Gong JM, Zhou S, Liu CJ, Qu MR. The Effect of Starch, Inulin, and Degradable Protein on Ruminal Fermentation and Microbial Growth in Rumen Simulation Technique. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhao XH, Gong JM, Zhou S, Fu CB, Liu CJ, Xu LJ, Pan K, Qu MR. Effects of Degradable Protein and Non-Fibre Carbohydrates on Microbial Growth and Fermentation in the Rumen Simulating Fermenter (Rusitec). ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2015.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Staerfl S, Amelchanka S, Kälber T, Soliva C, Kreuzer M, Zeitz J. Effect of feeding dried high-sugar ryegrass (‘AberMagic’) on methane and urinary nitrogen emissions of primiparous cows. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Enteric and manure-derived methane and nitrogen emissions as well as metabolic energy losses in cows fed balanced diets based on maize, barley or grass hay. Animal 2011; 5:450-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110001795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Effect of inoculated corn silage on rumen fermentation and lipid metabolism in an artificial rumen (RUSITEC). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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