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Draft Genome Sequences of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains DSMZ 8862 and DSMZ 8866, Used as Feed Additives. Microbiol Resour Announc 2022; 11:e0116621. [PMID: 35876571 PMCID: PMC9387276 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01166-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the draft genome sequences of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains DSMZ 8862 and DSMZ 8866, which are currently being used as authorized feed additives in the European Union under regulation (EC) number 1831/2003. The draft genome sequences contain 3,334 kbp (DSMZ 8862) and 2,992 kbp (DSMZ 8866) in 15 and 8 contigs, respectively.
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Agyekum A, Beaulieu A, Pieper R, Van Kessel A. Fermentation of barley and wheat with lactic acid bacteria and exogenous enzyme on nutrient composition, microbial count, and fermentative characteristics. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of wheat and barley inoculated with a homo-fermentative (HO) or hetero-fermentative (HE) lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were investigated in separate 97 d studies conducted using a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement comparing inoculants (no inoculant, HO or HE) and multi-enzyme (no or yes) addition. The pH declined (P < 0.05) to below 4.5 by day 6, coinciding with peaks in lactobacilli and yeast counts. A more rapid decline (P < 0.05) in pH and lactobacilli count but higher (P < 0.05) yeast count was observed with HO relative to HE. Enzyme addition reduced pH in inoculated grains only, particularly with HE (inoculant × enzyme effect; P < 0.05). Higher dry matter losses (P < 0.05) were observed with HE, most apparent in barley. Lactate was generally highest in HO and was increased by enzyme addition. Acetate was higher (P < 0.05) in HE. Ethanol and ammonia were lowest (P < 0.05) in HO. Wheat neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was reduced by both inoculants compared with control, whereas enzyme addition reduced NDF content in both grains. In conclusion, although not marked, fermentation responses appeared greater in wheat than barley although either LAB inoculant improved grain fermentation characteristics. The multi-enzyme appeared active during fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.K. Agyekum
- University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - A.D. Beaulieu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon, SK S7H 5N9, Canada
| | - R. Pieper
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 49, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - A.G. Van Kessel
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Nausch H, Dorn M, Frolov A, Hoedtke S, Wolf P, Broer I. Direct Delivery of Health Promoting β-Asp-Arg Dipeptides via Stable Co-expression of Cyanophycin and the Cyanophycinase CphE241 in Tobacco Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:842. [PMID: 32636862 PMCID: PMC7318851 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Feed supplementation with β-arginine-aspartate dipeptides (β-Asp-Arg DP) shows growth promoting effects in feeding trials with fish and might also be beneficial for pig and poultry farming. Currently, these DPs are generated from purified cyanophycin (CGP), with the help of the CGP-degrading enzyme cyanophycinase (CGPase). As alternative to an in vitro production, the DPs might be directly produced in feed crops. We already demonstrated that CGP can be produced in plastids of tobacco and potato, yielding up to 9.4% of the dry weight (DW). We also transiently co-expressed CGPases in the cytosol without degrading CGP in intact cells, while degradation occurs in the homogenized plant tissue. However, transient co-expression is not feasible for field-grown CGP plants, which is necessary for bulk production. In the present study, we proved that stable co-expression of the CGPase CphE241 in CGP-producing tobacco is sufficient to degrade 2.0% CGP/DW nearly completely within 3 h after homogenization of the leaves. In intact senescing leaves, CGP is partially released to the cytosol and degraded into DPs which limits the overall accumulation of CGP but not the level of the stable DPs. Even after 48 h, 54 μmol β-Asp-Arg DP/g DW could be detected in the extract, which correspond to 1.5% DP/DW and represents 84% of the expected amount. Thus, we developed a system for the production of β-Asp-Arg DP in field-grown plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Nausch
- Department of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio- und Gene Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mandy Dorn
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrej Frolov
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sandra Hoedtke
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Petra Wolf
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Inge Broer
- Department of Agrobiotechnology and Risk Assessment for Bio- und Gene Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Zhao J, Tang S, Zhou X, Dong W, Zhang S, Huang C. Determination of chemical composition, energy content, and amino acid digestibility in different wheat cultivars fed to growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:714-726. [PMID: 30462227 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the DE, ME, and apparent (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in different wheat cultivars fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, twelve crossbred growing barrows were allotted to a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design to determine the DE and ME contents of 12 different wheat cultivars. In Exp. 2, twelve growing barrows with a simple T-cannula were used to determine the AID and SID of AA in 10 different wheat cultivars. Pigs were randomly allotted to a replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design and fed one nitrogen-free diet and 10 different cultivars of wheat diets. Among different wheat cultivars, the concentrations of GE, CP, NDF, ADF, and starch ranged from 4,385 to 4,458 kcal/kg, 12.95% to 18.14%, 9.16% to 13.89%, 1.93% to 2.92% and 60.81% to 70.77%, respectively (DM basis). There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the DE, ME values, and the ATTD of GE in 12 different cultivars of wheat in Exp. 1. The DE and ME contents and the ATTD of GE ranged (P < 0.05) from 3,922 to 4,067 kcal/kg DM, 3,759 to 3,941 kcal/kg DM and 88.14% to 90.31%, respectively. The best prediction equations of DE and ME for different cultivars of wheat cultivars were DE = -2,738 - (40.8 × % ADF) + (1.7 × GE) - (51.5 × % Xylans) - (95.7 × % Ash) + (22.3 × % EE), R2 = 0.98, and ME = -2,990 + (1.7 × GE) - (50.2 × % Xylans) - (87.6 × % Ash), R2 = 0.88, respectively. There were also differences (P < 0.05) in the AID and SID of CP and indispensable AA, expect for His, in 10 wheat cultivars in Exp. 2. The AID and SID of CP, Lys, and Met ranged (P < 0.05) from 82.02% to 89.46%, 74.13% to 84.73%, 87.35% to 92.49% and 87.56% to 94.04%, 80.56% to 89.89%, 89.56% to 94.45%, respectively. In conclusion, the chemical composition, energy contents, and most AA digestibility in different cultivars of wheat varied widely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shouwen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingjian Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengfei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Koo B, Bustamante-García D, Nyachoti CM. Energy content and nutrient digestibility of diets containing Lactobacillus-fermented barley or wheat fed to weaned pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:4802-4811. [PMID: 30184094 PMCID: PMC6247843 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the energy content and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients of diets containing Lactobacillus-fermented barley or wheat fed to weaned pigs. Thirty-six weaned pigs (8.14 ± 0.65 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 diets in a completely randomized design to give 6 replicates per diet. Pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates to determine digestible energy and metabolizable energy contents. Net energy was also calculated from the average of 2 equations published by Noblet et al. (1994). Diets were fed at 2.5 times the maintenance energy requirement for 10 d of adaptation and 5 d of total but separate urine and fecal collection. Samples of barley or wheat were fermented for 90 d under anaerobic conditions with an inoculum of either homofermentative Lactobacillus plantarum (Homo) or heterofermentative L. buchneri (Hetero). Three diets were formulated based on either barley or wheat to consist of a control diet containing 42% unfermented grain and 2 diets containing either Homo-fermented or Hetero-fermented grain. Preplanned contrasts were used to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of fermented barley or wheat and to compare the effects of Homo-fermented with Hetero-fermented grains. Fermented wheat inclusion in a diet increased ATTD of gross energy and phosphorus, and retention of gross energy by 1.9%, 6.8%, and 6.3%, respectively. Also, fermented wheat diets had greater (P < 0.05) metabolizable energy content and tended to have greater (P ≤ 0.10) net energy content than unfermented wheat diets. However, inclusion of fermented barley did not increase nutrient and energy digestibility. Hetero-fermented diets contained greater (P < 0.05) digestible energy and net energy content (DM basis) than Homo-fermented diets. Pigs fed barley-based diets showed less (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM, nitrogen, and gross energy than those fed wheat-based diets. In conclusion, wheat fermented with Lactobacillus-inoculum can be beneficially substituted for unfermented wheat, improving the ATTD of nutrient and energy, nitrogen retention, and energy content. Also, Hetero-inoculum is preferable to Homo-inoculum for grain fermentation considering greater energy content in weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonjin Koo
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB, Canada
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Nutrient and energy digestibility, and microbial metabolites in weaned pigs fed diets containing Lactobacillus –fermented wheat. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Effects of grain species, genotype and starch quantity on the postprandial plasma amino acid response in horses. Res Vet Sci 2018; 118:295-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Urubschurov V, Büsing K, Souffrant WB, Schauer N, Zeyner A. Porcine intestinal yeast species, Kazachstania slooffiae, a new potential protein source with favourable amino acid composition for animals. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:e892-e901. [PMID: 29235693 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
There is little information about Kazachstania slooffiae which dominates among other yeasts in the pigs' intestine. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterise the yeast cell contents and to investigate which nitrogen sources, organic acids and alcohols may be utilised or produced by this species. The results showed that, K. slooffiae could use urea, ammonium sulphate, peptides and single amino acids and produce thereby ethanol and formic acid. However, this yeast did not metabolise amino acids, lactic, butyric, propionic and acetic acids as sole carbon source. Using a global metabolite profiling approach employing gas chromatography and high-resolution liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, was found that the amount of peptides and dehydroascorbic acid considerably increased in the fermentation residues after yeast cultivation. It is noteworthy that the cells of K. slooffiae had higher contents of nitrogen and total amino acids (especially lysine) than the cells of nutritional yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This study indicates that due to potential production of peptides and formic acid in the intestinal tract, K. slooffiae might have an impact on the gut health. Moreover, from a nutritional standpoint, the cells of this yeast can be a good source of protein with useful amino acid composition for animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Urubschurov
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Group Animal Nutrition, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - K Büsing
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Chair of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - W-B Souffrant
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Group Animal Nutrition, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Chair of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - N Schauer
- Metabolomic Discoveries GmbH, Potsdam, Germany
| | - A Zeyner
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Group Animal Nutrition, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Poulsen HD, Blaabjerg K. Fermentation of rapeseed meal, sunflower meal and faba beans in combination with wheat bran increases solubility of protein and phosphorus. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:244-251. [PMID: 26996813 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To increase self-supply of protein and phosphorus (P) in European pig and poultry diets and reduce nitrogen (N) and P excretion, attention is directed to approaches increasing protein and P digestibility of rapeseed, sunflower and faba beans. Wheat bran is rich in enzymes degrading and solubilizing protein and phytate. Herein, solubilization of protein, N and P was investigated when increasing ratios of wheat bran were fermented with rapeseed meal (RSM), sunflower meal (SFM), faba beans (FB) or a combination of these (RSM/SFM/FB). RESULTS Protein, N and P solubility was greater, for all mixtures, the more wheat bran was included and the longer the mixtures were fermented. The increase in N (FB > RSM/SFM/FB > SFM > RSM) and protein solubility (RSM/SFM/FB > RSM > SFM > FB) was greatest from day 0 to day 3 and thereafter limited, whereas P solubility increased during the whole period (5 days; FB > RSM/SFM/FB > SFM > RSM). In general, FB showed the highest solubility and highest increase in N and P solubility, while RSM showed the highest protein solubility and RSM/SFM/FB the highest increase in protein solubility. CONCLUSION Fermentation of RSM, SFM, FB and RSM/SFM/FB without or with wheat bran uncovers a potential for increased protein and P digestibility and thereby reduced N and P excretion from pigs and poultry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karoline Blaabjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum, DK-8830, Tjele, Denmark
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Janczyk P, Büsing K, Dobenecker B, Nöckler K, Zeyner A. Effect of high dietary zinc oxide on the caecal and faecal short-chain fatty acids and tissue zinc and copper concentration in pigs is reversible after withdrawal of the high zinc oxide from the diet. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 99 Suppl S1:13-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Janczyk
- Unit for Molecular Diagnostics, Genetics and Pathogen Characterisation; Department of Biological Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment; Berlin Germany
| | - K. Büsing
- Chair of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition; Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; University of Rostock; Rostock Germany
| | - B. Dobenecker
- Animal Nutrition and Dietetics; Department of Veterinary Science; Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich; Oberschleißheim Germany
| | - K. Nöckler
- Unit for Molecular Diagnostics, Genetics and Pathogen Characterisation; Department of Biological Safety; Federal Institute for Risk Assessment; Berlin Germany
| | - A. Zeyner
- Group Animal Nutrition; Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Halle (Saale) Germany
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Effects of fermented and extruded wheat bran on total tract apparent digestibility of nutrients, minerals and energy in growing pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Martens SD, Hoedtke S, Avila P, Heinritz SN, Zeyner A. Effect of ensiling treatment on secondary compounds and amino acid profile of tropical forage legumes, and implications for their pig feeding potential. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1107-1115. [PMID: 23983117 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smallholders in the tropics depend on local protein supplements to balance pig diets. Thus, various tropical forage legumes are a potential feeding option. Ensiling allows converting forages into a ready-to-feed-out choice, but the lactic acid fermentation may influence various (anti)nutritional components. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of sucrose (SU) and a tropical Lactobacillus plantarum strain (LAB) as ensiling treatments (control, SU, LAB, LAB + SU) on the potential nutrient availability of 10 forage legume species. RESULTS Ensiling commonly reduced antinutritional compounds such as tannins (by 49-84%) and trypsin inhibitory activity (by 74-78%), as well as oxalic acid (by 51-100%). An improved potential absorbability of protein and minerals for pigs is thus inferred. There was no major loss in total amino acids. In general, the species effect was stronger than the treatment effect. A clear effect of the treatments SU, LAB and LAB + SU over all 10 forage species was only observed for oxalic acid, single amino acids and trypsin inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION Ensiling is a viable option to enhance nutrient utilization of tropical forages for pigs. Species-specific treatment of forage legumes is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan D Martens
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Tropical Forages, Cali, Colombia; Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology, Department of Animal Production, 04886, Köllitsch, Germany
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Gefrom A, Ott EM, Hoedtke S, Zeyner A. Effect of ensiling moist field bean (Vicia faba), pea (Pisum sativum) and lupine (Lupinus spp.) grains on the contents of alkaloids, oligosaccharides and tannins. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2013; 97:1152-60. [PMID: 23279626 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Ensiling legume grain may be an inexpensive and ecologically interesting method to produce a high-protein feed of local origin. The typically patchy maturation recommends harvesting and ensiling the seeds in moist condition. Developing a method for preserving legume grains harvested before maturation by lactic acid fermentation would have several advantages. Under laboratory conditions, crushed legume seeds of beans, peas and lupines with high moisture content of 35 % were ensiled with different additives (molasses and lactic acid bacteria). To characterize the final silages, contents of proximate nutrients and antinutritional factors (alkaloids, oligosaccharides, tannins) were analysed. The addition of lactic acid bacteria ensured a fast and pronounced lactic acid production and decreased contents of undesired fermentation products like ethanol. An additional use of molasses for ensilage did not provide a remarkable additional benefit. Excluding sugar and starch, the contents of proximate nutrients were not remarkably altered after ensiling. As an overall effect, lactic acid fermentation reduced tannins and oligosaccharides. It can be supposed that the oligosaccharides after breakdown of the complex molecules acted as a source of fermentable carbohydrates. A relevant reduction of alkaloids did not occur. The lactic acid fermentation of legume grains can be recommended as an appropriate method for conservation. With respect to the economic advantages and compared with methods of chemical preservation, the lactic acid fermentation of legume grains under anaerobic conditions is an environmentally compliant procedure and therefore also an option for organic farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gefrom
- Nutrition Physiology and Animal Nutrition, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Protein quality evaluation twenty years after the introduction of the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score method. Br J Nutr 2012; 108 Suppl 2:S183-211. [PMID: 23107529 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512002309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In 1989 the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation on Protein Quality Evaluation recommended the use of the Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) method for evaluating protein quality. In calculating PDCAAS, the limiting amino acid score (i.e., ratio of first limiting amino acid in a gram of target food to that in a reference protein or requirement) is multiplied by protein digestibility. The PDCAAS method has now been in use for 20 years. Research emerging during this time has provided useful data on various aspects of protein quality evaluation that has made a review of the current methods used in assessing protein quality necessary. This paper provides an overview of the use of the PDCAAS method as compared to other methods and addresses some of the key challenges that remain in regards to protein quality evaluation. Furthermore, specific factors influencing protein quality including the effects of processing conditions and preparation methods are presented. Protein quality evaluation methods and recommended protein intakes currently used in different countries vis-à-vis the WHO/FAO/UNU standards are further provided. As foods are frequently consumed in complement with other foods, the significance of the PDCAAS of single protein sources may not be evident, thus, protein quality of some key food groups and challenges surrounding the calculation of the amino acid score for dietary protein mixtures are further discussed. As results from new research emerge, recommendations may need to be updated or revised to maintain relevance of methods used in calculating protein quality.
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Pieper R, Hackl W, Korn U, Zeyner A, Souffrant W, Pieper B. Effect of ensiling triticale, barley and wheat grains at different moisture content and addition of Lactobacillus plantarum (DSMZ 8866 and 8862) on fermentation characteristics and nutrient digestibility in pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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