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Farooq U, Ahmed S, Liu G, Jiang X, Yang H, Ding J, Ali M. Biochemical properties of sheep colostrum and its potential benefits for lamb survival: a review. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2320726. [PMID: 38436999 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2024.2320726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Colostrum is the initial secretion of the mammary glands following parturition, which offers main food, protection, and biological active substances for the new born. The most threatening episode of neonate's life is the initial two weeks after birth. This period is associated with high neonatal mortality and morbidity. These worthwhile losses lead to a poor prolificacy rate, low profitability, and ultimately poor performance in animal production. Hence, both diseases and mortality cause valuable losses in terms of production and economic losses. The survival of neonate is correlated with their immune status and passive immune transfer (PIT). Colostrum provides the primary source of nutrition and immunity (PIT) that protects neonates against infections. It must be given as soon as possible after birth since its immunoglobulins are absorbed within the first 16-27 hours after birth, ideally within 2-4 hours. As a result, immunoglobulin (PIT) is the most important component of distressing infectious immunity, and a passable concentration of immunoglobulin in the blood of newborn lambs is linked to their health and survival rate. In this review, we summarized the importance of colostrum in early life and its association with neonatal lamb's survival, profitability and productivity of sheep farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Farooq
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Livestock and Dairy Development Department Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Ahmed
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Small Ruminant Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Small Ruminant Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Laboratory of Small Ruminant Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiguo Yang
- Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumuqi, China
| | - Jianping Ding
- Anhui Anxin (Woyang) Animal Husbandry Development Co., Ltd., Bozhou, China
| | - Mehboob Ali
- State key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Alshdaifat MM, Serbester U, Obeidat BS, Gorgulu M. Fish Oil Supplementation as an Omega-3 Fatty Acid Source during Gestation: Effects on the Performance of Awassi Ewes and Their Offspring. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3888. [PMID: 38136925 PMCID: PMC10741067 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary aim of this research was to assess the impact of supplementing fish oil into the diet of pregnant Awassi ewes on various aspects of the dam's productive performance, offspring birth weight, colostrum yield and quality, milk production and composition, postpartum offspring performance, and the composition of fatty acids in milk. In this study, two different fat sources, namely palm oil (PO) and fish oil (FO), were utilized, with both being included at a rate of 2.4% of dietary dry matter (DM) during the initial 65 days of gestation (early gestation stage), and then at 2.1% DM from day 65 of gestation until lambing (late gestation stage). The study subjects were Awassi ewes with a body weight (BW) averaging 57 ± 1.5 kg and an age of 3.5 ± 1.2 years. These ewes were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: (i) a diet containing only palm oil from day 0 to day 150 of pregnancy (PO, n = 15); (ii) a diet containing palm oil from day 0 to day 65 of pregnancy, followed by a diet containing fish oil from day 66 to day 150 of pregnancy (POFO, n = 16); (iii) a diet containing fish oil from day 0 to day 65 of pregnancy, followed by a diet containing palm oil from day 66 to day 150 of pregnancy (FOPO, n = 16); (iv) a diet containing only fish oil from day 0 to day 150 of pregnancy (FO, n = 16). Within each treatment, ewes were housed in three replicates, with each replicate further divided into three subgroups. The first two subgroups each contained eight ewes, while the third subgroup contained nine ewes. In addition, each treatment contained 10 primiparous and 15 multiparous ewes. The results indicated that the POFO treatment led to significant increases (p < 0.05) in birth weight, gestation length, and colostrum IgG concentration. However, it also resulted in a decrease (p < 0.001) in colostrum production and a reduction (p < 0.001) in the percentage of milk fat and milk protein. Furthermore, the milk from the POFO treatment exhibited higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (p < 0.001) compared to the PO and FOPO treatments, while the milk saturated fatty acids (SFA) were lower (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the addition of fish oil at a rate of 2.1% DM during the late pregnancy period showed promise for enhancing birth weight, colostrum IgG concentration, and the PUFA content in the milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa M. Alshdaifat
- Al-Khanasiri Department for Livestock and Rangeland Research, National Agricultural Research Center (NARC), P.O. Box 639, Baqa’a 19381, Jordan;
| | - Ugur Serbester
- Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Cukurova University, Adana P.O. Box 01330, Türkiye
| | - Belal S. Obeidat
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan;
| | - Murat Gorgulu
- Makrovit Animal Feeding Technologies, Konya P.O. Box 10757, Türkiye
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Hamer K, Bellingham M, Evans NP, Jones RO, Denholm KS. Defining optimal thresholds for digital Brix refractometry to determine IgG concentration in ewe colostrum and lamb serum in Scottish lowland sheep flocks. Prev Vet Med 2023; 218:105988. [PMID: 37541077 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to define thresholds for ewe colostrum and lamb serum Brix refractometer measurements in lowland Scottish sheep. This would facilitate the use of this convenient, sheep-side test, enabling quick and accurate identification of poor quality colostrum and prevention of failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) in lambs. Secondary aims were to identify risk factors for poor colostrum quality and FTPI in lambs. Serum samples (n = 233) were collected from lambs between 24 and 48hrs after birth, from four lowland Scottish meat sheep farms. Pre-suckle colostrum samples (n = 112) were also collected from ewes on two of these farms. Farmers provided information on litter size, ewe body condition score, ewe breed and dystocia. Duplicate digital Brix refractometer measurements were compared with immunoglobulin G (IgG) radial immunodiffusion (RID) testing for all colostrum and serum samples. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to redefine thresholds for Brix testing in colostrum and serum. Linear regression models were constructed with colostrum and serum IgG concentration as the outcomes of interest. Colostrum and serum IgG concentrations were highly variable. The prevalence of inadequate colostrum quality (using <50 g/L IgG on RID) was 4.5% (95% CI = 1.5 - 10.1) and the prevalence of FTPI (using <15 g/L IgG in serum on RID) was 7.73% (95% CI = 4.64-11.93). A ewe's colostrum IgG concentration was significantly and positively associated with the serum IgG concentration of her lamb(s) (p = 0.02). ROC analysis defined a Brix threshold for adequate colostrum quality of > 22.10% (sensitivity 80% (95%CI=28.4-99.5), specificity 90% (95%CI=82.3-94.8)). ROC analysis defined a Brix threshold for serum of > 8.65% for adequate passive transfer of immunity in Scottish lambs (sensitivity 94% (95%CI=72.7-99.8), specificity 82% (95%CI=76.6-87.2)). To optimise passive transfer of immunity in lambs, we suggest that ewe colostrum Brix measurements be defined as 'poor' (<22%); 'fair' (22-26%) and 'good' (>26%); and lamb serum as 'poor' (<8%); 'fair' (8-9%) and 'good' (>9%). It is recommended that these tests are used as for flock screening, using samples from multiple animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hamer
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
| | - Michelle Bellingham
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Neil P Evans
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Rheinallt O Jones
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine S Denholm
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
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Hare K, Fischer-Tlustos A, Wood K, Cant J, Steele M. Prepartum nutrient intake and colostrum yield and composition in ruminants. Anim Front 2023; 13:24-36. [PMID: 37324211 PMCID: PMC10266757 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koryn S Hare
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 1Y2
| | - Amanda J Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 1Y2
| | - Katharine M Wood
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 1Y2
| | - John P Cant
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 1Y2
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Ababakri R, Dayani O, Khezri A, Naserian AA. Influence of flaxseed with rumen undegradable protein level on milk yield, milk fatty acids and blood metabolites in transition ewes. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:475-490. [PMID: 34189498 PMCID: PMC8203991 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of two levels of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) without or with whole or extruded flaxseed on milk yield, milk component, milk fatty acids (FAs) profile and plasma metabolites in transition ewes. Three weeks before and after lambing, seventy-two Baluchi ewes were used in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The treatments contained 1) no flaxseed + 20% RUP (no flaxseed, low RUP [NFLR]); 2) no flaxseed + 40% RUP (no flaxseed, high RUP [NFHR]); 3) 10% whole flaxseed + 20% RUP (whole flaxseed, low RUP [WFLR]); 4) 10% whole flaxseed + 40% RUP (whole flaxseed, high RUP [WFHR]); 5) 10% extruded flaxseed + 20% RUP (extruded flaxseed, low RUP [EFLR]), and 6) 10% extruded flaxseed + 40% RUP (extruded flaxseed, high RUP [EFHR]). Ewes fed 10% extruded flaxseed exhibited higher (p < 0.001) dry matter intake (DMI) and colostrum yield (p < 0.1) compared to other treatments. Two types of flaxseed and RUP levels had no significant effect on milk yield, but milk fat and protein contents decreased and increased in diets containing 40% RUP, respectively. Ewes fed extruded flaxseed produced milk with lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and higher α-linolenic and linoleic acids and also polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) compared to other groups (p < 0.05). During post-lambing, the ewes fed diets containing flaxseed exhibited higher concentration of serum non-esterified FAs (NEFA) compared to diets without flaxseed (p < 0.01). The concentration of serum β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) decreased in the diets containing flaxseed types at pre-lambing, but increased in diets containing extruded flaxseed at post-lambing (p < 0.01). The serum glucose concentration of ewes (pre and post-lambing) which consumed diets containing extruded flaxseed or 40% RUP increased, but blood urea concentration was elevated following supplementation of diet with whole flaxseed or 40% RUP (p < 0.001). In conclusion, utilization of 10% extruded flaxseed in the diets of transition ewes had positive effects on animal performance with favorable changes in milk FAs profile. However, there is no considerable advantage to supply more than 20% RUP level in the diet of transition dairy sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmat Ababakri
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran
| | - Omid Dayani
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran
| | - Amin Khezri
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76169-14111, Iran
| | - Abbas-Ali Naserian
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91775-1163, Iran
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Van Emon ML, Schauer CS, Lekatz LA, Eckerman SR, Maddock-Carlin K, Vonnahme KA. Supplementing metabolizable protein to ewes during late gestation: I. Effects on ewe performance and offspring performance from birth to weaning1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:339-48. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Van Emon
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger, ND 58639
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - C. S. Schauer
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger, ND 58639
| | - L. A. Lekatz
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - S. R. Eckerman
- Hettinger Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Hettinger, ND 58639
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | | | - K. A. Vonnahme
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
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