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Palmieri B, Vadalà M. Letter to the Editor: Corynebacterium Parvum ( Propionibacterium Acnes): Cytokines Cells, Innate Immunity, and Putative Antiviral Adoption. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2021; 41:132-136. [PMID: 33750214 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2020.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Surgical Clinic, Modena, Italy.,Clinical Department, Second Opinion Medical Network, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Vadalà
- Clinical Department, Second Opinion Medical Network, Modena, Italy
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Palmieri B, Vadalà M, Roncati L, Garelli A, Scandone F, Bondi M, Cermelli C. The long-standing history of Corynebacterium parvum, immunity, and viruses. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2429-2439. [PMID: 32472706 PMCID: PMC7300755 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report a review of all the experimental and clinical studies performed in the last 60 years on the antiviral activity of inactivated Corynebacterium parvum (Cutibacterium acnes). This bacterium has been originally investigated and used for its oncolytic properties linked to immunomodulating activity, but the interest to successfully prevent and treat bacterial, fungal, and viral infections and lethality, uprising the innate immunity barriers produced many experimental models and very few clinical studies. The dramatic defenseless situation due to impending CoViD‐19 pandemic claims to exhume and highlight this aspecific strategy in preventive and therapeutic settings; as a matter of fact, no new or mutated virus can potentially escape to this strong innate immune surveillance strengthened by adequate C. parvum protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beniamino Palmieri
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialties, Surgical Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Modena, Italy.,Clinical Research Department, Second Opinion Medical Network, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Vadalà
- Clinical Research Department, Second Opinion Medical Network, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Roncati
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Garelli
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tor vergata's University, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Moreno Bondi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Cermelli
- Dental Department of Morphological Sciences Related to Transplant, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Abstract
From the introduction of smallpox vaccination approximately 200 years ago right up to its discontinuation (1980), reports by physicians and scientists about positive side-effects such as healing of chronic skin rashes, reduced susceptibility to various infectious diseases, e.g. measles, scarlet fever and whooping cough, and even the prophylactic use of the vaccination, e.g. against syphilis, were published again and again. Comparison with the period after cessation of vaccination confirms the experiences of the above vaccinators. As early as 1956, targeted research on these observations led to evidence of the 'ring-zone phenomenon', i.e. the production of soluble antiviral substances in infected chicken embryos and cell cultures. With the help of modern immunological and bioengineering methods, it was later possible to demonstrate that these effects are based on the activation of lymphoreticular cells and the regulatory effect of certain cytokines within the context of the non-specific immune system. These findings led to the development of paramunization with paraspecific vaccines from highly attenuated animal pox viruses. During attenuation, deletions in the virus DNA occur. Attenuated animal pox strains are therefore suited for the production of vector vaccines. The fact that these vector vaccines demonstrate an especially high level of paraspecific efficacy and lack harmful effects is likewise the result of the attenuated animal pox viruses. Optimum regulation of the entire immune system leads to increased paramunity already in the first few days after vaccination and to enhanced antigen recognition and thus accelerated commencement of specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mayr
- Institute of Microbiology, Infectious and Epidemic Diseases of the Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilian, Munich, Bavaria.
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Abstract
As shown in a number of species, susceptibility to infectious diseases can be efficiently reduced following application of inactivated parapox ovis viruses (iPPOV). However, the basic mechanism for this stimulating capacity of iPPOV remains unclear. When analyzed, the interaction of iPPOV with porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells was seen to involve T helper cells as the main target cell population responding to iPPOV. These cells displayed a strong proliferation, and were the major source for the observed increased levels of IL-2. Activation of the T helper cells was MHC class II dependent, but not MHC class II restricted: cellular processing of iPPOV was not required for presentation by autologous, allogeneic or xenogeneic MHC class II molecules. Furthermore, CD3 and CD4 molecules were involved in the stimulation, indicating a receptor-mediated activation of T helper cells. The results demonstrated typical characteristics of a superantigen-induced response providing evidence for a viral component within PPOV functioning as superantigen(s) in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fachinger
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, Germany
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Saratsis P, Alexopoulos C, Mavromatis J, Tsinas A, Kyriakis S. The Use of an Immunomodulator to Enhance the Reproductive Performance of Gilts Transported for Long Distances from Breeding to Commercial Units. Reprod Domest Anim 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.1999.tb01385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J. Mavromatis
- Clinic of Productive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - A.C. Tsinas
- Clinic of Productive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - S.C. Kyriakis
- Clinic of Productive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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Kyriakis SC, Tzika ED, Lyras DN, Tsinas AC, Saoulidis K, Sarris K. Effect of an inactivated Parapoxvirus based immunomodulator (Baypamun) on post weaning diarrhoea syndrome and wasting pig syndrome of piglets. Res Vet Sci 1998; 64:187-90. [PMID: 9690600 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Post weaning diarrhoea syndrome (PWDS) and wasting pig syndrome (WPS) are two entities of the pig industry induced by stress factors occurring at the early weaning and further complicated by opportunistic pathogens. In the present paper we examine--through one pilot and one final trial--whether prevention of these two syndromes can be achieved in the field by immunomodulation of the pig e.g., by improving its non-specific immunological response. In both trials two groups of early weaned piglets were submitted to the treatments. In the pilot trial the first group received no treatment and served as controls and the animals of the second group were injected twice with an inactivated Parapoxvirus based immunomodulator (Baypamun, Bayer, Germany). In the final trial the first group of piglets received no treatment and served as a control group. The animals of the second group were injected twice with a freeze-dried immunomodulator (Baypamun). Piglets were compared with regard to the severity of PWS, mortality, growth performance parameters, and for the presence of pathogens in their faeces. The results have shown that Baypamun treated piglets performed significantly better than negative control piglets in all the parameters examined. It was concluded that stimulation of the non-specific immunity of piglets may be helpful in preventing the appearance of PWDS and WPS in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Kyriakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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Ahne W, Mayr A. Poxvirus preparation CONPIND initiates production of the major inflammatory mediators IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha in human whole blood and in blood mononuclear cell cultures. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 20:139-45. [PMID: 9208199 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(96)00040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The poxvirus preparation CONPIND initiated the production of the two major inflammatory mediators interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in whole blood and in blood mononuclear cell cultures of man at 37 degrees C within 12-48 h. The release of the cytokines followed a dose-efficacy curve. High levels of IL1-alpha (up to 810 pg/ml) and TNF-alpha (up to 533 pg/ml) were determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ahne
- Veterinary Faculty of the University of Munich, Germany
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Kyriakis SC, Alexopoulos C, Giannakopoulos K, Tsinas AC, Saoulidis K, Kritas SK, Tsiloyiannis V. Effect of a paramunity inducer on reproductive performance of gilts. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE A 1996; 43:483-7. [PMID: 8940894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1996.tb00478.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Optimal reproductive performance of gilts is an economically important characteristic which is influenced amongst others by the general health condition of the animal. In the present pilot study, we examined whether reproductive performance of gilts that were transported from a breeding to a commercial farm can be improved by paramunization, e.g. by enhancing the non-specific immunological response of the animal. Three groups of gilts were submitted to various treatments as follows. The first group received no treatment and served as the control group. The gilts of the second group were injected twice with a paramunity inducer derived from a sheep parapoxvirus (Baypamun liquid, Bayer, Germany), once 2 days before the transport and a second time 2 h before departure. The gilts of the third group were treated as those of the second group, but received an additional injection 2 days after their arrival at the commercial farm. Gilts were compared up to their first farrowing with regard to the appearance of oestrus, the number of the gilts which became pregnant, and the cost of supportive medication. Their litter size at farrowing, the number of piglets born alive and the litter weight have also been recorded. The results show that the number of gilts that showed oestrus and became pregnant was increased after Baypamun liquid treatment, particularly in the third group. The cost of supportive medication per gilt was much lower in treated groups compared to untreated animals. The treatment did not have a significant effect on the total number of piglets born, but some beneficial effect was seen in the number of piglets born alive and the average piglet weight at birth of gilts treated three times with Baypamun liquid. It was concluded that paramunization of gilts at the time of transport may improve their reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Kyriakis
- Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
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Castrucci G, Ferrari M, Osburn BI, Frigeri F, Barreca F, Tagliati S, Cuteri V. The use of a non-specific defence mechanism inducer in calves exposed to bovine herpesvirus-1 infection: preliminary trials. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1995; 18:85-91. [PMID: 7621672 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(95)98849-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of an immunomodulator, the Baypamun (Bayer AG), was tested in calves which were subsequently exposed to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) infection. Two groups of calves, of 8 animals each, were used for two trials. In one trial, 4 calves were treated with the immunomodulator and the remaining 4 were left as untreated controls. Two hours after the first injection of Baypamun, all calves, i.e. the treated and the untreated ones, were challenged with BHV-1. Comparing them to the untreated controls, the calves which were given the immunomodulator developed milder signs of the disease and shed a significantly lower concentration of virus. In the second experiment, 4 calves were given Baypamun and 4 calves were not, as above, but they were not inoculated with BHV-1; however, they were housed together with the calves of the former group (experimentally infected with BHV-1). The 8 calves all became infected but those that had been treated with Baypamun did not show any clinical signs of the disease, whereas the untreated calves underwent a clinical response which was considered to be typical of BHV-1 respiratory infection, as usually seen under natural conditions. In this case the shedding of virus by the calves treated with the immunomodulator also underwent a significant reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castrucci
- Istituto di Malattie Infettive, Profilassi e Polizia Veterinaria, Laboratorio Universitario di Virologia V. Cilli, Università di Perugia, Italy
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Mayr B, Deininger S, Büttner M. Treatment of chronic stomatitis of cats by local paramunization with PIND-ORF. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1991; 38:78-80. [PMID: 2063644 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1991.tb00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
33 cats, suffering from chronic stomatitis, were treated with orally given paramunity inducer PIND-ORF (local paramunization). As a control 39 cats in the same practice were treated with other conventional methods. The reconvalescence rate (healing without rezidives) of experimental animals was 42%. From control animals only 13% reached this status. Oral paramunization with PIND-ORF is recommended as an alternative treatment for hitherto existing therapeutic measures against chronic stomatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Mayr
- Institut für Med. Mikrobiologie, Infektions- und Seuchenmedizin Tierärztlichen Fakultät München
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Wieler L, Baljer G, Büttner M, Adler J, Mayr A. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die paraspezifische Immunstimulierung (Paramunisierung) durch Bakterienlysate in bakteriellen Infektionsmodellen und im Cytotoxizitätstest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1990.tb01088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Steinmassl M, Wolf G. Bildung von Interleukin-2 und Interferonα durch mononukleäre Leukozyten des Schweines nach in vitro-Stimulation mit verschiedenen Viruspräparaten. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1990.tb01065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mayr A, Büttner M, Wolf G, Meyer H, Czerny C. Experimenteller Nachweis paraspezifischer Wirkungen von gereinigten und inaktivierten Pockenviren. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1989.tb00574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Marsig E, Stickl H. Untersuchungen über die Wirksamkeit von Immunmodulatoren aus Mikroorganismen und von Tierpockenpräparaten gegen Tumorzellinien in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1988.tb00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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