Effect of selected antibiotics on Staphylococcus aureus present in milk from infected mammary glands

Antibioticoterapia para controle da mastite subclínica de vacas em lactação

Avaliou-se a eficiência da antibioticoterapia como estratégia para o controle de mastite subclínica em animais em lactação. Foram tratados 83 tetos infectados de 31 animais de três propriedades leiteiras, divididos em dois estádios da lactação:15 a 100 dias (grupo I) e 101 a 200 dias (grupo II), com aplicação intramamária de 250mg de cefacetril sódico (cefalotina). A droga permaneceu 24 horas dentro dos quartos do úbere dos animais tratados. Vinte e oito tetos de 14 animais infectados foram mantidos como controle, sem tratamento. Os grupos tratados e controle foram avaliados nos dias zero, 14, 25 e 40 após o tratamento por meio de provas de California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), isolamento e identificação de patógenos e produção leite. Staphylococcus aureus e Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo foram os microrganismos mais isolados (43,1%), seguidos por Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium bovis, Streptococcus uberis e Escherichia coli. Quatorze dias após o tratamento houve redução de 61,4% das infecções intramamárias e acentuada diminuição da CCS e de reações positivas ao CMT nos animais tratados, nos dois estádios da lactação. Entre os dias 25 e 40 após tratamento as diferenças não foram significativas (P> 0,05). Ocorreram recidivas ou reinfecções nos tetos tratados. O aumento de produção de leite não foi significativo entre os animais tratados (P> 0,05). A antibioticoterapia durante a lactação não foi efetiva para o controle das mastites subclínicas, mesmo em animais que apresentaram alta contagem de células somáticas.

Treatment of clinical mastitis. Using antimicrobial susceptibility profiles for treatment decisions

Antibiotic susceptibility of clinical mastitis pathogens has traditionally been determined using the agar diffusion method that was designed to reflect the antibiotic concentration in serum and interstitial fluid of human patients after receiving oral or intravenous administration. The validity of applying agar diffusion susceptibility breakpoints derived from humans to the treatment of bovine mastitis has not been established and is extremely questionable because (1) bovine milk pH and electrolyte, fat, protein, and leukocyte concentrations, growth factor composition, and pharmacokinetic profiles are different than those for human plasma and (2) human bacterial pathogens are often different from bovine mastitis pathogens. Also, antibiotics are distributed unevenly in an inflamed gland, and high antibiotic concentrations can alter neutrophil morphology or function in vitro and thereby inhibit bacterial clearance in vivo. The current cost of antibiotic susceptibility testing is $12 to $20 per test. Because the dairy industry is economically driven, any diagnostic test should be validated, have appropriate sensitivity and specificity, and have an acceptable economic return on the cost of testing before it can be routinely recommended. In the authors' opinion, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of mastitis pathogens has not been adequately validated for most mastitis pathogens and antibiotics; therefore, the authors do not currently recommend the use of susceptibility testing to guide treatment decisions for individual cows. Additional research is needed to further define the role, if any, that antimicrobial susceptibility testing should play in the treatment of clinical mastitis.

Mastitis-causing Escherichia coli: serum sensitivity and susceptibility to selected antibacterials in milk

A total of 169 Escherichia coli strains were isolated from cows with cases of clinical mastitis. beta-Glucuronidase production, serum sensitivity, and susceptibility to selected antibacterials were analyzed using the fluorometric beta-glucuronidase assay. About 89% (150 of 169) of the isolates tested positive for beta-glucuronidase. Of these isolates producing beta-glucuronidase, 102 (68%) were resistant or moderately resistant to bovine serum. The antibacterial susceptibility of 96 isolates was tested in broth and milk. There was a significant shift from lower fluorometric minimum inhibitory concentration for tetracycline, sulfadoxin-trimethoprim, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin in broth to higher fluorometric minimum inhibitory concentration in milk. Serum sensitivity and susceptibility to tested antibacterials in broth or in milk were not related. Gentamicin and sulfadoxin-trimethoprim seemed to be more potent in mastitic milk than in normal milk, suggesting a possible synergistic effect between these exogenous antibacterials and the indigenous antibacterial agents in mastitic milk.