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Han JH, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Modelling the economics of bovine viral diarrhoea virus control in pastoral dairy and beef cattle herds. Prev Vet Med 2020; 182:105092. [PMID: 32745776 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a prevalent pathogen in the New Zealand cattle industries, yet few studies to date have evaluated the economics of BVDV in pastoral dairy and beef herds to help inform management decisions. To address this knowledge gap, we developed stochastic individual-based simulation models to represent the transmission dynamics of BVDV in typical spring-calving dairy and beef farms in New Zealand. The models conservatively estimated the direct losses due to a BVDV outbreak at NZ$ 22.22 and NZ$ 41.19 per mixed-age cow per year for a naïve dairy and beef farm, respectively, over a 5-year period. The greatest economic impacts for the dairy farm occurred when persistently infected replacement heifers joined the lactating cow group and caused transient infection of cows to drop in milk production, whereas the greatest impacts for the beef farm was through the loss of fattening stock for sale due to lowered pregnancy rates. Various combinations of diagnostic testing, vaccination, and biosecurity measures were then explored to evaluate the cost-efficiency of different strategies for controlling BVDV at the farm-level. Providing farmers with the estimates of economic impacts of BVDV in their herds may further encourage the uptake of control measures, but close collaboration with a veterinarian to determine the optimal strategy for their unique farm circumstances is still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Han
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Jenny F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Han JH, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Estimation of the within-herd transmission rates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in extensively grazed beef cattle herds. Vet Res 2019; 50:103. [PMID: 31783904 PMCID: PMC6884759 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0723-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many research groups have developed mathematical models to simulate the dynamics of BVDV infections in cattle herds. However, most models use estimates for within-herd BVDV transmission rates that are either based on expert opinion or adapted from other dairy herd simulation models presented in the literature. There is currently little information on the transmission rates for BVDV in extensively grazed beef herds partly due to the logistical challenges in obtaining longitudinal data of individual animal’s seroconversion, and it may not be appropriate to apply the same transmission rates from intensive dairy herds given the significant differences in herd demographics and management. To address this knowledge gap, we measured BVDV antibody levels in 15 replacement heifers in each of 75 New Zealand beef breeding farms after their first calving and again at pregnancy scanning or weaning to check for seroconversion. Among these, data from 9 farms were used to infer the within-herd BVDV transmission rate with an approximate Bayesian computation method. The most probable within-herd BVDV transmission rate was estimated as 0.11 per persistently infected (PI) animal per day with a 95% highest posterior density interval between 0.03 and 0.34. This suggests that BVDV transmission in extensively grazed beef herds is generally slower than in dairy herds where the transmission rate has been estimated at 0.50 per PI animal per day and therefore may not be sufficient to ensure that all susceptible breeding females gain adequate immunity to the virus before the risk period of early pregnancy for generating new PI calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hee Han
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Jenny F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Cord Heuer
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Drexler JF, Corman VM, Müller MA, Lukashev AN, Gmyl A, Coutard B, Adam A, Ritz D, Leijten LM, van Riel D, Kallies R, Klose SM, Gloza-Rausch F, Binger T, Annan A, Adu-Sarkodie Y, Oppong S, Bourgarel M, Rupp D, Hoffmann B, Schlegel M, Kümmerer BM, Krüger DH, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Setién AA, Cottontail VM, Hemachudha T, Wacharapluesadee S, Osterrieder K, Bartenschlager R, Matthee S, Beer M, Kuiken T, Reusken C, Leroy EM, Ulrich RG, Drosten C. Evidence for novel hepaciviruses in rodents. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003438. [PMID: 23818848 PMCID: PMC3688547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is among the most relevant causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Research is complicated by a lack of accessible small animal models. The systematic investigation of viruses of small mammals could guide efforts to establish such models, while providing insight into viral evolutionary biology. We have assembled the so-far largest collection of small-mammal samples from around the world, qualified to be screened for bloodborne viruses, including sera and organs from 4,770 rodents (41 species); and sera from 2,939 bats (51 species). Three highly divergent rodent hepacivirus clades were detected in 27 (1.8%) of 1,465 European bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and 10 (1.9%) of 518 South African four-striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio). Bats showed anti-HCV immunoblot reactivities but no virus detection, although the genetic relatedness suggested by the serologic results should have enabled RNA detection using the broadly reactive PCR assays developed for this study. 210 horses and 858 cats and dogs were tested, yielding further horse-associated hepaciviruses but none in dogs or cats. The rodent viruses were equidistant to HCV, exceeding by far the diversity of HCV and the canine/equine hepaciviruses taken together. Five full genomes were sequenced, representing all viral lineages. Salient genome features and distance criteria supported classification of all viruses as hepaciviruses. Quantitative RT-PCR, RNA in-situ hybridisation, and histopathology suggested hepatic tropism with liver inflammation resembling hepatitis C. Recombinant serology for two distinct hepacivirus lineages in 97 bank voles identified seroprevalence rates of 8.3 and 12.4%, respectively. Antibodies in bank vole sera neither cross-reacted with HCV, nor the heterologous bank vole hepacivirus. Co-occurrence of RNA and antibodies was found in 3 of 57 PCR-positive bank vole sera (5.3%). Our data enable new hypotheses regarding HCV evolution and encourage efforts to develop rodent surrogate models for HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Felix Drexler
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Anatoly Gmyl
- Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bruno Coutard
- Architectures et Fonctions des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257 CNRS and Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Alexander Adam
- Institute of Pathology, University of Cologne Medical Centre, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Ritz
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Debby van Riel
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Kallies
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan M. Klose
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Gloza-Rausch
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- Noctalis, Centre for Bat Protection and Information, Bad Segeberg, Germany
| | - Tabea Binger
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Augustina Annan
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yaw Adu-Sarkodie
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Oppong
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Mathieu Bourgarel
- Centre de Cooperation Internationale de Recherche en Agronomie pour le Développement, UPR AGIRs, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Medical Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Hoffmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Virus Diagnostics, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mathias Schlegel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Beate M. Kümmerer
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Detlev H. Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology (Helmut Ruska Haus), Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt-Chanasit
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Department of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alvaro Aguilar Setién
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, México DF, Mexico
| | | | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Center for Research and Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Neuroscience Center for Research and Development, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institute of Virology, Free University of Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Medical Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Matthee
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Virus Diagnostics, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Netherlands Center for Infectious Disease Control, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric M. Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 224 (MIVEGEC), IRD/CNRS/UM1, Montpellier, France
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Decaro N, Mari V, Lucente MS, Sciarretta R, Moreno A, Armenise C, Losurdo M, Camero M, Lorusso E, Cordioli P, Buonavoglia C. Experimental infection of cattle, sheep and pigs with 'Hobi'-like pestivirus. Vet Microbiol 2011; 155:165-71. [PMID: 21955447 PMCID: PMC7126764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To date, limited information is available on the ability of 'Hobi'-like pestiviruses (putative bovine viral diarrhoea 3) to infect and cause disease in animal species traditionally affected by pestiviruses. In order to obtain new insights into host range and pathogenic potential of this atypical pestivirus, BVDV-seronegative calves (n=5), lambs (n=5) and piglets (n=5) were experimentally infected with the European 'Hobi'-like strain Italy-1/10-1, whereas two animals per species served as uninfected controls. Appearance of clinical signs, leukopenia, viremia, viral shedding and seroconversion were monitored for 28 days post-infection. Calves and lambs were successfully infected, displaying respiratory signs (nasal discharge), moderate hyperthermia and leukopenia, viremia and viral shedding through the nasal and faecal routes. Antibody responses were observed in both animal species by ELISA and virus neutralisation assays. In contrast, inoculated piglets did not display any clinical signs nor leukopenia and viral RNA was not detected in any biological samples. Nevertheless, the presence of detectable antibodies by virus neutralisation accounted for a successful, albeit limited infection of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Bari, Strada per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Fredriksen B, Press CM, Sandvik T, Odegaard SA, Løken T. Detection of viral antigen in placenta and fetus of cattle acutely infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Pathol 1999; 36:267-75. [PMID: 10421093 DOI: 10.1354/vp.36-4-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive organs and fetuses of seven Norwegian Red heifers were investigated for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) antigen during the time of initial transplacental transmission of the virus. The heifers were inoculated with a noncytopathogenic BVDV at day 85/86 of gestation and were slaughtered at day 7, 10, 14, 18, or 22 postinoculation (pi). Cryostat sections of uterus, ovaries, placentomes, intercotyledonary fetal membranes, and fetal organs were examined using immunohistochemical techniques. A double immunofluorescence technique was used to identify cells that showed staining with antibodies against the leukocyte common antigen CD45 or the intermediate filament vimentin and BVDV antigens. The earliest stage of infection at which BVDV antigen could be detected in the fetuses was 14 days pi. At this stage, BVDV antigen was detected in cells of mesenchymal origin in the lungs and in large cells that morphologically resembled immature megakaryocytes in the liver. In the intercotyledonary fetal membranes and in the placentomes, BVDV antigen was not detected until 18 and 22 days pi, respectively. BVDV antigen was not detected in maternal tissue from any of the heifers. The present results indicate that fetal infection with BVDV can take place without preceding or simultaneous high concentrations of BVDV in uterus or placenta of acutely infected heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fredriksen
- Department of Reproduction and Forensic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
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