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Štefánik M, Habel JC, Schmitt T, Eberle J. Geographical disjunction and environmental conditions drive intraspecific differentiation in the chalk-hill blue butterfly. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Drivers of evolution are often related to geographical isolation and/or diverging environmental conditions. Spatial variation in neutral genetic markers mostly reflects past geographical isolation, i.e. long-lasting allopatry, whereas morphology is often driven by local environmental conditions, resulting in more rapid evolution. In Europe, most thermophilic species persisted during the past glacial periods in geographically disjunct refugia, representing long-lasting isolates, frequently with diverging environmental conditions. This situation has driven the evolution of intraspecific signatures in species. Here, we analysed wing shape and wing pigmentation of the chalk-hill blue butterfly, Polyommatus coridon, across its entire distribution range restricted to the western Palaearctic. In addition, we compiled abiotic environmental parameters for each sampling site. Wing colour patterns differentiated a western and an eastern lineage. These lineages might represent two main Pleistocene refugia and differentiation centres, one located on the Italian Peninsula and the other in the Balkan region. The two lineages showed evidence of hybridization across Central Europe, from the Alps and across Germany. The intraspecific differentiation was strongest in the width of the brown band on the outer margin of the wings. The morphological structures obtained are in line with genetic signatures found in previous studies, but the latter are more fine-grained. Current environmental conditions, such as mean temperatures, were only marginally correlated with colour patterns. Our study underlines that Pleistocene range shifts, often resulting in allopatric isolation, shape intraspecific phenotypic structures within species; that pigmentation responds in a more sensitive manner to spatial disjunction than wing shape; and that morphometric and genetic structures in P. coridon provide concordant patterns and thus support identical biogeographical conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Štefánik
- Evolutionary Zoology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Environmental Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Christian Habel
- Evolutionary Zoology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jonas Eberle
- Evolutionary Zoology, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Sucháčková Bartoňová A, Konvička M, Marešová J, Wiemers M, Ignatev N, Wahlberg N, Schmitt T, Faltýnek Fric Z. Wolbachia affects mitochondrial population structure in two systems of closely related Palaearctic blue butterflies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3019. [PMID: 33542272 PMCID: PMC7862691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Wolbachia infects many insect species and spreads by diverse vertical and horizontal means. As co-inherited organisms, these bacteria often cause problems in mitochondrial phylogeny inference. The phylogenetic relationships of many closely related Palaearctic blue butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Polyommatinae) are ambiguous. We considered the patterns of Wolbachia infection and mitochondrial diversity in two systems: Aricia agestis/Aricia artaxerxes and the Pseudophilotes baton species complex. We sampled butterflies across their distribution ranges and sequenced one butterfly mitochondrial gene and two Wolbachia genes. Both butterfly systems had uninfected and infected populations, and harboured several Wolbachia strains. Wolbachia was highly prevalent in A. artaxerxes and the host's mitochondrial structure was shallow, in contrast to A. agestis. Similar bacterial alleles infected both Aricia species from nearby sites, pointing to a possible horizontal transfer. Mitochondrial history of the P. baton species complex mirrored its Wolbachia infection and not the taxonomical division. Pseudophilotes baton and P. vicrama formed a hybrid zone in Europe. Wolbachia could obscure mitochondrial history, but knowledge on the infection helps us to understand the observed patterns. Testing for Wolbachia should be routine in mitochondrial DNA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Sucháčková Bartoňová
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Konvička
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Marešová
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Wiemers
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Ignatev
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Thomas Schmitt
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany
- Faculty of Natural Sciences I, Institute of Biology, Zoology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Kertész K, Piszter G, Bálint Z, Biró LP. Biogeographical patterns in the structural blue of male Polyommatus icarus butterflies. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2338. [PMID: 30787341 PMCID: PMC6382816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38827-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Color is a widely used communication channel in the living world for a variety of functions ranging from sexual communication to warning colors. A particularly rich spectrum of colors appears on the wings of many butterflies. The males of lycaenid butterflies often exhibit a conspicuous blue coloration generated by photonic nanoarchitectures on their dorsal wing surfaces. Using UV-VIS spectroscopy, we investigated the spatio-temporal variations of this coloration for Polyommatus icarus butterflies, considering an interval of more than 100 years and a geographical range spanning Europe (west) and Asia (east). The blue coloration in Hungary is very stable both within a year (three broods typical in Hungary) and within the period of 100 years (more than 300 generations). East-west geographic variation was investigated among 314 male P. icarus butterflies. In agreement with earlier genetic and morphometric studies, it was found that the western males are not divided in distinct lineages. Clear differences in coloration were found between the eastern and western groups, with a transition in the region of Turkey. These differences are tentatively attributed to bottleneck effects during past glaciations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Kertész
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Piszter
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Bálint
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross utca 13, H-1088, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László P Biró
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, P.O. Box 49, H-1525, Budapest, Hungary
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Kühne G, Kosuch J, Hochkirch A, Schmitt T. Extra-Mediterranean glacial refugia in a Mediterranean faunal element: the phylogeography of the chalk-hill blue Polyommatus coridon (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Sci Rep 2017. [PMCID: PMC5353669 DOI: 10.1038/srep43533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Most warm-adapted Central European species are thought to have survived ice ages exclusively in Mediterranean refugia. During recent years, this point of view has been questioned. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that extra-Mediterranean refugia also played a role in warm-adapted insect species and selected the chalk-hill blue, Polyommatus coridon. We sequenced two mitochondrial loci (COI, CR) in 150 individuals from 30 populations covering nearly the complete range. Minimum spanning networks and other statistical analyses concordantly revealed four genetic lineages with strong phylogeographic signal: a western group in Italy, France and western/central Germany, an eastern lineage in the Balkan Peninsula, the Carpathian Basin and eastern Central Europe, an Alpine group with populations in the Alps and southern Germany and a Pyrenean group. Our results are generally consistent with previous analyses for P. coridon based on allozymes and DNA sequences, but provide additional insights. We propose that these four lineages have evolved during allopatry in different glacial refugia, two in typical Mediterranean refugia (Apennines and Balkan Peninsulas), but two in extra-Mediterranean areas south of the Alps and Pyrenees. This supports survival of warm-adapted organisms in these regions in close geographic proximity to the refugia of high mountain species.
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Kramp K, Cizek O, Madeira PM, Ramos AA, Konvicka M, Castilho R, Schmitt T. Genetic implications of phylogeographical patterns in the conservation of the boreal wetland butterflyColias palaeno(Pieridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Kramp
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute; 15374 Müncheberg Germany
- Department of Biogeography; Trier University; 54296 Trier Germany
| | - Oldrich Cizek
- Hutur NGO; J. Purkyne 1616 50002 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences; University South Bohemia; Branisovska 31 370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Faculty of Environment; Czech University of Life Sciences; Kamycka 961 165 21 Praha Czech Republic
| | - Pedro M. Madeira
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR); Universidade do Algarve; Campus de Gambelas 8005-139 Faro Portugal
| | - Ana A. Ramos
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR); Universidade do Algarve; Campus de Gambelas 8005-139 Faro Portugal
| | - Martin Konvicka
- Faculty of Sciences; University South Bohemia; Branisovska 31 370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology; Biological Centre CAS; Branisovska 31 370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
| | - Rita Castilho
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR); Universidade do Algarve; Campus de Gambelas 8005-139 Faro Portugal
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute; 15374 Müncheberg Germany
- Department of Biogeography; Trier University; 54296 Trier Germany
- Department of Zoology; Faculty Natural Sciences I; Institute of Biology; Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
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Schmitt T, Louy D, Zimmermann E, Habel JC. Species radiation in the Alps: multiple range shifts caused diversification in Ringlet butterflies in the European high mountains. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-016-0282-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ashoff M, Schmitt T. Are Different Allozyme Genotypes of the ButterflyPolyommatus coridonAdapted to Resist Cold and Heat Shocks? ANN ZOOL FENN 2014. [DOI: 10.5735/086.051.0502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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