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Houël E, Ginouves M, Azas N, Bourreau E, Eparvier V, Hutter S, Knittel-Obrecht A, Jahn-Oyac A, Prévot G, Villa P, Vonthron-Sénécheau C, Odonne G. Treating leishmaniasis in Amazonia, part 2: Multi-target evaluation of widely used plants to understand medicinal practices. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:115054. [PMID: 35131338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leishmaniasis are widely distributed among tropical and subtropical countries, and remains a crucial health issue in Amazonia. Indigenous groups across Amazonia have developed abundant knowledge about medicinal plants related to this pathology. AIM OF THE STUDY We intent to explore the weight of different pharmacological activities driving taxa selection for medicinal use in Amazonian communities. Our hypothesis is that specific activity against Leishmania parasites is only one factor along other (anti-inflammatory, wound healing, immunomodulating, antimicrobial) activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The twelve most widespread plant species used against leishmaniasis in Amazonia, according to their cultural and biogeographical importance determined through a wide bibliographical survey (475 use reports), were selected for this study. Plant extracts were prepared to mimic their traditional preparations. Antiparasitic activity was evaluated against promastigotes of reference and clinical New-World strains of Leishmania (L. guyanensis, L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis) and L. amazonensis intracellular amastigotes. We concurrently assessed the extracts immunomodulatory properties on PHA-stimulated human PBMCs and RAW264.7 cells, and on L. guyanensis antigens-stimulated PBMCs obtained from Leishmania-infected patients, as well as antifungal activity and wound healing properties (human keratinocyte migration assay) of the selected extracts. The cytotoxicity of the extracts against various cell lines (HFF1, THP-1, HepG2, PBMCs, RAW264.7 and HaCaT cells) was also considered. The biological activity pattern of the extracts was represented through PCA analysis, and a correlation matrix was calculated. RESULTS Spondias mombin L. bark and Anacardium occidentale L. stem and leaves extracts displayed high anti-promatigotes activity, with IC50 ≤ 32 μg/mL against L. guyanensis promastigotes for S. mombin and IC50 of 67 and 47 μg/mL against L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis promastigotes, respectively, for A. occidentale. In addition to the antiparasitic effect, antifungal activity measured against C. albicans and T. rubrum (MIC in the 16-64 μg/mL range) was observed. However, in the case of Leishmania amastigotes, the most active species were Bixa orellana L. (seeds), Chelonantus alatus (Aubl.) Pulle (leaves), Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don. (leaves) and Plantago major L. (leaves) with IC50 < 20 μg/mL and infection rates of 14-25% compared to the control. Concerning immunomodulatory activity, P. major and B. orellana were highlighted as the most potent species for the wider range of cytokines in all tested conditions despite overall contrasting results depending on the model. Most of the species led to moderate to low cytotoxic extracts except for C. alatus, which exhibited strong cytotoxic activity in almost all models. None of the tested extracts displayed wound healing properties. CONCLUSIONS We highlighted pharmacologically active extracts either on the parasite or on associated pathophysiological aspects, thus supporting the hypothesis that antiparasitic activities are not the only biological factor useful for antileishmanial evaluation. This result should however be supplemented by in vivo studies, and attracts once again the attention on the importance of the choice of biological models for an ethnophamacologically consistent study. Moreover, plant cultural importance, ecological status and availability were discussed in relation with biological results, thus contributing to link ethnobotany, medical anthropology and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Houël
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, France.
| | - Marine Ginouves
- TBIP, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Eliane Bourreau
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306, Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- CNRS - Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Adeline Knittel-Obrecht
- Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg UAR 3286 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, ESBS Pôle API, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Jahn-Oyac
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, France
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- TBIP, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Pascal Villa
- Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg UAR 3286 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, ESBS Pôle API, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Vonthron-Sénécheau
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique UMR 7200 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- Laboratoire Ecologie, évolution, interactions des systèmes amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Chang W, Bao F, Wang Z, Liu H, Zhang F. Comparison of the Sensititre YeastOne ® and CLSI M38-A2 microdilution methods in determining the activity of nine antifungal agents against dermatophytes. Mycoses 2021; 64:734-741. [PMID: 33760301 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes are the most common fungal pathogens causing superficial infections in humans with a high prevalence worldwide. The treatment of these infections is based on the use of topical and systemic antifungal agents. A convenient method with a high predictive value for testing the susceptibilities of dermatophytes is necessary. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the ability of the Sensititre YeastOne® in testing the activity of nine antifungal agents against dermatophytes. METHODS We compared Sensititre® with reference procedure for anidulafungin (ANID), micafungin sodium (MCF), caspofungin acetate (CAS), 5-fluorocytosine (5FC), posaconazole (PCZ), voriconazole (VCZ), itraconazole (ITZ), fluconazole (FLZ) and amphotericin B (AMB) against 79 dermatophyte isolates, the essential agreement (EA) and categorical agreement (CA) between the two methods were obtained. RESULTS The MICs or MECs obtained by the Sensititre® were usually lower than those obtained by the M38-A2. The overall EA between the two methods of nine antifungals was best for 5FC (100%), followed by MCF (94.9%), PCZ (84.8%), AMB (67.1%), FLZ (65.8%), VCZ (63.3%), ANID (29.1%), ITZ (20.3%) and CAS (2.5%). The overall CA between the two methods for all drugs was 100% except for ANID (97.4%), MCF (95%) and PCZ (92.5%). Substantial discrepancies were observed with all drugs except for VCZ and 5FC. The results of M38-A2 in terms of GMIC (or GMEC) and MIC90 (or MEC90) were, in increasing order, as follows: MCF, PCZ, VCZ, ANID, ITZ, CAS, AMB, FLZ and 5FC. CONCLUSIONS The Sensititre YeastOne® shows poor EA with the reference method for dermatophytes; therefore, M38-A2 should remain the reference procedure for antifungal susceptibility testing against dermatophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Chang
- Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fangfang Bao
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases & Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Formulation of Tioconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil Pickering Emulsions for Onychomycosis Topical Treatment. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235544. [PMID: 33256033 PMCID: PMC7730074 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a disease that affects many adults, whose treatment includes both oral and topical therapies with low cure rates. The topical therapy is less effective but causes fewer side effects. This is why the development of an effective, easy to apply formulation for topical treatment is of high importance. We have used a nanotechnological approach to formulate Pickering emulsions (PEs) with well-defined properties to achieve site-specific delivery for antifungal drug combination of tioconazole and Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil. Silica nanoparticles with tailored size and partially hydrophobic surface have been synthesized and used for the stabilization of PEs. In vitro diffusion studies have been performed to evaluate the drug delivery properties of PEs. Ethanolic solution (ES) and conventional emulsions (CE) have been used as reference drug formulations. The examination of the antifungal effect of PEs has been performed on Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum as main pathogens. In vitro microbiological experimental results suggest that PEs are better candidates for onychomycosis topical treatment than CE or ES of the examined drugs. The used drugs have shown a significant synergistic effect, and the combination with an effective drug delivery system can result in a promising drug form for the topical treatment of onychomycosis.
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Parrish N, Fisher SL, Gartling A, Craig D, Boire N, Khuvis J, Riedel S, Zhang S. Activity of Various Essential Oils Against Clinical Dermatophytes of Microsporum and Trichophyton. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:545913. [PMID: 33178620 PMCID: PMC7596648 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.545913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytoses account for nearly a quarter of all fungal infections worldwide. These difficult to treat infections of the skin, hair, and nails, are growing more resistant to conventional antifungal treatments, and when treatable, often require prolonged therapeutic regimens. For centuries, essential oils have been used to treat a variety of ailments. In this study, we evaluated the clinical effects in vitro of 65 essential oils and 21 essential oil blends against various clinical species/strains of dermatophytes from two primary genera, Microsporum and Trichophyton. Our aim: To determine the overall activity of a wide range of essential oils against a number of clinical strains of dermatophytes. For all assays, 16 clinically derived species/strains of dermatophytes were used. The activity of each essential oil was assessed using a modified disk-diffusion assay over a period of 21 days of incubation vs. standard antifungal drugs. Subsequently, we determined the minimum inhibitory dilution possible for the most potent essential oils and performed combination testing to determine if synergy could be demonstrated with sub-inhibitory concentrations. We also assessed the effect of repeated vs. single applications. Of all the essential oils tested, cassia, cilantro, cinnamon, thyme, and oregano were the most potent along with one blend, DDR Prime; all genera/species tested were completely inhibited for 21 days following a single application. Many of the other oils tested exhibited temporal differences in activity where significant inhibition was observed ≤10 days of incubation which declined by day 21. Synergistic combinations were achieved with oregano and cilantro, cassia, or cinnamon bark; rose and cassia were also synergistic. Repeat application maintained complete inhibition for citronella, lemon myrtle, and litsea out to 21 days, but not lemon grass or On Guard. More study is necessary to understand the ways essential oils inhibit the growth of dermatophytes. Comprehensive research aimed at understanding the mechanism of action of essential oils and their components may provide the basis for a natural alternative to topical antifungal drugs. Such research could be envisioned to target optimal combinations and determine the timing between applications to provide for maximum inhibition of recurrence or growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Parrish
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stefanie L Fisher
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ashlea Gartling
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - David Craig
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas Boire
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joshua Khuvis
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Stefan Riedel
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sean Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Souza PFN, Lima PG, Freitas CDT, Sousa DOB, Neto NAS, Dias LP, Vasconcelos IM, Freitas LBN, Silva RGG, Sousa JS, Silva AFB, Oliveira JTA. Antidermatophytic activity of synthetic peptides: Action mechanisms and clinical application as adjuvants to enhance the activity and decrease the toxicity of Griseofulvin. Mycoses 2020; 63:979-992. [PMID: 32628303 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermatophytes belonging to the Trichophyton genus are important human pathogens, but they have developed resistance to griseofulvin, the most common antifungal drug used to treat dermatophytosis. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to evaluate the antidermatophytic activity of synthetic peptides, as well as mechanisms of action and synergistic effect with griseofulvin. METHODS Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microscopy (FM) were employed to understand the activity and the mechanism of action of peptides. RESULTS Here we report that synthetic peptides at 50 μg/mL, a concentration 20-fold lower than griseofulvin, reduced the microconidia viability of T. mentagrophytes and T. rubrum by 100%, whereas griseofulvin decreased their viability by only 50% and 0%, respectively. The action mechanism of peptides involved cell wall damage, membrane pore formation and loss of cytoplasmic content. Peptides also induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhanced the activity of griseofulvin 10-fold against both fungi, suggesting synergistic effects, and eliminated the toxicity of this drug to human erythrocytes. Docking analysis revealed ionic and hydrophobic interactions between peptides and griseofulvin, which may explain the decline of griseofulvin toxicity when mixed with peptides. CONCLUSION Therefore, our results strongly suggest six peptides with high potential to be employed alone as new drugs or as adjuvants to enhance the activity and decrease the toxicity of griseofulvin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F N Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Patrícia G Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cleverson D T Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Daniele O B Sousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Nilton A S Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Dias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Larissa B N Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rafael G G Silva
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jeanlex S Sousa
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ayrles F B Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Jose T A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Al-Obaidi H, Kowalczyk RM, Kalgudi R, Zariwala MG. Griseofulvin solvate solid dispersions with synergistic effect against fungal biofilms. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Da X, Nishiyama Y, Tie D, Hein KZ, Yamamoto O, Morita E. Antifungal activity and mechanism of action of Ou-gon (Scutellaria root extract) components against pathogenic fungi. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1683. [PMID: 30737463 PMCID: PMC6368610 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38916-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ou-gon, an extract from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi root, has been shown to exhibit pronounced antifungal activity. The present study aimed to identify antifungal components of Ou-gon and to determine their mechanism of action against pathogenic fungi. Antifungal activity was assessed by the microbroth dilution method using four common human pathogenic fungi, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida albicans. Components of crude Ou-gon extract were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Active antifungal components were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labelling assay, SYTOX® green uptake assay, determination of intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential as well as microscopy (confocal laser microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy) were used to probe the mode of action. Two components with potent antifungal activity, baicalein and wogonin, were identified in Ou-gon. Baicalein showed potent antifungal activity against the four fungi tested. Wogonin displayed antifungal activity against all four fungi except C. albicans. The components are considered to induce apoptosis-like programmed cell death via hyperproduction of reactive oxygen species. This study enhances our understanding of the antifungal activity of Kampo medicine, and may contribute to the development of new and safe antifungal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Da
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Yayoi Nishiyama
- Institute of Medical Mycology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, 192-0395, Japan
| | - Duerna Tie
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan
| | - Kyaw Zaw Hein
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Osamu Yamamoto
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine of Sensory and Motor Organs, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Eishin Morita
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo, 693-8501, Japan.
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XIA DA, DUERNA TIE, MURATA SUSUMU, MORITA EISHIN. In vitro Antifungal Activity of Japanese Folk Herb Extracts against Trichophyton rubrum. Biocontrol Sci 2019; 24:109-116. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.24.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DA XIA
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine
| | - TIE DUERNA
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine
| | - SUSUMU MURATA
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine
| | - EISHIN MORITA
- Department of Dermatology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine
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Aneke CI, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Therapy and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Microsporum canis. J Fungi (Basel) 2018; 4:E107. [PMID: 30189676 PMCID: PMC6162526 DOI: 10.3390/jof4030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsporum canis is a worldwide diffused zoophilic dermatophyte which causes clinical conditions often characterised by multifocal alopecia, scaling, and circular lesions in many animal species, including humans. A large variety of oral and topical antifungal protocols is available for treating M. canis infection. However, the efficacy of these drugs and treatment protocols is variable, with treatment failure up to 40% of patients possibly due to resistance phenomena. The lack of standardised reference methods for evaluating the antifungal susceptibility of M. canis represents a major hindrance in assessing microbiological resistance in unresponsive clinical cases. Therefore, data about conventional therapy against M. canis and the protocols employed to test the antifungal activity of the most commonly employed drugs (i.e., azoles, polyenes, allylamines, and griseofulvin) have been summarised herein. This article focuses on technical parameters used for antifungal susceptibility tests, their effects on the minimum inhibitory concentration value, as well as their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma I Aneke
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria.
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi "Aldo Moro", 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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Yu HF, Qin XJ, Ding CF, Wei X, Yang J, Luo JR, Liu L, Khan A, Zhang LC, Xia CF, Luo XD. Nepenthe-Like Indole Alkaloids with Antimicrobial Activity from Ervatamia chinensis. Org Lett 2018; 20:4116-4120. [PMID: 29927253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two monoterpenoid indole alkaloid erchinines A (1) and B (2), possessing unique 1,4-diazepine fused with oxazolidine architecture and three hemiaminals, were isolated from Ervatamia chinensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of intensive spectroscopic analysis, and a plausible biosynthetic pathway from ibogaine was proposed. Both compounds exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Trichophyton rubrum and Bacillus subtilis, and their activities were comparable to the first line antifungal drug griseofulvin and antibiotic cefotaxime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , P. R. China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Zoology & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products , Kunming Medical University , Kunming 650500 , P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Xu-Jie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , P. R. China
| | - Cai-Feng Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , P. R. China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , P. R. China
| | - Jie-Rong Luo
- School of Mathematical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , P. R. China.,Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Kunming 650500 , P. R. China
| | - Afsar Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry , COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad 22060 , Pakistan
| | - Lan-Chun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Zoology & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products , Kunming Medical University , Kunming 650500 , P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Feng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China , Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming 650201 , P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology , Yunnan University , Kunming 650091 , P. R. China
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Lu HP, Jia YN, Peng YL, Yu Y, Sun SL, Yue MT, Pan MH, Zeng LS, Xu L. Oxyresveratrol, a Stilbene Compound from Morus alba L. Twig Extract Active Against Trichophyton rubrum. Phytother Res 2017; 31:1842-1848. [PMID: 29024160 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Morus alba L. (mulberry) twig is known to have an inhibitory effect on pathogens in traditional Chinese medicine. In the present study, the dermophytic fungus, Trichophyton rubrum, was used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of total M. alba twig extract and extracts obtained using solvents with different polarities by the method of 96-well MTT colorimetry. The main active substance was isolated and identified by tracking its activity. In addition, the inhibitory effects of active extracts and a single active substance were investigated in combination with miconazole nitrate. Our data indicated that ethyl acetate extracts of mulberry twig (TEE) exhibited a desired inhibitory activity on T. rubrum with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.000 mg/mL. With activity tracking, the main substance showing antimicrobial activity was oxyresveratrol (OXY), which was isolated from TEE. Its MIC for inhibiting the growth of T. rubrum was 0.500 mg/mL. The combined use of miconazole nitrate and OXY showed a synergistic inhibitory effect, as shown by a significant decrease in the MIC of both components. Based on the OXY content in TEE, the contribution rate of OXY to the inhibitory effect of TEE on T. rubrum was 80.52%, so it was determined to be the main antimicrobial substance in M. alba twig. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Peng Lu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ya-Nan Jia
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ya-Lin Peng
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Si-Long Sun
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Meng-Ting Yue
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ling-Shu Zeng
- Institute of Sericulture Science and Technology Research, Chongqing, 400700, China
| | - Li Xu
- College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
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The Tetrazole VT-1161 Is a Potent Inhibitor of Trichophyton rubrum through Its Inhibition of T. rubrum CYP51. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00333-17. [PMID: 28483956 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00333-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to characterization of antifungal inhibitors that target CYP51, Trichophyton rubrum CYP51 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. T. rubrum CYP51 bound lanosterol, obtusifoliol, and eburicol with similar affinities (dissociation constant [Kd ] values, 22.7, 20.3, and 20.9 μM, respectively) but displayed substrate specificity, insofar as only eburicol was demethylated in CYP51 reconstitution assays (turnover number, 1.55 min-1; Km value, 2 μM). The investigational agent VT-1161 bound tightly to T. rubrum CYP51 (Kd = 242 nM) with an affinity similar to that of clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and voriconazole (Kd values, 179, 173, 312, and 304 nM, respectively) and with an affinity lower than that of itraconazole (Kd = 53 nM). Determinations of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) using 0.5 μM CYP51 showed that VT-1161 was a tight-binding inhibitor of T. rubrum CYP51 activity, yielding an IC50 of 0.14 μM, whereas itraconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole had IC50s of 0.26, 0.4, and 0.6 μM, respectively. When the activity of VT-1161 was tested against 34 clinical isolates, VT-1161 was a potent inhibitor of T. rubrum growth, with MIC50, MIC90, and geometric mean MIC values of ≤0.03, 0.06, and 0.033 μg ml-1, respectively. With its selectivity versus human CYP51 and drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s having already been established, VT-1161 should prove to be safe and effective in combating T. rubrum infections in patients.
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Uma K, Huang X, Kumar BA. Antifungal effect of plant extract and essential oil. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 23:233-239. [PMID: 27590142 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2524-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The advancement of phytochemical and phytopharmacological sciences has enabled elucidation of the composition and biological activities of several medicinal plant products including plant extract and essential oils. These products have been widely used around the world since ancient times for the treatment of various disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcer disease, microbial infection, sexual disorder and many more. Its popularity in the modern system of medicine is mainly due to their availability and fewer adverse reactions compared to synthetic drugs. Various scientifific investigations have been conducted to look for the potential of the extract from the plant or isolated compounds for the continued use of these products in the treatment and prevention of various kinds of human diseases. It is evident from the available literature and scientifific investigations that many plant species possess potential for use as a benefificial therapeutic remedy with multiple pharmacological actions such as analgesic, anti-inflflammatory, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, antimicrobial, antiulcer and anticonvulsant activities. The present review aims to provide relevant updated information about certain plant products, its composition, preparation and its fungicidal or fungistatic effects on different species of fungus as evaluated by studies done in the past. It introduces six medicinal plants that have been studied for their antifungal property and are found to be effective. The overall objective is to provide comprehensive information about the use of plant extract and essential oil for treating fungal infections and to explore the evidence supporting its effectiveness in treating fungal diseases without causing any serious adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyal Uma
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Bhatta Anil Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
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Baghi N, Shokohi T, Badali H, Makimura K, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Abdollahi M, Didehdar M, Haghani I, Abastabar M. In vitro activity of new azoles luliconazole and lanoconazole compared with ten other antifungal drugs against clinical dermatophyte isolates. Med Mycol 2016; 54:757-63. [PMID: 27118804 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myw016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro susceptibilities of 100 clinical dermatophyte isolates belonging to five species from Iran toward lanoconazole and luliconazole were compared with ten other antifungal agents including econazole, itraconazole, miconazole, fluconazole, griseofulvin, butenafine, terbinafine, caspofungin, anidulafungin and tolnaftate. MIC and MEC values were analyzed according to CLSI M38-A2 document. The isolates were previously identified to the species level using PCR-RFLP on ITS rDNA region. The range of luliconazole and lanoconazole minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was 0.016-0.032 and 0.063-1 μg/ml, respectively for dermatophyte species. Luliconazole and lanoconazole revealed potent activity against all dermatophyte isolates. Anidulafungin, caspofungin, and luliconazole showed the best activity with the lowest geometric mean 0.01, 0.016, and 0.018 μg/ml, respectively, followed by tolnaftate (0.06 μg/ml), terbinafine (0.07 μg/ml), itraconazole (0.183 μg/ml), butenafine (0.188 μg/ml), econazole (0.20 μg/ml), lanoconazole (0.24 μg/ml), griseofulvin (1.28 μg/ml), miconazole (2.34 μg/ml) and fluconazole (15.34 μg/ml). The current study demonstrated luliconazole and lanoconazole displayed excellent activity against all dermatophyte isolates, although the majority of dermatophyte isolates showed low susceptibility to griseofulvin and very low to miconazole, and fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesa Baghi
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Tahereh Shokohi
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hamid Badali
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Laboratory of Space and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Japan; Asia International Institute of Infectious Diseases Control, Teikyo University, Japan; Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Abdollahi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Didehdar
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Iman Haghani
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Abastabar
- Invasive Fungi Research Center (IFRC), Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Comparison of the in vitro activities of newer triazoles and established antifungal agents against Trichophyton rubrum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4312-4. [PMID: 25896691 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00244-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred eleven clinical Trichophyton rubrum isolates were tested against 7 antifungal agents. The geometric mean MICs of all isolates were, in increasing order: terbinafine, 0.03 mg/liter; voriconazole, 0.05 mg/liter; posaconazole, 0.11 mg/liter; isavuconazole, 0.13 mg/liter; itraconazole, 0.26 mg/liter; griseofulvin, 1.65 mg/liter; and fluconazole, 2.12 mg/liter.
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Parker JE, Warrilow AGS, Price CL, Mullins JGL, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Resistance to antifungals that target CYP51. J Chem Biol 2014; 7:143-61. [PMID: 25320648 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-014-0121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases are an increasing global burden. Fungi are now recognised to kill more people annually than malaria, whilst in agriculture, fungi threaten crop yields and food security. Azole resistance, mediated by several mechanisms including point mutations in the target enzyme (CYP51), is increasing through selection pressure as a result of widespread use of triazole fungicides in agriculture and triazole antifungal drugs in the clinic. Mutations similar to those seen in clinical isolates as long ago as the 1990s in Candida albicans and later in Aspergillus fumigatus have been identified in agriculturally important fungal species and also wider combinations of point mutations. Recently, evidence that mutations originate in the field and now appear in clinical infections has been suggested. This situation is likely to increase in prevalence as triazole fungicide use continues to rise. Here, we review the progress made in understanding azole resistance found amongst clinically and agriculturally important fungal species focussing on resistance mechanisms associated with CYP51. Biochemical characterisation of wild-type and mutant CYP51 enzymes through ligand binding studies and azole IC50 determinations is an important tool for understanding azole susceptibility and can be used in conjunction with microbiological methods (MIC50 values), molecular biological studies (site-directed mutagenesis) and protein modelling studies to inform future antifungal development with increased specificity for the target enzyme over the host homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie E Parker
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Andrew G S Warrilow
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Claire L Price
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Jonathan G L Mullins
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Diane E Kelly
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Centre for Cytochrome P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP UK
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Anti-trichophyton activity of protocatechuates and their synergism with fluconazole. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:957860. [PMID: 25136374 PMCID: PMC4086519 DOI: 10.1155/2014/957860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis and superficial mycosis are a major global public health problem that affects 20–25% of the world's population. The increase in fungal resistance to the commercially available antifungal agents, in conjunction with the limited spectrum of action of such drugs, emphasises the need to develop new antifungal agents. Natural products are attractive prototypes for antifungal agents due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. This study aimed to verify the antifungal activity of protocatechuic acid, 3,4-diacetoxybenzoic, and fourteen alkyl protocatechuates (3,4-dihydroxybenzoates) against Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes and to further assess their activities when combined with fluconazole. Susceptibility and synergism assays were conducted as described in M38-A2 (CLSI), with modifications. Three strains of Trichophyton rubrum and three strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes were used in this work. The pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, and decyl protocatechuates showed great fungicidal effects, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.97 to 7.8 mg/L. Heptyl showed a synergistic activity (FIC index = 0.49), reducing the MIC of fluconazole by fourfold. All substances tested were safe, especially the hexyl, heptyl, octyl, and nonyl compounds, all of which showed a high selectivity index, particularly in combination with fluconazole. These ester associations with fluconazole may represent a promising source of prototypes in the search for anti-Trichophyton therapeutic agents.
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Houël E, Rodrigues AMS, Jahn-Oyac A, Bessière JM, Eparvier V, Deharo E, Stien D. In vitro antidermatophytic activity of Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse essential oil alone and in combination with azoles. J Appl Microbiol 2013; 116:288-94. [PMID: 24219626 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We determined the chemical composition and investigated the antifungal activity of Otacanthus azureus (Linden) Ronse essential oil (EO) against a range of dermatophytes alone or in combination with azole antifungals. METHODS AND RESULTS Aerial parts of the plant were steam-distilled and the obtained oil was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and (1) H-NMR. It was shown to be largely composed of sesquiterpenes, with the main component being β-copaen-4-α-ol. Using broth microdilution techniques, this oil was found to have remarkable in vitro antifungal activities. Minimum inhibitory concentrations as low as 4 μg ml(-1) were recorded. The analysis of the combined effect of the O. azureus EO with azoles using chequerboard assays revealed a synergism between the EO and ketoconazole, fluconazole or itraconazole against Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Notably, the O. azureus essential oil showed low cytotoxicity to VERO cells. CONCLUSIONS The O. azureus essential oil alone or in combination with azoles is a promising antifungal agent in the treatment for human dermatomycoses caused by filamentous fungi. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY There is much interest in the study of essential oils for the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs. This study has highlighted the antidermatophytic activity of the O. azureus EO.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Houël
- CNRS-UMR EcoFoG, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - A M S Rodrigues
- CNRS-Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - J-M Bessière
- UMR 5076, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie, Montpellier, France
| | - V Eparvier
- CNRS-Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - E Deharo
- Université de Toulouse; UPS; UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR 152 Pharma-DEV, Toulouse, France
| | - D Stien
- CNRS-Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Scheers C, Andre J, Thompson C, Rebuffat E, Harag S, Kolivras A. Refractory Trichophyton rubrum infection in lamellar ichthyosis. Pediatr Dermatol 2013; 30:e200-3. [PMID: 23679236 DOI: 10.1111/pde.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A 10-month-old boy with congenital lamellar ichthyosis presented with a chronic Trichophyton rubrum infection. There was no history of atopy or immunosuppression, and examination revealed high total immunoglobulin E (IgE) with a positive specific IgE for T. rubrum. Multiple treatments with fluconazole were necessary to control the infection. T. rubrum is present worldwide and is responsible for the vast majority of chronic dermatophytosis. Lamellar ichthyosis is a risk factor for chronic dermatophytosis because of excessive keratin and the barrier defect. A delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to T. rubrum is associated with cure, whereas immediate hypersensitivity and IgE are not protective and may lead to chronic infection. Atopy and the Th2 profile therefore seem to be associated with chronic dermatophytosis. The association between ichthyosis and atopy is well documented. T. rubrum also has an interesting ability to evade immunity, which helps explain the chronic infection. Finally, in ichthyosis, it is likely that fluconazole has difficulty penetrating the acanthotic stratum corneum, which explains treatment failure. We report this case to alert clinicians to the possible association between lamellar ichthyosis and chronic dermatophytosis and to report the difficulties of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Scheers
- Department of Dermatology, CHU St Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Hatta J, Hatta T, Miyagawa S, Kitahara Y, Hirota T, Anzawa K, Mochizuki T. Quantitative analysis of the effects of antimycotic agents on the hyphal growth of Trichophyton rubrum: a preliminary study. Mycoses 2011; 54:e84-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Khan MSA, Ahmad I. Antifungal activity of essential oils and their synergy with fluconazole against drug-resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1083-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Correlation of the in vitro antifungal drug susceptibility with the in vivo activity of fluconazole in a murine model of cerebral infection caused by Cryptococcus gattii. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:1525-32. [PMID: 20803047 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-010-1034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Forty Cryptococcus gattii strains were submitted to antifungal susceptibility testing with fluconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B and terbinafine. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges were 0.5-64.0 for fluconazole, <0.015-0.25 for itraconazole, 0.015-0.5 for amphotericin B and 0.062-2.0 for terbinafine. A bioassay for the quantitation of fluconazole in murine brain tissue was developed. Swiss mice received daily injections of the antifungal, and their brains were withdrawn at different times over the 14-day study period. The drug concentrations varied from 12.98 to 44.60 μg/mL. This assay was used to evaluate the therapy with fluconazole in a model of infection caused by C. gattii. Swiss mice were infected intracranially and treated with fluconazole for 7, 10 or 14 days. The treatment reduced the fungal burden, but an increase in fungal growth was observed on day 14. The MIC for fluconazole against sequential isolates was 16 μg/mL, except for the isolates obtained from animals treated for 14 days (MIC = 64 μg/mL). The quantitation of cytokines revealed a predominance of IFN-γ and IL-12 in the non-treated group and elevation of IL-4 and IL-10 in the treated group. Our data revealed the possibility of acquired resistance during the antifungal drug therapy.
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Galuppi R, Gambarara A, Bonoli C, Ostanello F, Tampieri MP. Antimycotic effectiveness against dermatophytes: comparison of two in vitro tests. Vet Res Commun 2010; 34 Suppl 1:S57-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-010-9386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale: genetic diversity among species and strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA method. Mycopathologia 2009; 169:247-55. [PMID: 19937470 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-009-9261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Onychomycosis is a common condition that represents up to 50% of all nail problems and 30% of all cases of dermatophytoses. Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale are the most common agents involved in this condition. In cases of recurrent post-treatment onychomycosis, strain fingerprinting could reveal whether the original isolate is responsible, a new strain has been acquired or if multiple strains are involved. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the RAPD method for species and strain differentiation of T. rubrum and T. interdigitale obtained from patients with subungeal distal-lateral onychomycosis. A set of 86 strains of onychomycosis causative dermatophytes were submitted to species differentiation and strain typing by RAPD method with two previously described primers. Both primers proved capable of strain differentiation when tested for each species. Nineteen molecular profiles were configured for T. rubrum isolates with primers 1 and 6. For T. mentagrophytes, ten molecular profiles were configured with primer 1 and twenty-one with primer 6. We found that T. interdigitale and T. rubrum species were grouped in different clusters when both primers were analyzed together. This study shows that these primers are valuable tools for strain differentiation with T. rubrum and T. intedigitale.
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Gupta AK, Lynch LE, Kogan N, Cooper EA. The use of an intermittent terbinafine regimen for the treatment of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:256-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.03036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Araújo CR, Miranda KC, Fernandes ODFL, Soares AJ, Silva MDRR. In vitro susceptibility testing of dermatophytes isolated in Goiania, Brazil, against five antifungal agents by broth microdilution method. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2009; 51:9-12. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652009000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The antifungal activities of fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, terbinafine and griseofulvin were tested by broth microdilution technique, against 60 dermatophytes isolated from nail or skin specimens from Goiania city patients, Brazil. In this study, the microtiter plates were incubated at 28 ºC allowing a reading of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) after four days of incubation for Trichophyton mentagrophytes and five days for T. rubrum and Microsporum canis. Most of the dermatophytes had uniform patterns of susceptibility to the antifungal agents tested. Low MIC values as 0.03 µg/mL were found for 33.3%, 31.6% and 15% of isolates for itraconazole, ketoconazole and terbinafine, respectively.
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Carrillo-Muñoz AJ, Giusiano G, Cárdenes D, Hernández-Molina JM, Eraso E, Quindós G, Guardia C, del Valle O, Tur-Tur C, Guarro J. Terbinafine susceptibility patterns for onychomycosis-causative dermatophytes and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31:540-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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