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Morovati H, Kord M, Ahmadikia K, Eslami S, Hemmatzadeh M, Kurdestani KM, Khademi M, Darabian S. A Comprehensive Review of Identification Methods for Pathogenic Yeasts: Challenges and Approaches. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:187. [PMID: 37694259 PMCID: PMC10492613 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_375_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the increasing incidence of yeast infections and the presence of drug-resistant isolates, accurate identification of the pathogenic yeasts is essential for the management of yeast infections. In this review, we tried to introduce the routine and novel techniques applied for yeast identification. Laboratory identification methods of pathogenic yeast are classified into three categories; I. conventional methods, including microscopical and culture-base methods II. biochemical/physiological-processes methods III. molecular methods. While conventional and biochemical methods require more precautions and are not specific in some cases, molecular diagnostic methods are the optimum tools for diagnosing pathogenic yeasts in a short time with high accuracy and specificity, and having various methods that cover different purposes, and affordable costs for researchers. Nucleotide sequencing is a reference or gold standard for identifying pathogenic yeasts. Since it is an expensive method, it is not widely used in developing countries. However, novel identification techniques are constantly updated, and we recommend further studies in this field. The results of this study will guide researchers in finding more accurate diagnostic method(s) for their studies in a short period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Morovati
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kord
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Ahmadikia
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Eslami
- Central Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Hemmatzadeh
- Department of Mycology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kian M. Kurdestani
- Department of Microbiology, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | | | - Sima Darabian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Efficacy of Compounds Isolated from Streptomyces olivaceus against the Morphogenesis and Virulence of Candida albicans. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17080442. [PMID: 31357504 PMCID: PMC6723460 DOI: 10.3390/md17080442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a type of commensal fungi which causes serious infections in immunocompromised patients and contributes to high mortality. In the present study, we identified that the extract from Streptomyces olivaceus SCSIO T05 inhibited hypha and biofilm formation of C. albicans. Seven compounds were isolated and evaluated for their effects on the biological functions and virulence of C. albicans. Two leading compounds, compound 1 (sorbicillin) and compound 2 (3-methyl-N-(2′-phenethyl)-butyrylamide) were identified as exhibiting strong activity against C. albicans morphological transition, adhesion activity, cytotoxicity, and adhesion to human cells, in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, compound 2 inhibited C. albicans infection in mouse oral mucosal models. Transcriptomic analysis and real-time PCR results revealed that compound 2 most likely inhibited the biological functions of C. albicans cells by regulating the expression levels of HWP1, TEC1, ALS1, IFD6, and CSH1, which are associated with filament formation and cell adhesion. Our results suggest that the candidate compounds present excellent efficacy against C. albicans pathogenicity and that they can be developed as potential options for the clinical treatment of candidiasis.
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ElFeky DS, Gohar NM, El-Seidi EA, Ezzat MM, AboElew SH. Species identification and antifungal susceptibility pattern ofCandidaisolates in cases of vulvovaginal candidiasis. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajme.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Saad ElFeky
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Noha Mahmoud Gohar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Eman Ahmad El-Seidi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mona Mahmoud Ezzat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Somaia Hassan AboElew
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Er DK, Uzuner H, Genç S, Keçeli S. Germ Tüp Testinin Müeller Hinton Agar Ve Serumda Karşılaştırılması. KOCAELI ÜNIVERSITESI SAĞLIK BILIMLERI DERGISI 2015. [DOI: 10.30934/kusbed.349545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mattei AS, Alves SH, Severo CB, Guazzelli LDS, Oliveira FDM, Severo LC. Use of Mueller-Hinton broth and agar in the germ tube test. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 56:483-5. [PMID: 25351541 PMCID: PMC4296867 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000600005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is often isolated from clinical samples, thus its presumptive differentiation from other species of the same genus can be based on its ability to form the germ tube in human serum. Nevertheless, there are two other species that share this characteristic: C. dubliniensis and C. africana. The aim of this study was to compare four different substrates to perform the germ tube (GT) test. The Candida spp. isolates were identified using a manual system (135 C. albicans, 24 C. tropicalis and one C. dubliniensis). The germ tube test was performed with fresh, previously frozen serum and Mueller-Hinton (MH) broth and agar. GT was observed in 96% (130/136) of the isolates through the fresh serum technique, 94% (128/136) through previously frozen serum, 92% (125/136) in MH agar, and 90% (122/136) in MH broth. The sensitivity of each test was higher than 90%, with 100% specificity. Both the MH agar and broth were able to identify the true positives, and false positives were not found. However, some C. albicans isolates were not identified. MH agar and broth may be used in laboratory for the rapid presumptive identification of C. albicans, as an alternative method for germ tube test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sydney Hartz Alves
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cecília Bittencourt Severo
- Ciências Pneumológicas/UFRGS, Laboratório de Micologia, Santa Casa-Complexo Hospitalar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciana da Silva Guazzelli
- Ciências Pneumológicas/UFRGS, Laboratório de Micologia, Santa Casa-Complexo Hospitalar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávio de Mattos Oliveira
- Ciências Pneumológicas/UFRGS, Laboratório de Micologia, Santa Casa-Complexo Hospitalar, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Severo
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil
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Samaranayake YH, Cheung BPK, Yau JYY, Yeung SKW, Samaranayake LP. Human serum promotes Candida albicans biofilm growth and virulence gene expression on silicone biomaterial. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62902. [PMID: 23704884 PMCID: PMC3660551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Systemic candidal infections are a common problem in hospitalized patients due to central venous catheters fabricated using silicone biomaterial (SB). We therefore evaluated the effect of human serum on C. albicans biofilm morphology, growth, and the expression of virulence-related genes on SB in vitro. Methods We cultivated C. albicans SC5314 (wild-type strain, WT) and its derivative HLC54 (hyphal mutant, HM) for 48 h in various conditions, including the presence or absence of SB discs, and human serum. The growth of planktonic and biofilm cells of both strains was monitored at three time points by a tetrazolium salt reduction assay and by scanning electron microscopy. We also analyzed by RT-PCR its expression of the virulence-related genes ALS3, HWP1, EAP1, ECE1, SAP1 - SAP10, PLB1, PLB2, PLC and PLD. Results At each time point, planktonic cells of WT strain cultured in yeast nitrogen base displayed a much higher expression of EAP1 and HWP1, and a moderately higher ALS3 expression, than HM cells. In planktonic cells, expression of the ten SAP genes was higher in the WT strain initially, but were highly expressed in the HM strain by 48 h. Biofilm growth of both strains on SB was promoted in the presence of human serum than in its absence. Significant upregulation of ALS3, HWP1, EAP1, ECE1, SAP1, SAP4, SAP6 - SAP10, PLB1, PLB2 and PLC was observed for WT biofilms grown on serum-treated SB discs for at least one time point, compared with biofilms on serum-free SB discs. Conclusions Human serum stimulates C. albicans biofilm growth on SB discs and upregulates the expression of virulence genes, particularly adhesion genes ALS3 and HWP1, and hydrolase-encoding genes SAP, PLB1 and PLB2. This response is likely to promote the colonization of this versatile pathogen within the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Becky P. K. Cheung
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joyce Y. Y. Yau
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shadow K. W. Yeung
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Neppelenbroek KH, Seó RS, Urban VM, Silva S, Dovigo LN, Jorge JH, Campanha NH. Identification of
Candida
species in the clinical laboratory: a review of conventional, commercial, and molecular techniques. Oral Dis 2013; 20:329-44. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- KH Neppelenbroek
- Department of Prosthodontics Bauru Dental School University of São Paulo‐USP Bauru São PauloBrazil
| | - RS Seó
- Department of Prosthodontics Varzea Grande School of Dentistry Varzea Grande Mato GrossoBrazil
| | - VM Urban
- Department of Dentistry Ponta Grossa State University‐UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
| | - S Silva
- Department of Biological Engineering Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - LN Dovigo
- Department of Social Dentistry Araraquara Dental School UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista Araraquara São PauloBrazil
| | - JH Jorge
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics Araraquara Dental School UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista Araraquara São Paulo Brazil
| | - NH Campanha
- Department of Dentistry Ponta Grossa State University‐UEPG Ponta Grossa Paraná Brazil
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Samaranayake YH, Cheung BPK, Wang Y, Yau JYY, Yeung KWS, Samaranayake LP. Fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata is associated with increased bud formation and metallothionein production. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:303-318. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.044123-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y. H. Samaranayake
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - B. P. K. Cheung
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Y. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - J. Y. Y. Yau
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - K. W. S. Yeung
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - L. P. Samaranayake
- Oral Bio-sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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Villar-Vidal M, Marcos-Arias C, Eraso E, Quindós G. Variation in biofilm formation among blood and oral isolates of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2011; 29:660-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Han TL, Cannon RD, Villas-Bôas SG. The metabolic basis of Candida albicans morphogenesis and quorum sensing. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:747-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Rimek D, Fehse B, Göpel P. Evaluation of Mueller-Hinton-agar as a simple medium for the germ tube production of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis. Mycoses 2008; 51:205-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.2007.01469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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