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de Lima Silva MG, de Lima LF, Alencar Fonseca VJ, Santos da Silva LY, Calixto Donelardy AC, de Almeida RS, de Morais Oliveira-Tintino CD, Pereira Bezerra Martins AOB, Ribeiro-Filho J, Bezerra Morais-Braga MF, Tintino SR, Alencar de Menezes IR. Enhancing the Antifungal Efficacy of Fluconazole with a Diterpene: Abietic Acid as a Promising Adjuvant to Combat Antifungal Resistance in Candida spp. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1565. [PMID: 37998767 PMCID: PMC10668680 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12111565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing antifungal resistance rates against conventional drugs reveal the urgent need to search for new therapeutic alternatives. In this context, natural bioactive compounds have a critical role in antifungal drug development. Since evidence demonstrates that abietic acid, a diterpene found in Pinus species, has significant antimicrobial properties, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of abietic acid against Candida spp and its ability to potentiate the activity of fluconazole. Abietic acid was tested both individually and in combination with fluconazole against Candida albicans (CA INCQS 40006), Candida krusei (CK INCQS 40095), and Candida tropicalis (CT INCQS 40042). The microdilution method was used to determine the IC50 and the cell viability curve. Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was determined by subculture in a solid medium. The plasma membrane permeability was measured using a fluorescent SYTOX Green probe. While the IC50 of the drugs alone ranged between 1065 and 3255 μg/mL, the IC50 resulting from the combination of abietic acid and fluconazole ranged between 7563 and 160.1 μg/mL. Whether used in combination with fluconazole or isolated, abietic acid exhibited Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) values exceeding 1024 μg/mL against Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. However, it was observed that the antifungal effect of fluconazole was enhanced when used in combination with abietic acid against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. These findings suggest that while abietic acid alone has limited inherent antifungal activity, it can enhance the effectiveness of fluconazole, thereby reducing antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriely de Lima Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; (M.G.d.L.S.); (L.Y.S.d.S.); (A.C.C.D.); (A.O.B.P.B.M.)
| | - Luciene Ferreira de Lima
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology of Cariri (LMAC), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (V.J.A.F.); (M.F.B.M.-B.)
| | - Victor Juno Alencar Fonseca
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology of Cariri (LMAC), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (V.J.A.F.); (M.F.B.M.-B.)
| | - Lucas Yure Santos da Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; (M.G.d.L.S.); (L.Y.S.d.S.); (A.C.C.D.); (A.O.B.P.B.M.)
| | - Ana Cecília Calixto Donelardy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; (M.G.d.L.S.); (L.Y.S.d.S.); (A.C.C.D.); (A.O.B.P.B.M.)
| | - Ray Silva de Almeida
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; (R.S.d.A.); (C.D.d.M.O.-T.)
| | | | - Anita Oliveira Brito Pereira Bezerra Martins
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; (M.G.d.L.S.); (L.Y.S.d.S.); (A.C.C.D.); (A.O.B.P.B.M.)
| | - Jaime Ribeiro-Filho
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Fiocruz Ceará, Eusébio 61773-270, Ceará, Brazil;
| | - Maria Flaviana Bezerra Morais-Braga
- Laboratory of Applied Mycology of Cariri (LMAC), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; (L.F.d.L.); (V.J.A.F.); (M.F.B.M.-B.)
| | - Saulo Relison Tintino
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology (LMBM), Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; (R.S.d.A.); (C.D.d.M.O.-T.)
| | - Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Molecular Chemistry (LFQM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato 63105-000, Ceará, Brazil; (M.G.d.L.S.); (L.Y.S.d.S.); (A.C.C.D.); (A.O.B.P.B.M.)
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Li Z, Zhu B, Chen W, Hu J, Xue Y, Yin H, Hu X, Liu W. Pseudolaric Acid A: A Promising Antifungal Agent Against Prevalent Non- albicans Candida Species. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:5953-5964. [PMID: 37700797 PMCID: PMC10494979 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s419646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The non-albicans Candida (NAC) species have recently gained great importance worldwide due to the increasing proportion in candida causing bloodstream infections. This investigation aimed to explore the efficacy of Pseudolaric acid A (PAA, a diterpenoid derived from Pseudolarix kaempferi) and its synergistic effect with fluconazole (FLC) against NAC species, including C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis complex, and C. glabrata. Methods The microdilution checkerboard assay and time-killing curves were performed to detect the antifungal efficiency. To examine the integrity of cell walls and membranes, calcofluor white stain and propidium iodide stain were used. The changes of intracellular ultrastructure in Candida cells after treatment were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Changes in cell viability with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA were assessed by the XTT method. Results It was revealed that PAA alone is effective on C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis sensu stricto, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis (MIC 8-128 µg/mL). Strong synergism against FLC-resistant C. tropicalis was observed (FICI 0.07-0.281), when PAA and FLC were combined. PAA had dose-dependently detrimental effects on C. tropicalis cell membranes. Moreover, increased vacuoles and autophagosome formation were found in C. tropicalis exposed to PAA. And the inhibitory effect of PAA against C. tropicalis can be relieved by autophagy inhibitor 3-MA in a certain concentration range. Ultrastructural alterations of C. tropicalis were more pronounced under the combination of PAA and FLC, including separation of the cell membrane from the cell wall, increased number of vacuoles, and degradation of organelles. Conclusion These observations indicated that PAA and its combination with FLC could be a promising therapeutic candidate for treating infections caused by NAC species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Xue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- General Office, Centre for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai, 200126, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, People’s Republic of China
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Yang Y, Hao K, Jiang M, Memon FU, Guo L, Zhang G, Liu T, Wu X, Si H. Transcriptomic Analysis of Drug-Resistance Acinetobacter baumannii under the Stress Condition Caused by Litsea cubeba L . Essential Oil via RNA Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1003. [PMID: 34210052 PMCID: PMC8307839 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Litsea cubeba L. essential oil(LCEO) can affect the growth of drug-resistance bacteria. However, research on stress response of drug-resistant A. baumannii under sub-lethal LCEO concentrations had been limited so far. Therefore, transcriptomic analysisof A. baumannii under 1/2 minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 0.54 mg/mL) of LCEO was performed. Results of transcriptomic analysis showed that 320/352 genes were significantly up/down-regulated, respectively, in LCEO-treated A. baumannii. Both up and down-regulated genes were significantly enriched in three GO terms (oxidation-reduction process; oxidoreductase activity; oxidoreductase activity, acting on the CH-CH group of donors), which indicated that the redox state of A. baumannii was significantly affected by LCEO. LCEO may also inhibit aerobic respiration, synthesis of ketone bodies and the metabolism of some amino acids while, meanwhile, promoting fatty acid degradation of A. baumannii according to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment. The permeability and the stress of cell membrane of A. baumannii were significantly affected by LCEO. After crystal violet dyeing, the biofilm formation of A. baumannii was promoted/inhibited by extremely low/relatively high concentration of LCEO, respectively. LCEO and chloramphenicol have synergistic growth inhibitory effect against A. baumannii according to the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) value = 0.375. Our results indicate that the growth of A. baumannii was inhibited by LCEO, and give insights into the stress response of A. baumannii under sub-lethal concentrations of LCEO. These results provided evidence that A. baumannii was inhibited by LCEO, and expanded knowledges of stress response of A. baumannii under sub-lethal concentration of LCEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunqiao Yang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Y.); (K.H.); (M.J.); (F.U.M.); (G.Z.); (T.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Kaiyuan Hao
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Y.); (K.H.); (M.J.); (F.U.M.); (G.Z.); (T.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingsheng Jiang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Y.); (K.H.); (M.J.); (F.U.M.); (G.Z.); (T.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Fareed Uddin Memon
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Y.); (K.H.); (M.J.); (F.U.M.); (G.Z.); (T.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Lei Guo
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225012, China;
| | - Geyin Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Y.); (K.H.); (M.J.); (F.U.M.); (G.Z.); (T.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Tian Liu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Y.); (K.H.); (M.J.); (F.U.M.); (G.Z.); (T.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xianshi Wu
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Y.); (K.H.); (M.J.); (F.U.M.); (G.Z.); (T.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (Y.Y.); (K.H.); (M.J.); (F.U.M.); (G.Z.); (T.L.); (X.W.)
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Li Z, Yin H, Chen W, Jiang C, Hu J, Xue Y, Yao D, Peng Y, Hu X. Synergistic Effect of Pseudolaric Acid B with Fluconazole Against Resistant Isolates and Biofilm of Candida tropicalis. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:2733-2743. [PMID: 32801807 PMCID: PMC7415455 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s261299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Candida tropicalis (C. tropicalis) has emerged as an important fungal pathogen due to its increasing resistance to conventional antifungal agents, especially fluconazole (FLC). Pseudolaric acid B (PAB), a herbal-originated diterpene acid from Pseudolarix kaempferi Gordon, has been reported to possess inhibitory activity against fungus. The present study aims to investigate the antifungal effect of PAB alone and in combination with FLC on planktonic and biofilm cells of C. tropicalis. Methods The antifungal activity of PAB against planktonic isolates was evaluated alone and in combination with FLC using the chequerboard microdilution method and growth curve assay. The anti-biofilm effects were quantified by tetrazolium (XTT) reduction assay, which were further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescent microscope to observe morphological changes of biofilm treated with PAB and FLC. Results It was revealed that PAB alone exhibited similar inhibitory activity against FLC-resistant and FLC-susceptible strains with median MIC ranging from 8 to 16 µg/mL. When administered in combination, synergism was observed in all (13/13) FLC-resistant and (2/9) FLC-susceptible strains with FICI ranging from 0.070 to 0.375. Moreover, the concomitant use of PAB and FLC exhibited a strong dose-dependent synergistic inhibitory effect on the early and mature biofilm, eliminating more than 80% biofilm formation. SEM found that PAB, different from azoles, could significantly inhibit spore germination and destroy the cell integrity causing cell deformation, swelling, collapse and outer membrane perforation. Conclusion PAB was highly active against FLC-resistant isolates and biofilm of C. tropicalis, particularly when combined with FLC. These findings suggest that PAB may have potential as a novel antifungal agent with different targets from azole drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Yin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Cen Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Xue
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongting Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yibing Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Mala R, Annie Aglin A, Ruby Celsia AS, Geerthika S, Kiruthika N, VazagaPriya C, Srinivasa Kumar K. Foley catheters functionalised with a synergistic combination of antibiotics and silver nanoparticles resist biofilm formation. IET Nanobiotechnol 2019; 11:612-620. [PMID: 28745297 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2016.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Foley catheters are inevitable in health care unit. Pathogens colonise and form biofilm on catheter causing catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Therefore, the authors aimed to functionalise catheter to resist biofilm formation. The authors impregnated urinary catheters with a synergistic combination of antibiotics and silver nanoparticles (SNPs) to evaluate antibiofilm efficacy in vitro and in vivo. SNPs were synthesised using Spirulina platensis. Synergy between the SNPs and antibiotics was determined by the checker-board method. In vivo efficacy of the functionalised catheters was assessed in mice. Liver and kidney function tests of mice were performed. The in vitro anti-adherence activity of the functionalised catheters was evaluated after 2 years. Nanoparticle sizes were 42-75 nm. Synergistic activity was observed among SNPs (2 µg/ml), amikacin (6.25 µg/ml), and nitrofurantoin (31.25 µg/ml). In mice, catheters functionalised with combinations of antibiotics and SNPs exhibited no colonisation until Day 14. Blood, liver, and kidney tests were normal. After 2 years, catheters functionalised with antibiotics exhibited 25% inhibition of bacterial adhesion, and catheters functionalised with the nanoparticle-antibiotic combination exhibited 90% inhibition. Impregnation of urinary catheters with a synergistic combination of antibiotics and SNPs is an efficient and promising method for preventing biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Mala
- Department of Biotechnology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi 626005, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Antony Annie Aglin
- Department of Biotechnology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi 626005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sivalingam Geerthika
- Department of Biotechnology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi 626005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Narbahvi Kiruthika
- Department of Biotechnology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi 626005, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chinnathambi VazagaPriya
- Department of Biotechnology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi 626005, Tamil Nadu, India
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Zacchino SA, Butassi E, Liberto MD, Raimondi M, Postigo A, Sortino M. Plant phenolics and terpenoids as adjuvants of antibacterial and antifungal drugs. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 37:27-48. [PMID: 29174958 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intensive use of antibacterial and antifungal drugs has dramatically increased the microbial resistance and has led to a higher number of difficult-to-eradicate infections. Combination therapy with two or more antimicrobial drugs has emerged some years ago to overcome the issue, but it has proven to be not completely effective. Natural secondary metabolites of MW ≤ 500 represent promising adjuvants for antimicrobials and have been the object of several researches that have increased in the last two decades. PURPOSE The purpose of this Review is to do a literature search of the natural compounds that showed high enhancing capacity of antibacterials' and antifungals' effects against planktonic bacteria and fungi and to analyze which are the natural products most used in combination with a focus on polyphenols and terpenoids. RESULTS One hundred of papers were collected for reviewing. Fifty six (56) of them deal with combinations of low MW natural products with antibacterial drugs against planktonic bacteria and forty four (44) on natural products with antifungal drugs against planktonic fungi. Of the antibacterial adjuvants, 41 (73%) were either polyphenols (27; 48%) or terpenes (14; 25%). The remaining 15 papers (27%), deal with different class of natural products. Since most natural potentiators belong to the terpene or phenolic structural types, a more detailed description of the works dealing with these type of compounds is provided here. Bacterial and fungal resistance mechanisms, the modes of action of the main classes of antibacterial and antifungal drugs and the methodologies most used to assess the type of interactions in the combinations were included in the Review too. CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES Several promising results on the potentiation effects of antifungals' and antibacterials' activities by low MW natural products mainly on polyphenols and terpenes were reported in the literature and, in spite of that most works included only in vitro assays, this knowledge opens a wide range of possibilities for the combination antimicrobial therapy. Further research including in vivo assays and clinical trials are required to determine the relevance of these antimicrobial enhancers in the clinical area and should be the focus of future studies in order to develop new antimicrobial combination agents that overpass the drawbacks of the existing antibiotics and antifungals in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana A Zacchino
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina.
| | - Estefania Butassi
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Melina Di Liberto
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Marcela Raimondi
- Area Microbiología, Facultad de Cs. Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe 3100, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Agustina Postigo
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Sortino
- Área Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina; Área Micología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario 2000, Argentina
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Lu M, Li T, Wan J, Li X, Yuan L, Sun S. Antifungal effects of phytocompounds on Candida species alone and in combination with fluconazole. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 49:125-136. [PMID: 28040409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections caused by Candida spp. remain the most predominant nosocomial fungal infections. Owing to the increased use of antifungal agents, resistance of Candida spp. to antimycotics has emerged frequently, especially to fluconazole (FLC). To cope with this issue, new efforts have been dedicated to discovering novel antimycotics or new agents that can enhance the susceptibility of Candida spp. to existing antimycotics. The secondary metabolites of plants represent a large library of compounds that are important sources for new drugs or compounds suitable for further modification. Research on the anti-Candida activities of phytocompounds has been carried out in recent years and the results showed that a series of phytocompounds have anti-Candida properties, such as phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. Among these phytocompounds, some displayed potent antifungal activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≤8 µg/mL, and several compounds were even more effective against drug-resistant Candida spp. than FLC or itraconazole (e.g. honokiol, magnolol and shikonin). Interestingly, quite a few phytocompounds not only displayed anti-Candida activity alone but also synergised with FLC against Candida spp., even leading to a reversal of FLC resistance. This review focuses on summarising the anti-Candida activities of phytocompounds as well as the interactions of phytocompounds with FLC. In addition, we briefly overview the synergistic mechanisms and present the structure of the antimycotic phytocompounds. Hopefully, this analysis will provide insight into antifungal agent discovery and new approaches against antifungal drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Tao Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Qianfoshan Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China
| | - Jianjian Wan
- Department of Respiratory, Yucheng People's Hospital, Yucheng, Shandong Province 251200, China
| | - Xiuyun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Baodi District People's Hospital, Tianjin 301800, China
| | - Shujuan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qianfoshan Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250014, China.
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Shreaz S, Wani WA, Behbehani JM, Raja V, Irshad M, Karched M, Ali I, Siddiqi WA, Hun LT. Cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives, a novel class of antifungal agents. Fitoterapia 2016; 112:116-31. [PMID: 27259370 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last few decades have seen an alarming rise in fungal infections, which currently represent a global health threat. Despite extensive research towards the development of new antifungal agents, only a limited number of antifungal drugs are available in the market. The routinely used polyene agents and many azole antifungals are associated with some common side effects such as severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Also, antifungal resistance continues to grow and evolve and complicate patient management, despite the introduction of new antifungal agents. This suitation requires continuous attention. Cinnamaldehyde has been reported to inhibit bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous molds via the inhibition of ATPases, cell wall biosynthesis, and alteration of membrane structure and integrity. In this regard, several novel cinnamaldehyde derivatives were synthesized with the claim of potential antifungal activities. The present article describes antifungal properties of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives against diverse classes of pathogenic fungi. This review will provide an overview of what is currently known about the primary mode of action of cinnamaldehyde. Synergistic approaches for boosting the effectiveness of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives have been highlighted. Also, a keen analysis of the pharmacologically active systems derived from cinnamaldehyde has been discussed. Finally, efforts were made to outline the future perspectives of cinnamaldehyde-based antifungal agents. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge about the antifungal properties and antifungal mode of action of cinnamaldehyde and its derivatives and to identify research avenues that can facilitate implementation of cinnamaldehyde as a natural antifungal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Shreaz
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Waseem A Wani
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Jawad M Behbehani
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Vaseem Raja
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), P.O. Box 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Irshad
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Maribasappa Karched
- Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Intzar Ali
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India
| | - Weqar A Siddiqi
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), P.O. Box 110025, New Delhi, India
| | - Lee Ting Hun
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Premachandra IDUA, Scott KA, Shen C, Wang F, Lane S, Liu H, Van Vranken DL. Potent Synergy between Spirocyclic Pyrrolidinoindolinones and Fluconazole against Candida albicans. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1672-86. [PMID: 26263912 PMCID: PMC4682886 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A spiroindolinone, (1S,3R,3aR,6aS)-1-benzyl-6'-chloro-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-7'-methylspiro[1,2,3a,6a-tetrahydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-3,3'-1H-indole]-2',4,6-trione, was previously reported to enhance the antifungal effect of fluconazole against Candida albicans. A diastereomer of this compound was synthesized, along with various analogues. Many of the compounds were shown to enhance the antifungal effect of fluconazole against C. albicans, some with exquisite potency. One spirocyclic piperazine derivative, which we have named synazo-1, was found to enhance the effect of fluconazole with an EC50 value of 300 pM against a susceptible strain of C. albicans and going as low as 2 nM against some resistant strains. Synazo-1 exhibits true synergy with fluconazole, with an FIC index below 0.5 in the strains tested. Synazo-1 exhibited low toxicity in mammalian cells relative to the concentrations required for antifungal synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin A Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Chengtian Shen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA)
| | - Fuqiang Wang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 825 Health Sciences Road, Medical Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697-1700 (USA)
| | - Shelley Lane
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 825 Health Sciences Road, Medical Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697-1700 (USA)
| | - Haoping Liu
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 825 Health Sciences Road, Medical Sciences I, Irvine, CA 92697-1700 (USA)
| | - David L Van Vranken
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences 2, Irvine, CA 92697-2025 (USA).
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Wan T, Xu T, Pan J, Qin M, Pan W, Zhang G, Wu Z, Wu C, Xu Y. Microemulsion based gel for topical dermal delivery of pseudolaric acid B: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Liu W, Li LP, Zhang JD, Li Q, Shen H, Chen SM, He LJ, Yan L, Xu GT, An MM, Jiang YY. Synergistic antifungal effect of glabridin and fluconazole. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103442. [PMID: 25058485 PMCID: PMC4110026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of invasive fungal infections is increasing in recent years. The present study mainly investigated glabridin (Gla) alone and especially in combination with fluconazole (FLC) against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida species (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, Candida parapsilosis and Candida Glabratas) by different methods. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) indicated that Gla possessed a broad-spectrum antifungal activity at relatively high concentrations. After combining with FLC, Gla exerted a potent synergistic effect against drug-resistant C. albicans and C. tropicalis at lower concentrations when interpreted by fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Disk diffusion test and time-killing test confirming the synergistic fungicidal effect. Cell growth tests suggested that the synergistic effect of the two drugs depended more on the concentration of Gla. The cell envelop damage including a significant decrease of cell size and membrane permeability increasing were found after Gla treatment. Together, our results suggested that Gla possessed a synergistic effect with FLC and the cell envelope damage maybe contributed to the synergistic effect, which providing new information for developing novel antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Ping Li
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Qun Li
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Min Chen
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Juan He
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Yan
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo Tong Xu
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mao Mao An
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Ying Jiang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Combination of fluconazole with non-antifungal agents: A promising approach to cope with resistant Candida albicans infections and insight into new antifungal agent discovery. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43:395-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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