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Romagnoli S, Krekeler N, de Cramer K, Kutzler M, McCarthy R, Schaefer-Somi S. WSAVA guidelines for the control of reproduction in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 2024; 65:424-559. [PMID: 38804079 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- S Romagnoli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, Viale dell'Università 16, University of Padova, Legnaro, 35020, Italy
| | - N Krekeler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - K de Cramer
- Department of Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M Kutzler
- Dept of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, 112 Withycombe Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - R McCarthy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, 01536, United States
| | - S Schaefer-Somi
- Center for Reproduction, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, Vienna, 1210, Austria
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Marchetti C, Grisolia Romero M, Priotto M, Faya M, Gobello C. Effect of a GnRH Antagonist on Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Follicular Population in Anestrous Bitches. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2511. [PMID: 37570318 PMCID: PMC10416944 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the effect of the third-generation GnRH antagonist, acyline, on ovarian follicular population and serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations in female dogs. Four late anestrous bitches were administered 330 μg/kg SC acyline every 10 days for 60 days and followed up for 45 days. Blood samples were drawn on days -1, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 for AMH determination. Then, the females were ovariectomized and the excised ovaries were gross and histologically evaluated. The total ovarian follicles were counted. None of the female dogs presented estrus during treatment. Only one bitch presented an ovulatory estrus 20 days after treatment. The total number of ovarian follicles in these bitches was 96,200.10 ± 26,125.12, with 84.13%, 11.36%, 7.8% and 0.01% corresponding to primordial, primary, secondary and antral structures, respectively. Pretreatment AMH concentrations were 0.62 ± 0.17 ng/mL. This hormone varied throughout the study period (p < 0.01), diminishing to nadir values during treatment to then rapidly recover after its effect (0.2 ± 0.05 vs. 0.67 ± 0.22 ng/mL; p < 0.01). Acyline rapidly and reversibly prevented the initiation of cycling without affecting follicle count but diminishing serum AMH concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Marchetti
- Center of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (C.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 2290, Argentina;
| | - Mariela Grisolia Romero
- Center of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (C.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 2290, Argentina;
| | - Marcelo Priotto
- Small Animal Clinics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Catholic University of Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Marcela Faya
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 2290, Argentina;
- Small Animal Clinics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Catholic University of Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina;
| | - Cristina Gobello
- Center of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata 1900, Argentina; (C.M.); (M.G.R.)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires 2290, Argentina;
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Rückl A, Thompson DL, Hatt JM. Effect of the Prolactin Inhibitor Cabergoline and the Gonadotropin Releasing-Hormone Agonist Deslorelin in the Suppression of Plasma Prolactin Concentrations and Egg Laying in Quail (Coturnix japonica). J Avian Med Surg 2022; 36:39-52. [DOI: 10.1647/20-00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gobello C. Revisiting canine pseudocyesis. Theriogenology 2021; 167:94-98. [PMID: 33799011 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Canine (Canis familiaris) pseudocyesis, pseudopregnancy, false pregnancy or nervous lactation is a frequent syndrome observed in non-pregnant, late diestrous or early anestrous females that is characterized by different degrees of mammary gland enlargement, maternal behavior and lactation. Further education about this frequent canine physiological event is still necessary to ensure optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies. Thus, the aim of this article was to review and update the physiopathology, physical and behavioral signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of pseudocyesis in bitches in which it is a clinical problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gobello
- Center of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, Argentina; National Research Council, Argentina.
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Schäfer-Somi S, Kowalewski M, Kanca H, Bozkurt M, Gram A, Sabitzer S, Kucukaslan I, Ay S, Aslan S. GnRH and its receptor (GnRH-R) are expressed in the canine placenta and uterus. Theriogenology 2015; 84:1482-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Batista PR, Blanco PG, Gobello C. Treatment of canine pyometra with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist acyline: a case series. Top Companion Anim Med 2015; 30:25-7. [PMID: 26041594 DOI: 10.1053/j.tcam.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To describe the effect of the third-generation gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist acyline in the treatment of 4 diestrous bitches with the cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex. The 4 bitches were treated with 330 μg/kg of subcutaneous acyline on day 0 and antibiotics, and followed up for 2 weeks. One closed-cervix case showed cervical dilatation 36 hours after treatment, and all the 4 animals showed resolution of clinical signs starting on day 3 posttreatment. Ultrasonographic uterine diameters and luminal contents decreased in the bitches having high progesterone serum concentrations before treatment but not in those with low levels. Serum progesterone importantly decreased from high to basal concentrations in the 3 "ultrasonographically cured" animals. No local or systemic side effects related to the treatment were observed. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist acyline may have a promising place for the medical treatment of cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Batista
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Imaging Diagnosis Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Paula G Blanco
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Imaging Diagnosis Service, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cristina Gobello
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
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Gobello C. Effects of GnRH Antagonists vs Agonists in Domestic Carnivores, a Review. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 47 Suppl 6:373-6. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Gobello
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; National University of La Plata; Conicet; Argentina
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García Romero G, Mattioli G, Rosa D, Diaz JD, Abeyá M, Gobello C. A Single Administration of the GnRH Antagonist Acyline Inhibits Basal and GnRH-Stimulated Serum Testosterone Concentrations in Male Dogs. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:e32-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Gier J, Wolthers C, Galac S, Okkens A, Kooistra H. Effects of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor trilostane on luteal progesterone production in the dog. Theriogenology 2011; 75:1271-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Domestic dogs are monoestrous, typically non-seasonal, polytocous, spontaneous ovulators and have a spontaneous luteal phase slightly longer (by approx 5 day) than the 64±1day luteal phases of a 65±1day pregnancy, a phase followed by an obligate anestrus before the next 2-3 week "heat" (proestrus-estrus). The resulting inter-estrus intervals of 5-12 months are variable among bitches, commonly 6-7 months, and range from highly variable to regular (to perhaps within±5-10 day of sequential 7 month cycle, for instance) within bitches, and across studies and do not vary significantly between pregnant and non-pregnant cycles. Hormone levels reported are those observed in this laboratory using previously reported assays and canine gonadotropin standards unless stated otherwise. Endocrine sequences for dog cycles are not unlike those of many other mammals, including selection of ovulatory follicles by increased LH pulsatility, the occurrence of estrus behavior and LH surge during a decline in the estrogen: progestin ratio, a pronounced preovulatory luteinization as in humans and rodents, and luteotrophic roles for both LH and prolactin. Non-pregnant bitches have a spontaneously prolonged luteal phase, often longer and with a more protracted decline in serum progesterone than in pregnancy as there is no uterine luteolytic mechanism. The obligate anestrus of 8-40 weeks is terminated by poorly understood interactions of environment (e.g. pheromones, possibly photoperiod) and a potential endogenous circannual cycle in sensitivities of hypothalamic dopaminergic, serotonergic and/or opioid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Concannon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
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Risso A, Valiente C, Corrada Y, Romero GG, Blanco PG, de la Sota PE, Diaz JD, Gobello C. The GnRH antagonist acyline prevented ovulation, but did not affect ovarian follicular development or gestational corpora lutea in the domestic cat. Theriogenology 2010; 73:984-7. [PMID: 20171723 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Revised: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of the GnRH antagonist acyline (330 microg/kg, given sc) on ovarian follicular development and ovulation, as well as on pregnancy maintenance in domestic cats. In the first experiment, seven queens in proestrus (total of 24 proestrus periods), were randomly assigned to treatment with either acyline (ACY; n=17) or a placebo (PLC; n=7). All queens were mated with a fertile tomcat. In the ACY and PLC groups, cessation of estrus occurred (mean+/-SEM) 7.0+/-1.3 and 7.0+/-1.7 d after treatment (P>0.1), ovulation occurred in 2 of 17 and all seven estrus periods (P<0.05), and pregnancy rates were 1 of 16 and 7 of 7 (P<0.05), respectively. In the ACY and PLC groups, intervals from treatment to the onset of the ensuing proestrus were 18.4+/-1.7 and 120+/-17.2 d. In the second experiment, 14 pregnant queens were randomly allocated, according to their mating date, to treatment with acyline in early pregnancy (from 20 to 25 d, n=3), mid pregnancy (from 26 to 45 d; n=4), late pregnancy (> 45 d; n=3), or injection of a placebo in early (n=1), mid (n=2), or late pregnancy (n=1). Ultrasonographic assessments of the uterus were done every second day for 2 wk post treatment, and serum progesterone (P(4)) concentrations were determined before treatment, and at 7 and 14 d after treatment. No pregnancies were prematurely terminated and post-treatment P(4) concentrations did not differ among treatment groups (P>0.1). In conclusion, in the domestic cat, GnRH withdrawal by acyline prevented ovulation when given in early follicular phase (proestrus), but did not significantly affect luteal function during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Risso
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of La Plata, Argentina
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