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Zong C, Xiao Y, Shao T, Amber Chiou J, Wu A, Huang Z, Chen C, Jiang W, Zhu J, Dong Z, Liu Q, Li M. Alfalfa as a vegetable source of β-carotene: The change mechanism of β-carotene during fermentation. Food Res Int 2023; 172:113104. [PMID: 37689873 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to explore the β-carotene-producing bacteria and ascertain the main factors affecting β-carotene content via investigating the effects of various additives on β-carotene content, bacterial community succession, and quality of fermented alfalfa, using single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology. Fresh alfalfa was fermented without (CON) or with squalene (SQ), the combination of Lactobacillus plantarum and cellulase (LPEN), and the combination of SQ and LPEN (SQLPEN) for 3, 45, and 90 d. The results showed that relative to the fresh alfalfa, extensive β-carotene loss in all groups occurred in the early fermentation phase (3 d) since epiphytic Pantoea agglomerans with the ability to produce β-carotene disappeared and β-carotene was oxidized by lipoxygenase and peroxidase. With the prolonged fermentation days, β-carotene content in all groups increased due to bacterial community succession in the middle and late phases of fermentation (45 and 90 d). The species L. parabuchneri, L. kunkeei, and L. kullabergensis (r = 0.591, 0.366, 0.341, orderly) had positive correlations with β-carotene content (P < 0.05). Bacterial functional potential prediction showed that species L. kunkeei, L. helsingborgensis, and L. kullabergensis had positive (r = 0.478, 0.765, 0.601) correlations with C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis (P < 0.01), and L. helsingborgensis and L. kullabergensis had positive (r = 0.805, 0.522) correlations with β-carotene biosynthesis (P < 0.01). Additionally, the pH and propionic acid (r = -0.567, -0.504) had negative correlations with β-carotene content (P < 0.01). The CON group was preserved well after 90 d, LPEN and SQLPEN further improved fermentation quality. In conclusion, certain Lactobacillus had the potential for β-carotene biosynthesis, and high pH and propionic acid content were the unbenefited factors for β-carotene retention in fermented alfalfa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiachi Amber Chiou
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Research Institute for Future Food, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Y807, Lee Shau Kee Building, PolyU, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aili Wu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhongyong Huang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wanqi Jiang
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiugang Zhu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihao Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qinhua Liu
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Mao Li
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resource Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science, No.4, Xueyuan Road, Haikou 571101, China
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β-carotene alleviates LPS-induced inflammation through regulating STIM1/ORAI1 expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Livingston ML, Pokoo-Aikins A, Frost T, Laprade L, Hoang V, Nogal B, Phillips C, Cowieson AJ. Effect of Heat Stress, Dietary Electrolytes, and Vitamins E and C on Growth Performance and Blood Biochemistry of the Broiler Chicken. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.807267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental heat stress creates a detriment to the welfare and performance in broiler chickens. While there are some dietary mineral and vitamin supplements that mitigate this condition, a rapid, plasma-based detection method would improve management response and broaden the scientific understanding of heat stress. A total of 960 broilers were used to determine the effect of heat stress and dietary electrolyte balance on blood biochemistry. Sex sorted chicks were allocated to 48 pens with 20 chicks per pen creating 6 treatments (3 diets x 2 house environments) with eight replicates and fed one of three dietary treatments: a control containing primarily sodium chloride (NaCl), a heat stress formulation containing bicarbonate (NaHCO3), or heat stress fortified with 200 ppm vitamin C and E (NaHCO3 Fortified). Birds were housed in two different temperature-controlled environments either a thermoneutral (Control) or heat stressed (Heat Stress) environment. At day 28, 35 and 42 venous blood was collected and analyzed using rapid detection methods followed by post-mortem veterinary evaluations. Performance was measured at weekly intervals. Mortality was significantly higher in broilers exposed to heat stress as compared to thermoneutral, while broilers that received dietary sodium chloride also had higher mortality than bicarbonate fed birds. Heat stress significantly impacted potassium, hematocrit, uric acid, total protein, globulin, hematocrit, lymphocytes, sodium, and glucose. This study demonstrates that blood biochemistry of broiler chickens is influenced by dietary intervention and changing environmental conditions. This pattern suggests a blood biomarker footprint of sub-optimal nutrition or poor environmental conditions that may provide valuable information into physiological changes in response to dietary electrolytes, vitamins, and heat stress. Furthermore, this footprint may potentiate the development of diagnostic tools, combining biomarkers to determine nutrition and health status of individual broiler flocks, for nutritionists, veterinarians, and live production managers to manage flocks for environmental, humane, and productive purposes.
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Mitsuishi H, Natsubori E, Otsuka T, Yayota M. High β
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carotene concentration in plasma enhances cyclic progesterone production in nonpregnant Japanese Black cows. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13782. [PMID: 36345759 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
β-Carotene is an essential nutrient in cattle reproduction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of β-carotene supplementation on ovarian activities throughout the estrous cycle in nonpregnant Japanese Black cows. The estrous cycles of eight nonpregnant Japanese Black cows were synchronized using a double synch protocol, and the cows were divided into two groups. The cows in the β-carotene (BC) group received supplementation with 1000 mg/day β-carotene for 46 days including the synchronization period. The cows in the control (C) group did not receive β-carotene supplementation. The results showed that β-carotene supplementation at 1000 mg/day was sufficient to maintain a high plasma β-carotene concentration and increase the plasma retinol concentration and that β-carotene supplementation had no significant effects on the dominant follicle diameter, total number of estrus behaviors, or length of the estrous cycle. In contrast, the areas under the P4 concentration curves in the BC group were higher than those obtained for the C group. In conclusion, a high plasma β-carotene concentration in Japanese Black cows promotes P4 production in the luteal phase of the estrous cycle and total P4 production throughout the estrous cycle without changing the length of the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Mitsuishi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science Gifu University Gifu Japan
| | - Eri Natsubori
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Gifu University Gifu Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Otsuka
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Gifu University Gifu Japan
| | - Masato Yayota
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Gifu University Gifu Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health Gifu University (GeFAH) Gifu Japan
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Mary AEP, Artavia Mora JI, Ronda Borzone PA, Richards SE, Kies AK. Vitamin E and beta-carotene status of dairy cows: a survey of plasma levels and supplementation practices. Animal 2021; 15:100303. [PMID: 34252721 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Culling rate in dairy cattle has increased considerably, thereby reducing cowś longevity and raising sustainability concerns worldwide. In the last decades, feeding systems have changed towards larger inclusion of preserved forages and reduced fresh herbage, which may limit vitamin E and beta-carotene dietary supply to dairy cows. Because of higher oxidative stress, engendered by greater milk production of modern genetics, the requirement for these nutrients is increased. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the current status of vitamin E and beta-carotene of commercial dairy cows. Blood vitamin E and beta-carotene concentrations were measured in 2 467 dairy cows from 127 farms in Belgium, Germany, Iberia and The Netherlands, that were visited once. Five cows were randomly selected per lactation stage per farm: Dry (between 30 and 1 day(s) before calving), Very-early (from calving until 15 days in milk (DIM)), Early (between 16 and 119 DIM), and Mid-late (from 120 DIM onwards). In addition, a survey was conducted to retrieve data on vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation and feeding practices. Vitamin E and beta-carotene blood concentrations dropped considerably around calving. Among all surveyed cows, more than 75 and 44% were deficient in vitamin E and beta-carotene (i.e., blood concentration below 3.0 and 3.5 mg/l, respectively). Of the Very-early group, more than 97 and 78% of the cows were deficient in vitamin E and beta-carotene, respectively, with respective blood concentrations of 1.15 and 2.71 mg/l, which was significantly lower than the other lactation stages. Vitamin E and beta-carotene blood concentrations, as well as their supplementation levels, significantly varied among countries. Vitamin E and beta-carotene blood concentrations were positively related to the total estimated daily intakes of vitamin E and beta-carotene. Therefore, blood concentrations of vitamin E and beta-carotene depend on their respective level of intake, which is generally below recommendations and varies greatly between countries. Supplementation could contribute to provide cows with adequate amounts of vitamin E and beta-carotene all along the lactation, to ensure their lifetime performance and improve their fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E P Mary
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health Department, Applied R&D and Technical Support EMEA, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | - J I Artavia Mora
- Wageningen University and Research, Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Science, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P A Ronda Borzone
- Wageningen University and Research, Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Science, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - S E Richards
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health Department, Applied R&D and Technical Support EMEA, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - A K Kies
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health Department, Applied R&D and Technical Support EMEA, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland; Wageningen University and Research, Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Science, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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6
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Zubova TV, Pleshkov VA, Smolovskaya OV, Mironov AN, Korobeynikova LN. The use of carotene-containing preparation in cows for the prevention of postpartum complications. Vet World 2021; 14:1059-1066. [PMID: 34220104 PMCID: PMC8243678 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1059-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: It is known that metabolic disturbances in the animal body negatively affect parturition, uterine involution, and, ultimately, fertility, especially in cows, during the first insemination. Although the method of diet optimization with the use of a software package results in positive outcomes, adjustment is required for certain groups of animals (e.g., cows), in accordance with the period of the year. Every year, in the spring and autumn, blood is taken from animals to detect metabolic disorders, and then either the diet is balanced or, if the cows lack vitamins and minerals, they are administered to cows parenterally or with food. The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of using carotene-containing preparation in the prevention of postpartum complications in cows. Materials and Methods: Before the start of the experiment, blood was collected from the animals of the experimental and control groups, with ten animals in each group, and its serum was examined for the presence of carotene. Low carotene content was found in the serum of all animals (from 0.2 to 0.25 mg%) with the norm within the range of 0.40-0.62 mg%. The cows of the experimental group were injected subcutaneously with the carotene-containing preparation 30, 20, and 10 days before the expected calving date at a dose of 10 mL per head. The carotene-containing preparation was a solution of crystalline β-carotene substance in deodorized sunflower oil. Moreover, the share of β-carotene was at least 0.18%. The drug was administered intramuscularly into the rump. Results: In the postpartum period, the retention of the placenta was observed in two animals of the control group. The uterine involution in the cows of the control group was 16.0 (p<0.05) days longer than that in the cows of the experimental group. The duration of placenta separation in the cows of the control group was on average 3.21 h longer (p<0.01) than that in the cows of the experimental group. The period from calving to the introduction of the embryo was 63.17±1.56 days in the control group and 48.3±0.83 days in the experimental group. The survival rate of embryos in the cows of the experimental group was 60%, and the period from the calving date to the introduction of the embryo averaged 48 days, which were 14.9 (p<0.05) days less than that in the cows of the control group. Conclusion: When the carotene-containing preparation was administered in a dose of 10 mL subcutaneously to cows 30, 20, and 10 days before the calving date, the blood carotene content increased, and the duration of the last stage and uterine involution decreased. The period from the calving date to the introduction of the embryo was reduced to 48.3±0.83 days, and the survival rate of embryos was 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Vladimirovna Zubova
- Zootechnical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy", Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russia
| | - Vladimir Alexandrovich Pleshkov
- Zootechnical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy", Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russia
| | - Oksana Vladimirovna Smolovskaya
- Zootechnical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy", Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russia
| | - Alexander Nikolaevich Mironov
- Zootechnical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy", Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russia
| | - Larisa Nikolaevna Korobeynikova
- Zootechnical Faculty, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kuzbass State Agricultural Academy", Markovtseva Street, 5, Kemerovo, 650056, Russia
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7
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Yuan X, Yan J, Hu R, Li Y, Wang Y, Chen H, Hou DX, He J, Wu S. Modulation of Gut Microbiota and Oxidative Status by β-Carotene in Late Pregnant Sows. Front Nutr 2020; 7:612875. [PMID: 33381515 PMCID: PMC7768031 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.612875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences suggest that gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating physiological and metabolic activities of pregnant sows, and β-carotene has a potentially positive effect on reproduction, but the impact of β-carotene on gut microbiota in pregnant sows remains unknown. This study aimed to explore the effect and mechanisms of β-carotene on the reproductive performance of sows from the aspect of gut microbiota. A total of 48 hybrid pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) with similar parity were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 16) and fed with a basal diet or a diet containing 30 or 90 mg/kg of β-carotene from day 90 of gestation until parturition. Dietary supplementation of 30 or 90 mg/kg β-carotene increased the number of live birth to 11.82 ± 1.54 and 12.29 ± 2.09, respectively, while the control group was 11.00 ± 1.41 (P = 0.201). Moreover, β-carotene increased significantly the serum nitric oxide (NO) level and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity (P < 0.05). Characterization of fecal microbiota revealed that 90 mg/kg β-carotene increased the diversity of the gut flora (P < 0.05). In particular, β-carotene decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes including Lachnospiraceae AC2044 group, Lachnospiraceae NK4B4 group and Ruminococcaceae UCG-008, but enriched Proteobacteria including Bilophila and Sutterella, and Actinobacteria including Corynebacterium and Corynebacterium 1 which are related to NO synthesis. These data demonstrated that dietary supplementation of β-carotene may increase antioxidant enzyme activity and NO, an important vasodilator to promote the neonatal blood circulation, through regulating gut microbiota in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Xinguang'an Agricultural Husbandry Co., Ltd., Changsha, China
| | - Jiahao Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruizhi Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanli Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - De-Xing Hou
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shusong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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Manzocchi E, Guggenbühl B, Kreuzer M, Giller K. Effects of the substitution of soybean meal by spirulina in a hay-based diet for dairy cows on milk composition and sensory perception. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11349-11362. [PMID: 33041025 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The demand for protein sources alternative to soybean meal for supplementing forages low in metabolizable protein is large. The suitability of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis), a fast growing and resource-efficient blue-green microalga, as a source of metabolizable protein for dairy cows is known, but its effects on milk antioxidants and sensory properties were never investigated. Twelve cows were allocated to 2 groups and fed hay-based diets complemented with sugar beet pulp and wheat flakes in individual feeding troughs. The N content per kilogram of DM was equivalent between the 2 diets. Diet of 1 group was supplemented with 5% spirulina; the second group was supplemented with 6% soybean meal (control). After an adaptation period of 15 d, data were collected, and feed, milk, blood, and rumen fluid were sampled. Feeds were analyzed for proximate contents, and blood plasma was analyzed for total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant contents (tocopherol, phenols). Milk samples were analyzed for fatty acid profile, coagulation properties, color, and contents of fat, protein, lactose, total phenols, lipophilic vitamins, and provitamins (e.g., β-carotene). Triangle tests were performed by a trained sensory panel on 6 homogenized and pasteurized bulk milk samples per treatment. The substitution of soybean meal by spirulina in the diet did not affect feed intake, milk yield, milk fat, protein, or lactose contents compared with the control group. However, the milk from the spirulina-fed cows had a higher content of β-carotene (0.207 vs. 0.135 μg/mL) and was more yellow (b* index: 14.9 vs. 13.8). Similar to the spirulina lipids but far less pronounced, the milk fat from the spirulina-fed cows had a higher proportion of γ-linolenic acid (0.057 vs. 0.038% of fatty acid methyl esters) compared with milk fat from soybean meal-fed cows. Also trans-11 C18:1 (vaccenic acid) and other C18:1 trans isomers were elevated, but otherwise the fatty acid profile resembled that of cows fed the control diet. No sensory difference was found between milk from the 2 experimental groups. Furthermore, we observed no effects of substituting soybean meal by spirulina on total antioxidant capacity, α-tocopherol and total phenols in blood and milk. Effects on rumen fluid characteristics were minor. In conclusion, spirulina seems to be a promising protein source for dairy cows with certain improvements in nutritionally favorable constituents in milk and without side-effects on animal performance in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Manzocchi
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Guggenbühl
- Agroscope, Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K Giller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitaetstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Livingston M, Cowieson A, Crespo R, Hoang V, Nogal B, Browning M, Livingston K. Effect of broiler genetics, age, and gender on performance and blood chemistry. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04400. [PMID: 32685727 PMCID: PMC7358716 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 640 broilers were used to determine the effects of strain, sex, and age on hematology and blood chemistry using rapid detection devices. Day old chicks from two genetic lines of common fast-growing and high-yield broiler strains were sexed and allocated to 40 pens (16 birds per pen) containing either male or female and Ross or Cobb strains (n = 10). Venous blood was analyzed weekly using 2 broilers from each pen (n = 20) using the i-STAT® Alinity Handheld Clinical Analyzer, Zoetis Vetscan VS2, and iCheck™ Carotene devices at 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 d, as well as growth performance. Post-mortem health tracking metrics were also recorded on 42 d. Broilers were deemed healthy based on posting data results and performed in accordance with industry standards with males presenting greater BW and reduced FCR than female broilers. Ross broilers displayed greater BW to 14 d with similar FCR compared with Cobb birds. Day of age had a highly significant impact on blood calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride, carotene, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, bile acids, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulin, total carbon dioxide, hematocrit, and malondialdehyde. Male broilers had reduced blood sodium, chloride, carotene, uric acid, albumin, and increased total protein, glucose, and total carbon dioxide. Ross broilers had greater blood potassium, and sodium, as well as reduced uric acid, total protein, globulin, and malondialdehyde, compared with Cobb birds. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of point-of-care devices in measuring blood chemistry and hematology in modern broilers. These data can be utilized to determine normal healthy blood ranges in these types of broilers when accounting for strain, sex, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.L. Livingston
- DSM Nutritional Products, 45 Waterview blvd. Parcipany, NJ, USA
| | - A.J. Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - R. Crespo
- Department of Population and Health Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - V. Hoang
- InsideTracker, 101 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B. Nogal
- InsideTracker, 101 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M. Browning
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
| | - K.A. Livingston
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA
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10
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Cowieson AJ, Livingston ML, Nogal B, Hoang V, Wang YT, Crespo R, Livingston KA. Effect of coccidial challenge and vaccination on the performance, veterinary postmortem scores, and blood biochemistry of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3831-3840. [PMID: 32731969 PMCID: PMC7598015 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 960 male Cobb 500 broilers were used in a growth performance study to explore the effect of coccidial vaccination and/or coccidial challenge on blood biochemistry and veterinary postmortem metrics. Day-old chicks were randomly divided into one of the 4 experimental treatments. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with the factors being without or with vaccination (administered on day 1) or coccidial challenge (oral gavage on day 7). Growth performance was monitored on a weekly basis. Blood sample collection, as well as full veterinary necropsies, were carried out on days 6, 8, 13, 20, 27, and 34. Birds that did not receive the vaccination but were challenged with coccidiosis had higher feed conversion ratio, lower body weights, and higher mortality than the other experimental groups, and this effect was particularly evident from day 13 to day 20. Birds challenged with coccidiosis had lower plasma sodium and total carotenoid concentrations and higher potassium and globulin concentrations than nonchallenged birds. Significant interactions between age and experimental treatment for these blood parameters were observed, particularly on day 13. The necropsy results confirmed the effectiveness of the challenge and vaccination treatments, wherein birds that were challenged had higher coccidiosis scores on day 13 and day 27 than birds that were not challenged. These results demonstrate the potential for plasma sodium, potassium, total protein, total carbon dioxide, globulin, and carotenoid analysis for early diagnosis of coccidiosis in growing broiler chickens. Further work is necessary to establish whether the changes in blood biochemistry observed in the present study are transferable to alternative flocks of chicken and whether early diagnosis and intervention may mitigate performance losses associated with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.
| | | | - B Nogal
- Inside Tracker, Cambridge, MA
| | - V Hoang
- Inside Tracker, Cambridge, MA
| | - Y-T Wang
- DSM Nutritional Products, Parsippany, NJ
| | - R Crespo
- Department of Population and Health Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27607
| | - K A Livingston
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608
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Lopez-Flores NM, Meza-Herrera CA, Perez-Marin C, Blache D, Arellano-Rodríguez G, Zuñiga-Garcia S, Navarrete-Molina C, García De la Peña C, Rosales-Nieto CA, Veliz-Deras FG. Precision Betacarotene Supplementation Enhanced Ovarian Function and the LH Release Pattern in Yearling Crossbred Anestrous Goats. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E659. [PMID: 32290230 PMCID: PMC7222744 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The possible out-of-season effect of beta-carotene supplementation on ovulation rate (OR), antral follicles (AFN), and total ovarian activity (TOA = OR + AFN) as related to the LH release pattern in yearling anestrous goats was evaluated. In late April, Alpine-Saanen-Nubian x Criollo goats (n = 22, 26 N) were randomly allotted to: (1) Beta-carotene (BETA; n = 10, orally supplemented with 50 mg/goat/d; 36.4 ± 1.07 kg live weight (LW), 3.5 ± 0.20 units, body condition score (BCS) or (2) Non-supplemented (CONT; n = 12, 35.2 ± 1.07 kg LW, 3.4 ± 0.2 units BCS). Upon estrus synchronization, an intensive blood sampling (6 h × 15 min) was accomplished in May for LH quantifications; response variables included (pulsatility-PULSE, time to first pulse-TTFP, amplitude-AMPL, nadir-NAD and area under the curve-AUC). Thereafter, an ultrasonography scanning was completed to assess OR and AFN. The Munro algorithm was used to quantify LH pulsatility; if significant effects of time, treatment or interaction were identified, data were compared across time. Neither LW nor BCS (p > 0.05) or even the LH (p > 0.05); PULSE (4.1 ± 0.9 pulses/6 h), NAD (0.47 ± 0.13 ng) and AUC (51.7 ± 18.6 units) differed between treatments. Nonetheless, OR (1.57 vs. 0.87 ± 0.18 units) and TOA (3.44 vs. 1.87 ± 0.45 units) escorted by a reduced TTFP (33 vs. 126 ± 31.9 min) and an increased AMPL (0.55 vs. 0.24 ± 0.9 ng), favored to the BETA supplemented group (p < 0.05), possibly through a GnRH-LH enhanced pathway and(or) a direct effect at ovarian level. Results are relevant to speed-up the out-of-season reproductive outcomes in goats while may embrace translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noé M. Lopez-Flores
- Regional Universitary Unit on Arid Lands-URUZA, Chapingo Autonomous University, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico
- Institute for Graduate Studies-IDEP, University of Cordoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - César A. Meza-Herrera
- Regional Universitary Unit on Arid Lands-URUZA, Chapingo Autonomous University, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico
| | - Carlos Perez-Marin
- Institute for Graduate Studies-IDEP, University of Cordoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | | | - Santiago Zuñiga-Garcia
- Autonomous Agrarian University Antonio Narro, Campus Laguna, Torreón, Coahuila 27054, Mexico
- Juarez University of the State of Durango, Gómez Palacio, Durango 35010, Mexico
| | - Cayetano Navarrete-Molina
- Regional Universitary Unit on Arid Lands-URUZA, Chapingo Autonomous University, Bermejillo, Durango 35230, Mexico
| | | | - Cesar A. Rosales-Nieto
- Agronomy and Veterinary Faculty, San Luis Potosí Autonomous University, San Luis Potosí 78321, Mexico
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Hye N, Klein-Jöbstl D, Blessing A, Burmeister J, Hamann N, Aurich C, Drillich M. Effect of two postpartum intramuscular treatments with β-carotene (Carofertin®) on the blood concentration of β-carotene and on the reproductive performance parameters of dairy cows. Theriogenology 2020; 148:1-7. [PMID: 32126391 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine whether two postpartum intramuscular treatments with 200 mg of beta-(β-)carotene (Carofertin; Alvetra u. Werfft, Vienna, Austria) in a 14-day interval increases β-carotene concentrations in blood, particularly around the time of the first artificial insemination (AI), and to test the effect of the treatment on fertility parameters, luteal size, and progesterone blood levels of dairy cows. A total of 297 Holstein dairy cows were enrolled in the study. Between 28 and 34 days postpartum (dpp) β-carotene concentrations were measured in blood samples using an on-site test (iCheck carotene; BioAnalyt, Teltow, Germany). Cows with a β-carotene concentration <3.5 mg/L, indicating a deficiency of β-carotene, were allocated either to the β-carotene treatment group BCT (n = 123) or to the control group CON (n = 121). Cows with concentrations ≥3.5 mg/L were assigned to an optimally supplied reference group (REF; n = 53). Cows in the BCT group received 200 mg of β-carotene intramuscularly at 28-34 dpp and at 42-48 dpp. Further blood samples were collected at 35-41 dpp, 42-48 dpp, 49-55 dpp, and in the week after the first AI and their β-carotene concentrations were analyzed. Between day 10 and 14 after the first AI, the blood progesterone concentration was measured and the size of the corpus luteum (CL) was determined by ultrasound. Blood β-carotene concentrations increased in the BCT cows in the week after the treatment with a peak at 49-55 dpp and were significantly higher than in the CON group at each time point after the first treatment. Logistic regression models, however, revealed that the treatment with β-carotene had no effect on first service conception rate, days to first service, time to pregnancy, or percentage of pregnant cows within 150 dpp. Furthermore, there was no effect on progesterone concentration or the size of the CL between the groups. In conclusion, two treatments with Carofertin postpartum increased β-carotene blood concentrations but had no effect on the fertility parameters in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hye
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Klein-Jöbstl
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Blessing
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Burmeister
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - N Hamann
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Aurich
- Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, Department for Small Animals and Horses, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Drillich
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Ghaffari MH, Bernhöft K, Etheve S, Immig I, Hölker M, Sauerwein H, Schweigert FJ. Technical note: Rapid field test for the quantification of vitamin E, β-carotene, and vitamin A in whole blood and plasma of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11744-11750. [PMID: 31629508 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fast and easy tests for quantifying fat-soluble vitamins such as vitamin E and vitamin A, as well as β-carotene, in whole blood without a need to preprocess blood samples could facilitate assessment of the vitamin status of dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to validate a field-portable fluorometer/spectrophotometer assay for the rapid quantification of these vitamins in whole blood and plasma of dairy cows and calves. We measured the concentrations of vitamin E and β-carotene in whole blood and plasma from 28 dairy cows and 11 calves using the iCheck test (BioAnalyt GmbH, Teltow, Germany) and compared the results with the current analytical standard (HPLC) in 2 independent laboratories, one at the University of Potsdam (Germany) and at one at DSM Nutritional Products Ltd. (Kaiseraugst, Switzerland). For vitamin A, the HPLC measurements were done only in the laboratory in Germany. The whole-blood concentrations of vitamin E as determined by iCheck (blood-hematocrit-corrected) ranged from 1.82 to 4.99 mg/L in dairy cows and 0.34 to 3.40 mg/L in calves. These findings were moderately correlated (R2 = 0.66) with the values assessed by HPLC in dairy cattle (cows + calves). When calves were excluded, the correlation was higher (R2 = 0.961). The β-carotene and vitamin A values obtained by the reference method HPLC were highly correlated with the iCheck methods in whole blood (R2 = 0.99 and 0.88, respectively). In plasma, we observed strong correlations between the concentrations assessed by iCheck and those of HPLC for vitamin E (R2 = 0.97), β-carotene (R2 = 0.98), and vitamin A (R2 = 0.92) in dairy cattle (cows + calves). For vitamin E, β-carotene, and vitamin A, we compared the relationship between the differences obtained by the iCheck assay and the HPLC measurements, as well as the magnitude of measurements, using Bland-Altman plots to test for systematic bias. For all 3 vitamins, the differences values were not outside the 95% acceptability limits; we found no systematic error between the 2 methods for all 3 analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephane Etheve
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Irmgard Immig
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hölker
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian J Schweigert
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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14
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Bach À. Effects of nutrition and genetics on fertility in dairy cows. Reprod Fertil Dev 2019; 31:40-54. [DOI: 10.1071/rd18364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal reproductive function in dairy cattle is mandatory to maximise profits. Dairy production has progressively improved milk yields, but, until recently, the trend in reproductive performance has been the opposite. Nutrition, genetics, and epigenetics are important aspects affecting the reproductive performance of dairy cows. In terms of nutrition, the field has commonly fed high-energy diets to dairy cows during the 3 weeks before calving in an attempt to minimise postpartum metabolic upsets. However, in the recent years it has become clear that feeding high-energy diets during the dry period, especially as calving approaches, may be detrimental to cow health, or at least unnecessary because cows, at that time, have low energy requirements and sufficient intake capacity. After calving, dairy cows commonly experience a period of negative energy balance (NEB) characterised by low blood glucose and high non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations. This has both direct and indirect effects on oocyte quality and survival. When oocytes are forced to depend highly on the use of energy resources derived from body reserves, mainly NEFA, their development is compromised due to a modification in mitochondrial β-oxidation. Furthermore, the indirect effect of NEB on reproduction is mediated by a hormonal (both metabolic and reproductive) environment. Some authors have attempted to overcome the NEB by providing the oocyte with external sources of energy via dietary fat. Conversely, fertility is affected by a large number of genes, each with small individual effects, and thus it is unlikely that the decline in reproductive function has been directly caused by genetic selection for milk yield per se. It is more likely that the decline is the consequence of a combination of homeorhetic mechanisms (giving priority to milk over other functions) and increased metabolic pressure (due to a shortage of nutrients) with increasing milk yields. Nevertheless, genetics is an important component of reproductive efficiency, and the incorporation of genomic information is allowing the detection of genetic defects, degree of inbreeding and specific single nucleotide polymorphisms directly associated with reproduction, providing pivotal information for genetic selection programs. Furthermore, focusing on improving bull fertility in gene selection programs may represent an interesting opportunity. Conversely, the reproductive function of a given cow depends on the interaction between her genetic background and her environment, which ultimately modulates gene expression. Among the mechanisms modulating gene expression, microRNAs (miRNAs) and epigenetics seem to be most relevant. Several miRNAs have been described to play active roles in both ovarian and testicular function, and epigenetic effects have been described as a consequence of the nutrient supply and hormonal signals to which the offspring was exposed at specific stages during development. For example, there are differences in the epigenome of cows born to heifers and those born to cows, and this epigenome seems to be sensitive to the availability of methyl donor compounds of the dam. Lastly, recent studies in other species have shown the relevance of paternal epigenetic marks, but this aspect has been, until now, largely overlooked in dairy cattle.
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López-Flores N, Meza-Herrera C, Galán-Soldevilla C, Bautista-Rodriguez D, Veliz-Deras F, Arellano-Rodriguez G, la Peña CGD, Rosales-Nieto C, Macías-Cruz U. The key role of targeted betacarotene supplementation on endocrine and reproductive outcomes in goats: Follicular development, ovulation rate and the GH-IGF-1 axis. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Nutritional strategies in ruminants: A lifetime approach. Res Vet Sci 2017; 116:28-39. [PMID: 28943061 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the role of nutritional strategies to improve lifetime performance in ruminants. Strategies to increase ruminants' productive longevity by means of nutritional interventions provide the opportunity not only to increase their lifetime performances and their welfare, but also to decrease their environmental impact. This paper will also address how such nutritional interventions can increase herd efficiency and farm profitability. The key competencies reviewed in this article are redox balance, skeletal development and health, nutrient utilization and sustainability, which includes rearing ruminants without antibiotics and methane mitigation. While the relationships between these areas are extremely complex, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to develop nutritional strategies that would allow ruminants to become more resilient to the environmental and physiological challenges that they will have to endure during their productive career. As the demand of ruminant products from the rapidly growing human world population is ever-increasing, the aim of this review is to present animal and veterinary scientists as well as nutritionists a multidisciplinary approach towards a sustainable ruminant production, while improving their nutrient utilization, health and welfare, and mitigation of their carbon footprint at the same time.
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Raila J, Kawashima C, Sauerwein H, Hülsmann N, Knorr C, Myamoto A, Schweigert FJ. Validation of blood vitamin A concentrations in cattle: comparison of a new cow-side test (iCheck™ FLUORO) with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:126. [PMID: 28486960 PMCID: PMC5424361 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma concentration of retinol is an accepted indicator to assess the vitamin A (retinol) status in cattle. However, the determination of vitamin A requires a time consuming multi-step procedure, which needs specific equipment to perform extraction, centrifugation or saponification prior to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). METHODS The concentrations of retinol in whole blood (n = 10), plasma (n = 132) and serum (n = 61) were measured by a new rapid cow-side test (iCheck™ FLUORO) and compared with those by HPLC in two independent laboratories in Germany (DE) and Japan (JP). RESULTS Retinol concentrations in plasma ranged from 0.033 to 0.532 mg/L, and in serum from 0.043 to 0.360 mg/L (HPLC method). No significant differences in retinol levels were observed between the new rapid cow-side test and HPLC performed in different laboratories (HPLC vs. iCheck™ FLUORO: 0.320 ± 0.047 mg/L vs. 0.333 ± 0.044 mg/L, and 0.240 ± 0.096 mg/L vs. 0.241 ± 0.069 mg/L, lab DE and lab JP, respectively). A similar comparability was observed when whole blood was used (HPLC vs. iCheck™ FLUORO: 0.353 ± 0.084 mg/L vs. 0.341 ± 0.064 mg/L). Results showed a good agreement between both methods based on correlation coefficients of r2 = 0.87 (P < 0.001) and Bland-Altman blots revealed no significant bias for all comparison. CONCLUSIONS With the new rapid cow-side test (iCheck™ FLUORO) retinol concentrations in cattle can be reliably assessed within a few minutes and directly in the barn using even whole blood without the necessity of prior centrifugation. The ease of the application of the new rapid cow-side test and its portability can improve the diagnostic of vitamin A status and will help to control vitamin A supplementation in specific vitamin A feeding regimes such as used to optimize health status in calves or meat marbling in Japanese Black cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Raila
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Chiho Kawashima
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Helga Sauerwein
- Institute for Animal Science, Physiology and Hygiene, University of Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nadine Hülsmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, Biotechnology and Reproduction of Livestock, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Knorr
- Department of Animal Sciences, Biotechnology and Reproduction of Livestock, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Burckhardtweg 2, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Akio Myamoto
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, 080-8555, Japan
| | - Florian J Schweigert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
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Kamada H. Effects of selenium-rich yeast supplementation on the plasma progesterone levels of postpartum dairy cows. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:347-354. [PMID: 27492347 PMCID: PMC5337913 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of the pre- and postpartum supplementation of cows with Se on their plasma P4 concentrations after calving were investigated. METHODS Thirty-four Holstein cows were used to investigate the effects of dietary selenium supplementation on the postpartum recovery of the luteal function in cows. Selenium-rich yeast (containing 300 ppm selenium) was mixed with total mixed ration fed to 17 pregnant cows from 30 days before they were due to calve (10 g yeast daily) to 100 days after calving (20 g yeast daily). The control cows (n = 17) were fed the same amount of ordinary yeast. The cows' plasma progesterone concentrations were determined every two days using an enzyme immunoassay after calving. RESULTS Feed intake (total digestive nutrient, crude protein), milk production, body weight and the biochemical properties of blood plasma did not differ between the two groups; however, the plasma selenium concentrations of the supplemented animals were significantly greater than those of the controls at and after calving. The postpartum plasma progesterone concentrations of the selenium-yeast-supplemented group increased earlier than those of the control group. Moreover, during the estrus cycle after the 3rd ovulation or ovulation with estrus between 60 to 80 days after calving, the selenium-supplemented cows exhibited greater progesterone concentrations than the control cows. CONCLUSION Selenium supplementation promotes the postpartum progesterone production of cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hachiro Kamada
- Dairy cattle Group, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center NARO, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8555,
Japan
- Animal Reproduction Unit, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901,
Japan
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19
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Talukder S, Kerrisk KL, Gabai G, Celi P. Role of oxidant–antioxidant balance in reproduction of domestic animals. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive process leads to dynamic changes in metabolism and energy consumption, which may be responsible for the excessive production of free radicals (oxidants) that are generated during the physiological process of oxygen consumption. As the ovary is a metabolically active organ, it produces oxidants. Growing follicles, granulose cells of Graffian follicles and ovulated follicles all produce both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants to preserve themselves from the oxidative damage of oxidants. Oxidants and antioxidants are involved in several reproductive functions such as the regulation of follicular fluid environment, folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, corpus luteum function, and luteolysis. In this article, the currently available literature is reviewed in relation to the roles of oxidants and oxidative stress in both normal and abnormal reproductive physiological processes.
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20
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Green AS, Fascetti AJ. Meeting the Vitamin A Requirement: The Efficacy and Importance of β-Carotene in Animal Species. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:7393620. [PMID: 27833936 PMCID: PMC5090096 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7393620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is essential for life in all vertebrate animals. Vitamin A requirement can be met from dietary preformed vitamin A or provitamin A carotenoids, the most important of which is β-carotene. The metabolism of β-carotene, including its intestinal absorption, accumulation in tissues, and conversion to vitamin A, varies widely across animal species and determines the role that β-carotene plays in meeting vitamin A requirement. This review begins with a brief discussion of vitamin A, with an emphasis on species differences in metabolism. A more detailed discussion of β-carotene follows, with a focus on factors impacting bioavailability and its conversion to vitamin A. Finally, the literature on how animals utilize β-carotene is reviewed individually for several species and classes of animals. We conclude that β-carotene conversion to vitamin A is variable and dependent on a number of factors, which are important to consider in the formulation and assessment of diets. Omnivores and herbivores are more efficient at converting β-carotene to vitamin A than carnivores. Absorption and accumulation of β-carotene in tissues vary with species and are poorly understood. More comparative and mechanistic studies are required in this area to improve the understanding of β-carotene metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice S. Green
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrea J. Fascetti
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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De Bie J, Langbeen A, Verlaet AAJ, Florizoone F, Immig I, Hermans N, Fransen E, Bols PEJ, Leroy JLMR. The effect of a negative energy balance status on β-carotene availability in serum and follicular fluid of nonlactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:5808-5819. [PMID: 27157583 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-10870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Maternal metabolic pressure due to a cow's negative energy balance (NEB) has a negative effect on oocyte quality as a result of increased oxidative stress. In this study, we hypothesized that a NEB status may negatively affect the availability of β-carotene (bC, an antioxidant) in the micro-environment of the oocyte or follicular fluid (FF) and that daily bC supplementation can increase bC availability. We aimed to (1) determine the effect of a nutritionally induced NEB on bC concentrations in serum and FF as well as on the presence of bC metabolites, oxidative stress levels, and follicular growth in a nonlactating dairy cow model, and (2) investigate how this effect could be altered by dietary bC supplementation. Six multiparous nonlactating Holstein Friesian cows were subjected to 4 consecutive dietary treatments, 28 d each: (1) 1.2 × maintenance (M) or positive energy balance (PEB) without bC supplement (PEB-bC), (2) 1.2 × M with daily supplement of 2,000mg of bC comparable to the level of bC intake at grazing (PEB+bC), (3) 0.6 × M with 2,000mg of bC (NEB+bC), and (4) 0.6 × M (NEB-bC). At the end of each treatment, estrous cycles were synchronized and blood and FF of the largest follicle were sampled and analyzed for bC, retinol, α-tocopherol, free fatty acids, estradiol, and progesterone. Serum cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, insulin growth factor 1, growth hormone, total antioxidant status (TAS), and red blood cell glutathione (GSH) concentrations were determined as well. All cows lost body weight during both energy restriction periods and showed increased serum free fatty acid concentrations, illustrating a NEB. A dietary induced NEB reduced FF bC, but not plasma bC or plasma and FF retinol concentrations. However, bC and retinol concentrations drastically increased in both fluid compartments after bC supplementation. Follicular diameter was increased in supplemented PEB cows. Energy restriction reduced the TAS and red blood cell GSH, whereas daily bC supplementation could restore GSH concentrations, but not the TAS, to levels present in healthy PEB cows. In conclusion, daily bC supplementation can substantially improve bC and retinol availability in the oocyte's micro-environment, irrespective of the energy balance, which may affect follicular development and oocyte quality in the presence of maternal metabolic stress. This knowledge can be of importance to optimize nutritional strategies in the dairy industry to feed for optimal oocyte quality and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J De Bie
- Gamete Research Centre, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - A Langbeen
- Gamete Research Centre, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - A A J Verlaet
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - F Florizoone
- DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - I Immig
- DSM Nutritional Products, CH-4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - N Hermans
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - E Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - P E J Bols
- Gamete Research Centre, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - J L M R Leroy
- Gamete Research Centre, Laboratory for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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Kawashima C, Ito N, Nagashima S, Matsui M, Sawada K, Schweigert FJ, Miyamoto A, Kida K. Influence of hepatic load from far-off dry period to early postpartum period on the first postpartum ovulation and accompanying subsequent fertility in dairy cows. J Reprod Dev 2016; 62:289-95. [PMID: 26935323 PMCID: PMC4919293 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2015-141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate nutritional and metabolic parameters during the dry and
early postpartum periods of ovulatory and anovulatory cows, as well as their postpartum reproductive
performance. Blood samples from 20 multiparous Holstein cows were collected once a week from the far-off dry
period to 3 weeks postpartum. Early postpartum (0–3 weeks) ovulation was confirmed using plasma progesterone
concentration profiles, and cows were considered ovulatory if they had resumed luteal activity by this point
(n = 9), whereas cows that had not were considered anovulatory (n = 11). Data from the ovulatory and
anovulatory cows were analyzed separately for the far-off dry period (7–4 weeks prepartum), the close-up dry
period (3–1 weeks prepartum), and the early postpartum period (0–3 weeks). Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
activity (far-off, P = 0.065; close-up, P = 0.051; and early postpartum, P = 0.030) and aspartate
aminotransferase (close-up, P = 0.050 and early postpartum, P = 0.087) activities were higher in anovulatory
than in ovulatory cows. The days open period was longer (P = 0.019) in anovulatory than in ovulatory cows, and
the number of artificial inseminations per conception (P = 0.025) was greater. In conclusion, we found that
continuously high gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activities in serum, which may be induced by liver disorders,
prevent subsequent ovulation and affect subsequent fertility, even if cows obtain sufficient ovulation-related
energy and β-carotene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiho Kawashima
- Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Oliveira RC, Guerreiro BM, Morais Junior NN, Araujo RL, Pereira RAN, Pereira MN. Supplementation of prepartum dairy cows with β-carotene. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:6304-14. [PMID: 26188566 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-9037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prepartum supplementation of dairy cows with β-carotene was evaluated. Cows were blocked by parity and expected calving date and assigned to a treatment: β-carotene (1.2 g/cow per d) or control (no supplementation). The same total mixed ration batch was offered to all cows, and β-carotene was top dressed to individual cows once per day. The data set contained 283 Holsteins that received a treatment for >14 d (29.1±6.9 d). Frequency distributions were analyzed with the GENMOD procedure of SAS using logistic regression for binomial data. Continuous variables were analyzed with the MIXED procedure of SAS. Within parity, nonparametric estimates of the survivor function for reproductive variables were computed using the product-limit method of the Kaplan-Meier method with the LIFETEST procedure of SAS. Plasma β-carotene concentration before supplementation was similar between supplemented and nonsupplemented cows (2.99µg/mL) and peaked at 3.26±0.175µg/mL on d -15±2.4 precalving for supplemented cows (2.62±0.168µg/mL for control). Colostrum density, milk yield, and milk composition were similar between treatments. β-Carotene tended to increase milk protein content from 2.90 to 2.96% and to decrease the proportion of primiparous cows with a milk fat to protein ratio >1.5 from 22.6 to 6.4%. The proportion of primiparous and multiparous cows with difficult calving, metritis, progesterone >1 ng/mL at 21 d and at 42 d in lactation, % conception at first service, and % pregnancy at 90 and 150 d in lactation were similar between treatments. A trend for decreased incidence of somatic cell count >200,000 cells/mL was present in multiparous cows supplemented with β-carotene (38.9% vs. 28.1%). β-Carotene was associated with a reduction in the proportion of multiparous cows with retained placenta 12 h postpartum from 29.9 to 21.7%; time of placenta release was 392 min (340 to 440) for β-carotene and 490 min (395 to 540) for control (median and 95% confidence interval). For primiparous cows, placenta release was not affected by β-carotene (incidence was 15.4%). The intervals from calving to first estrus, to first service, and to conception were not affected by β-carotene supplementation in either parity. However, independent of treatment, cows with improved reproductive efficiency had increased postpartum β-carotene concentration in plasma. The prepartum supplementation of β-carotene increased plasma concentration around calving. No response in milk yield or reproductive performance was detected. Beta-carotene supplementation was associated with a lower incidence of retained placenta in multiparous cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Oliveira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Brazil
| | - B M Guerreiro
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N N Morais Junior
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Brazil
| | - R L Araujo
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Brazil
| | - R A N Pereira
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, 37200-000, Lavras, Brazil
| | - M N Pereira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, 37200-000, Lavras, Brazil.
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Meza-Herrera C, Reyes-Avila J, Tena-Sempere M, Veliz-Deras F, Macias-Cruz U, Rodriguez-Martinez R, Arellano-Rodriguez G. Long-term betacarotene supplementation positively affects serum triiodothyronine concentrations around puberty onset in female goats. Small Rumin Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Takahashi M, Sawada K, Kawate N, Inaba T, Tamada H. Improvement of superovulatory response and pregnancy rate after transfer of embryos recovered from Japanese Black cows fed rumen bypass polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Vet Med Sci 2013; 75:1485-90. [PMID: 23877792 PMCID: PMC3942974 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Feeding rumen bypass polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) affects to Japanese Black cows affects their reproduction, though its influence on superovulatory response in donor cows and conception in recipient cattle has not been well studied. Here, we investigated the effects of feeding PUFA to Japanese Black cows on blood biochemistry, the numbers of ova and embryos or transferable embryos and pregnancy rate following embryo transfer (ET) to recipient Holstein heifers. PUFA (40% linoleic acid) was fed at 300 g/day in the experimental group from the last day of estrus until the day of artificial insemination for superovulatory treatment. Blood was collected on the first day of follicle-stimulating hormone administration. Total cholesterol level was significantly higher in the 15- to 19-day feeding group (117.4 mg/dl) than in the control group (95.0 mg/dl). The numbers of ova and embryos or transferable embryos were significantly higher in the 15- to 19-day feeding group than in the control group. The numbers of transferable embryos in the 15- to 19-day feeding group were significantly higher than in the 10- to 14-day feeding group. The pregnancy rate at day 60 was significantly higher in the experimental group (66.7 and 57.1%) than in the control group (51.1 and 44.0%) after transfer of fresh and frozen-thawed embryos, respectively. In conclusion, the numbers of ova and embryos or transferable embryos after superovulatory treatment increased, and the pregnancy rate after ET was higher in Japanese Black cows fed PUFA than in the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takahashi
- Department of Advanced Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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26
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Meza-Herrera CA, Vargas-Beltran F, Tena-Sempere M, González-Bulnes A, Macias-Cruz U, Veliz-Deras FG. Short-term beta-carotene-supplementation positively affects ovarian activity and serum insulin concentrations in a goat model. J Endocrinol Invest 2013; 36:185-9. [PMID: 22572738 DOI: 10.3275/8410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In early October 2010, adult goats (no.=22, 3.5 yr old, 7/8 Sannen-Alpine, 26° N, 103° W, at 1117 m), were randomly assigned to: i) beta-carotene group (BC) [no.=10; live weight (LW)=45.9±1.97 kg, body condition score (BCS) =3.04±0.08; orally supplemented with 50 mg of BC per goat per day]; ii) control group (CONT) (no.=12; LW=46.2±2.04 kg, BCS=3.0±0.08). Animals received a basal diet of alfalfa hay, corn silage, and corn grain, having free access to water, shade, and mineral salts. During the second half of October, estrus was synchronized by using intravaginal sponges. Thereafter, by mid-follicular phase, an intensive blood sampling (6 h × 60 min) was performed to evaluate serum insulin concentrations (INS) by radioimmunoassay. By the end of the luteal phase, an ultrasonographic scanning was performed to evaluate total ovarian activity (TOA) [TOA=total follicles (TF) + total corpus luteum (TCL)]. The whole experimental period consisted of 34 days pre- and 17 days post-ovulation, for a total of 52 days. Average LW and BCS did not differ (p>0.05) during the experimental period. Nonetheless, increases in TF no. (5.0 vs 3.4±0.6 units; p=0.05), TCL no. (3.4 vs 2.8±0.2 units; p=0.05), TOA (8.1 vs 6.2±0.6 units; p=0.05) and INS (4.6 vs 3.9±0.4 ng ml-1; p=0.05) favored to the BC-supplemented group. A positive correlation between LW (r(2)=0.42; p=0.04) and BCS (r(2)=0.47; p=0.02) with respect to ovulation rate, was detected. BC-supplementation increased ovarian activity in the female goat while positively affected the release pattern of insulin, suggesting a potential role of BC as a central and/or pancreas-activating molecule in adult goats; such results may hold not only physiologic but also clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Meza-Herrera
- Unidad Regional Universitaria de Zonas Áridas, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Bermejillo, Mexico.
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Meza-Herrera CA, Vargas-Beltran F, Vergara-Hernandez HP, Macias-Cruz U, Avendaño-Reyes L, Rodriguez-Martinez R, Arellano-Rodriguez G, Veliz-Deras FG. Betacarotene supplementation increases ovulation rate without an increment in LH secretion in cyclic goats. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:51-7. [PMID: 23522071 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of betacarotene (BC) supplementation on ovulation rate (OR) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in adult goats during the breeding season. Additionally, total ovarian activity (TOA) comprising the total number of ultrasonographically detectable antral follicles (AF) and corpora lutea (OR) was also assessed. In early October, adult goats [n=22, 3.5 years of age, 7/8 Sannen-Alpine; 26°N, 103°W at 1117m.a.s.l.] were randomly assigned to: (i) BC group (BCG), orally supplemented with 50mg of BC/goat/day [n=10; live weight (LW)=45.9±2.0kg, body condition score (BCS; range: 0-emaciated to 5-obese)=3.0±0.1], and (ii) control group (CONT) [n=12; LW=46.2±2.0kg, BCS=3.0±0.1]. All animals received a basal diet of alfalfa hay, corn silage and corn grain, with free access to water and mineral salts. The whole experimental period spanned 34 days before and 17 days after ovulation. On day 23 of the experiment, estrus was synchronized with progestin-releasing intravaginal sponges; 36h prior to estrus, an intensive blood sampling (every 15min for 6h) was performed to determine mean LH concentrations, pulsatility (LH-PULSE) and area under the curve (LH-AUC) for serial LH concentrations. Afterwards, by the end of the luteal phase (i.e., 17 days after the onset of estrus), an ultrasonographic scanning was performed to evaluate OR and TOA [AF+OR]. The average LW and BCS did not differ (p>0.05) during the experimental period. BC-supplemented goats showed an increase in OR (3.4±0.2 versus 2.8±0.2; p<0.05) and exhibited lower (p<0.05) serum LH concentrations, LH-AUC and LH-PULSE compared to CONT. A positive correlation was recorded between OR and LW (r(2)=0.42, p<0.05) and BCS (r(2)=0.47, p<0.05). In addition, AF (5.0±0.6 versus 3.4±0.6) and TOA (8.4±0.6 versus 6.2±0.6) were greater (p<0.05) in the BC-supplemented group than CONT. Supplementation with BC enhanced ovarian follicular development and ovulation rate in adult female goats under decreased photoperiods through LHRH-independant pathways or direct effects of BC on ovarian function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meza-Herrera
- Chapingo Autonomous University, Regional Universitary Unit on Arid Lands, Bermejillo, Durango, Mexico.
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Meza-Herrera CA, Hernández-Valenzuela LC, González-Bulnes A, Tena-Sempere M, Abad-Zavaleta J, Salinas-Gonzalez H, Mellado M, Veliz-Deras F. Long-term betacarotene-supplementation enhances serum insulin concentrations without effect on the onset of puberty in the female goat. Reprod Biol 2012; 11:236-49. [PMID: 22139337 DOI: 10.1016/s1642-431x(12)60069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of betacarotene (BC) supplementation on the onset of puberty and serum insulin levels in goats was evaluated in the study. In June, prepuberal goats (n=17; 3 months old; 7/8 Saanen-Alpine; 26° NL) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1/ betacarotene group supplemented daily with 50 mg of BC (n=9; live weight [LW]: 17.3±1.0 kg; body condition score [BCS]: 3.34±0.12) or 2/ control group (CONT; n=8; LW:16.1±1.0 kg; BCS=3.17±0.12). From June to November, an intermittent blood sampling was performed twice per week in both groups to evaluate serum progesterone (P(4)), while monthly samples were intended for insulin (INS) determination. Initial mean LW (16.7±1.0 kg) and BCS (3.31±0.12) were similar (p>0.05) in both groups. Mean serum insulin (1.37 vs. 1.18±0.09 ng/ml), age of puberty (215.7 vs. 226.5±6.6 days) and the percentage of goats reaching puberty (44.4 vs. 25.0±17.0%) did not differ (p>0.05) between BC and CONT group, respectively. However, increase in serum insulin during the second half of the experiment was observed in BC group (p<0.05) which was positively correlated with LW (r=0.95; p<0.05). In addition, as LW (r=-0.89) and serum insulin (r=-0.76) levels increased, the natural photoperiod decreased, revealing negative correlations (p<0.05) between the respective variables. In this study, BC supplementation did not promote precocious puberty and did not affect the percentage of goats reaching activation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis during the establishment of puberty. Nonetheless, BC supplementation positively affected the release pattern of insulin suggesting a potential role of BC as pancreas-activating molecule.
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Raila J, Enjalbert F, Mothes R, Hurtienne A, Schweigert FJ. Validation of a new point-of-care assay for determination of β-carotene concentration in bovine whole blood and plasma. Vet Clin Pathol 2012; 41:119-22. [PMID: 22283596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2012.00400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Carotene is an important precursor of vitamin A, and is associated with bovine fertility. β-Carotene concentrations in plasma are used to optimize β-carotene supplementation in cattle, but measurement requires specialized equipment to separate plasma and extract and measure β-carotene, either using spectrophotometry or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to validate a new 2-step point-of-care (POC) assay for measuring β-carotene in whole blood and plasma. METHODS β-carotene concentrations in plasma from 166 cows were measured using HPLC and compared with results obtained using a POC assay, the iCheck-iEx-Carotene test kit. Whole blood samples from 23 of these cattle were also evaluated using the POC assay and compared with HPLC-plasma results from the same 23 animals. The POC assay includes an extraction vial (iEx Carotene) and hand-held photometer (iCheck Carotene). RESULTS Concentrations of β-carotene in plasma measured using the POC assay ranged from 0.40 to 15.84 mg/L (n = 166). No differences were observed between methods for assay of plasma (mean ± SD; n = 166): HPLC-plasma 4.23 ± 2.35 mg/L; POC-plasma 4.49 ± 2.36 mg/L. Similar good agreement was found when plasma analyzed using HPLC was compared with whole blood analyzed using the POC system (n = 23): HPLC-plasma 3.46 ± 2.12 mg/L; POC-whole blood 3.67 ± 2.29 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS Concentrations of β-carotene can be measured in blood and plasma from cattle easily and rapidly using a POC assay, and results are comparable to those obtained by the highly sophisticated HPLC method. Immediate feedback regarding β-carotene deficiency facilitates rapid and appropriate optimization of β-carotene supplementation in feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Raila
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany.
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30
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KAWASHIMA C, MATSUI M, SHIMIZU T, KIDA K, MIYAMOTO A. Nutritional Factors That Regulate Ovulation of the Dominant Follicle During the First Follicular Wave Postpartum in High-producing Dairy Cows. J Reprod Dev 2012; 58:10-6. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.11-139n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiho KAWASHIMA
- Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Motozumi MATSUI
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Takashi SHIMIZU
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuya KIDA
- Field Center of Animal Science and Agriculture, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Akio MIYAMOTO
- Graduate School of Animal and Food Hygiene, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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