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Howes ML, Ellison D. Understanding the occupational identity of care-givers for people with mental health problems. Br J Occup Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/03080226211018153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction There is recognition within the literature that the role of care-giving can have a negative impact on care-givers’ general well-being. Less is understood about the role of care-giving on an individual’s occupational participation and in turn occupational identity. Occupational therapists have a unique understanding of the interplay between occupational participation and health, though this is an area that has been under researched in relation to mental health care-givers. Therefore, the current research aims to understand how the role of care-giving for an individual with a mental illness impacts on occupational participation and identity. Method A qualitative semi-structured interview the Occupational Performance and History Interview–Version 2 was utilised to understand life experiences. Six mental health care-givers were interviewed, and these interviews were transcribed for thematic analysis. Findings Three main themes were identified: being me, roles and responsibilities associated with care-giving and services. Conclusion The findings suggest being a mental health care-giver does have a detrimental impact on occupational participation and therefore occupational identity. As care-givers gained more experience in their role, they used occupational adaption as a positive coping mechanism that helped them achieve occupational balance. Using their unique understanding of occupational participation and occupational identity, occupational therapists are well placed to utilise their knowledge and skills to work in a systemic way supporting both the person with mental illness and their care-giver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Howes
- Occupational Therapy Department, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Diane Ellison
- Occupational Therapy Department, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK
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Motaharinezhad F, Hassani Mehraban A, Lajevardi L, Ghahari S, Salimi Y. A Qualitative Exploration of Occupational Adaptation in Caregivers of People with Multiple Sclerosis. Occup Ther Health Care 2021; 35:1-15. [PMID: 33176518 DOI: 10.1080/07380577.2020.1843103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the unpredictable and progressive nature of multiple sclerosis, the burden of care is placed on the primary caregivers. This study aimed to explore occupational adaptation strategies implemented by primary caregivers to adapt to occupational challenges of caregiving. Seventeen primary caregivers of people with MS were interviewed using purposive sampling techniques. Data were analyzed using content analysis method. Two main categories of strategies were determined: (a) Strategies to alleviate intrapersonal challenges of occupational adaptation; and (b) Strategies to alleviate environmental challenges of occupational adaptation. These included various skills and solutions that aided primary caregivers' adaptation toward occupational challenges. Based on the results of this study, occupational adaptation is a means of achieving mastery in alleviating occupational challenges to cope with adverse circumstances. The results of this study can be used to help therapists design appropriate caregiver-focused interventions, ultimately improving caregiver performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Motaharinezhad
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Afsoon Hassani Mehraban
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laleh Lajevardi
- Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Ghahari
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen`s University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Yahya Salimi
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Cleary M, West S, Hunt GE, McLean L, Kornhaber R. A Qualitative Systematic Review of Caregivers' Experiences of Caring for Family Diagnosed with Schizophrenia. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2020; 41:667-683. [PMID: 32255401 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2019.1710012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To synthesise qualitative research that explored caregivers' experiences of caring for family diagnosed with schizophrenia.Methods: Electronic databases including PsycINFO, PubMed, CINAHL and Scopus were searched to identify relevant journal articles published from 2000 to March 2019. Quality was assessed and thematic synthesis of the qualitative research evidence undertaken. Papers were screened and independently appraised by two reviewers using The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) for Qualitative Studies Checklist. The review was guided by Thomas and Harden's framework for thematic synthesis of qualitative research evidence.Results: The breadth of information across the 43 papers was noteworthy. Review of the findings noted that almost all of what was discussed fell into three broad themes: the 'feelings' of the caregiver towards their role, the patient and others, including the health system; the 'impacts' of the diagnosis and their caregiving role on the caregiver; and the 'needs' of the caregiver to improve the patient's quality of life and thereby the caregiver's quality of life. Within needs also came recommendations for future changes.Conclusion: Studies have shown that the caregiving process is a complex one, with both negative and positive emotional reactions, societal barriers, such as stigma and isolation, and unmet needs, such as timely, relevant and helpful information. Meeting the needs identified by caregivers has the capacity to address the impacts of the illness and caregiving and thereby reduce the negative feelings associated with the caregiver role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cleary
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sancia West
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
| | - Glenn E Hunt
- Discipline of Psychiatry, Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Loyola McLean
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, the University of Sydney, Australia.,Royal North Shore Hospital, Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia.,Western Sydney Local Health District, Westmead Psychotherapy Program for Complex Traumatic Disorders, Parramatta, Australia
| | - Rachel Kornhaber
- School of Nursing, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Sydney, Australia
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Poon AWC, Joubert L, Harvey C. Perceived needs of carers of people with psychosis: An Australian longitudinal population-based study of caregivers of people with psychotic disorders. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2018; 26:412-422. [PMID: 29243364 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have documented the perceived needs of carers of people with psychosis but most recruitment has utilised convenience sampling resulting in limited understanding of carers' needs. This longitudinal study was conducted within the second Australian prevalence study of psychosis, aiming to obtain generalisable findings regarding perceived needs of carers of people with psychosis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 98 carers of people with psychosis recruited in the Australian prevalence study of psychosis. Seventy-eight of the carers were reinterviewed 1 year later to measure changes in their perceived needs. Correlational and paired T tests were conducted to identify relationships between perceived needs and carer's health and well-being, and changes in levels of perceived needs over time. Qualitative responses were structurally coded by segmentation according to the Carers' and Users' Expectations of Services-Carer version. Thematic analysis of common words and phrases was undertaken to identify key themes concerning carers' perceived needs. There was minimal improvement in carers' perceived needs over time and their needs were closely related to their perception of their own social connectedness, psychological health and quality of life. Five themes were identified: Greater involvement of carers in the treatment plan, provision of relevant information to carers, multiple biopsychosocial support for carers, well-being and independence interventions for people with psychosis, and choice to care and alternate caring arrangements. Although policy recognises the need to support carers, findings show that focused interventions are required to address carers' perceived needs more holistically in current mental health services. To support carers' recovery, services need to include carers in treatment planning, and consider ways to address their needs and improve their own health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abner Weng Cheong Poon
- School of Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lynette Joubert
- Department of Social Work, Melbourne School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carol Harvey
- Psychosocial Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne & NorthWestern Mental Health, Coburg, VIC, Australia
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Gater A, Rofail D, Marshall C, Tolley C, Abetz-Webb L, Zarit SH, Berardo CG. Assessing the Impact of Caring for a Person with Schizophrenia: Development of the Schizophrenia Caregiver Questionnaire. PATIENT-PATIENT CENTERED OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2016; 8:507-20. [PMID: 25680337 PMCID: PMC4662958 DOI: 10.1007/s40271-015-0114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background The responsibilities of caring for a person with schizophrenia may significantly impact informal caregivers’ lives. The Zarit Burden
Interview (ZBI) was originally developed to assess burden among caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease. Objective This research was conducted to inform the development of a revised version of the ZBI, relevant to caregivers of people with schizophrenia. Methods Based on published qualitative research, the questionnaire was reviewed and modified in accordance with industry-standard guidelines. The resulting questionnaire [the Schizophrenia Caregiver Questionnaire (SCQ)] was then completed by 19 caregivers during cognitive debriefing interviews to assess understanding, relevance and comprehensiveness. Results Review of the ZBI resulted in a number of operational changes to improve face validity and potential sensitivity. Further questions were added based on key concepts identified in existing literature and minor phrasing alterations were made to improve content validity. Findings from caregiver interviews supported the content validity of the SCQ. Conclusion The SCQ provides a comprehensive view of caregivers’ subjective experiences of caregiving and demonstrated strong face and content validity. The questionnaire will be important in both clinical assessment and evaluating the efficacy of interventions designed to reduce or alleviate caregiver burden. Future research will seek to establish the psychometric validity of the questionnaire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gater
- Adelphi Values Ltd, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire, SK10 5JB, UK.
| | - Diana Rofail
- Roche Products Ltd, Hexagon Place, 6 Falcon Way, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Chris Marshall
- Adelphi Values Ltd, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire, SK10 5JB, UK
| | - Chloe Tolley
- Adelphi Values Ltd, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire, SK10 5JB, UK
| | - Linda Abetz-Webb
- Adelphi Values Ltd, Adelphi Mill, Bollington, Cheshire, SK10 5JB, UK
| | - Steven H Zarit
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Bhopti A. Promoting the occupations of parents of children with disability in early childhood intervention services - Building stronger families and communities. Aust Occup Ther J 2016; 64:419-422. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anoo Bhopti
- Department of Occupational Therapy; Monash University; Victoria Australia
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Coker F, Williams A, Hayes L, Hamann J, Harvey C. Exploring the needs of diverse consumers experiencing mental illness and their families through family psychoeducation. J Ment Health 2015; 25:197-203. [PMID: 26398121 DOI: 10.3109/09638237.2015.1057323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family psychoeducation (FPE), an intervention for those experiencing serious mental illness and their families, aims to improve communication and build problem-solving skills. Limited research exists on carers' and consumers' needs who engage in FPE, or FPE's impact on needs. AIMS This study aimed to describe the needs of consumers with mental illness and their carers, who participated in behavioural family therapy (BFT), a type of FPE, and evaluate changes to needs. METHOD Qualitative responses to the Carers' and Users' Expectations of Services questionnaires were analysed to describe consumers' and carers' needs. Participants' quantitative responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, to evaluate changes in needs post-programme. RESULTS Participants' needs included information on mental illness and improved relationships. Post-programme, the percentage of consumers' satisfied with their lives increased, while the percentage of carers' reporting a need for more assistance decreased. CONCLUSIONS Further development of BFT programmes in clinical and non-clinical services is warranted to address the needs of diverse consumers and carers living in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya Coker
- a Department of Psychiatry , Psychosocial Research Centre, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia .,b Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia , and
| | - Anne Williams
- b Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia , and
| | - Laura Hayes
- a Department of Psychiatry , Psychosocial Research Centre, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | | | - Carol Harvey
- a Department of Psychiatry , Psychosocial Research Centre, University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
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Davey H, Imms C, Fossey E. "Our child's significant disability shapes our lives": experiences of family social participation. Disabil Rehabil 2015; 37:2264-71. [PMID: 25738914 DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1019013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explored the stories of parents of youth with severe physical disabilities to understand how they viewed the quality of their family social participation; the barriers to social participation faced as families and the strategies and supports that might be used to reduce these barriers. METHOD Ten parents of youth (10-18 years) with severe physical disabilities, recruited through specialist schools, health and disability services, were interviewed using a narratively-oriented interview tool: the Occupational Performance History Interview-II. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Narrative and thematic analytic approaches were used to construct each parent's story of family social participation issues, and to identify themes across stories. RESULTS Parents used highly structured routines and required substantial resources, particularly adult assistance and financial means, to facilitate family social participation. Needs were greater when the youth was more severely impaired, heavier, incontinent or had fragile health. Parents' choice of family activities and belief that they could influence the quality, enjoyment and satisfaction derived from family social participation were shaped by past experiences and the perceived benefits of participation. CONCLUSIONS Family social participation relied on flexible supports tailored to families' needs and preferences. Greater choice and control of resources are central to enabling valued participation. Implications for Rehabilitation Government resources need to be directed towards improving community based wheelchair accessibility and public toilet facilities for youth with Level V GMFCS-E&R impairments and their families. Disability service delivery models need to enable families to choose the types of high quality care and support that will facilitate valued family social participation. Clinicians need to be aware that families of the most severely impaired children, who are heavier, incontinent or in fragile health, will require substantially more resources than other families to facilitate their social participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Davey
- a Early in Life Mental Health Service, Monash Health , Clayton , Australia
| | - Christine Imms
- b School of Allied Health, Australian Catholic University , Melbourne , Australia .,c Murdoch Children's Research Institute , Hamilton , Australia .,d CanCHILD Centre for Childhood Disability Research , Hamilton , Canada , and
| | - Ellie Fossey
- e School of Allied Health, La Trobe University , Victoria , Australia
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Gater A, Rofail D, Tolley C, Marshall C, Abetz-Webb L, Zarit SH, Berardo CG. "Sometimes It's Difficult to Have a Normal Life": Results from a Qualitative Study Exploring Caregiver Burden in Schizophrenia. SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2014; 2014:368215. [PMID: 24864209 PMCID: PMC4016854 DOI: 10.1155/2014/368215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. As a disease typified by early onset and chronic disease course, caring for a person with schizophrenia may have a significant impact on caregivers' lives. This study aimed to investigate the subjective experiences of caregivers of people with schizophrenia as a means of understanding "caregiver burden" in this population. Methods. Face-to-face qualitative interviews were conducted with a diverse sample of 19 US-English speaking caregivers of people with schizophrenia (who were at least moderately ill). Interview transcripts were analyzed using grounded theory methods and findings used to inform the development of a preliminary conceptual model outlining caregivers' experiences. Results. Findings support assertions that people with schizophrenia were largely dependent upon caregivers for the provision of care and caregivers subsequently reported lacking time for themselves and their other responsibilities (e.g., family and work). Caregiver burden frequently manifested as detriments in physical (e.g., fatigue, sickness) and emotional well-being (e.g., depression and anxiety). Conclusions. Caring for a person with schizophrenia has a significant impact on the lives of informal (unpaid) caregivers and alleviating caregiver burden is critical for managing individual and societal costs. Future research should concentrate on establishing reliable and valid means of assessing burden among caregivers of persons with schizophrenia to inform the development and evaluation of interventions for reducing this burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Gater
- Adelphi Mill, Grimshaw Lane, Bollington, Cheshire SK10 5JB, UK
| | - Diana Rofail
- Roche Products Ltd., Hexagon Place, 6 Falcon Way, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire AL7 1TW, UK
| | - Chloe Tolley
- Adelphi Mill, Grimshaw Lane, Bollington, Cheshire SK10 5JB, UK
| | - Chris Marshall
- Adelphi Mill, Grimshaw Lane, Bollington, Cheshire SK10 5JB, UK
| | | | - Steven H. Zarit
- 305 Health & Human Development East, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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McAuliffe R, O'Connor L, Meagher D. Parents' experience of living with and caring for an adult son or daughter with schizophrenia at home in Ireland: a qualitative study. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 2014; 21:145-53. [PMID: 23593964 DOI: 10.1111/jpm.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the experience of parents living with, and caring for, an adult son or daughter with schizophrenia. There is increasing emphasis on the involvement of carers and users in the care for people with schizophrenia. 'A Vision for Change' highlights the need for a partnership approach and emphasizes that carers are an integral part in the planning and delivery of mental health services. In order to meet such requests, it was necessary to explore the meaning of caregiving for Irish families. A descriptive qualitative design was used to enable parents to describe their experiences. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews with a convenience sample of six parents in Ireland were carried out in 2007. The study encompassed four major themes: psychological tsunami, caring activities, coping with enduring illness and an uncertain pathway. Parents reported severe psychological distress when their son or daughter was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Their deep sense of loss was followed by acceptance of the situation. Feelings of love and a sense of responsibility helped to give meaning to their caring role. This study gave a voice to some parents of a son or daughter with schizophrenia. A family-centred approach should be at the core of care planning for this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R McAuliffe
- Practice Development Unit for Mental Health, HSE West, St Joseph's Hospital, Limerick, Ireland
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McDougall C, Buchanan A, Peterson S. Understanding primary carers' occupational adaptation and engagement. Aust Occup Ther J 2013; 61:83-91. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmel McDougall
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Angus Buchanan
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Sunila Peterson
- School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute; Curtin University; Perth Western Australia Australia
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Tungpunkom P, Napa W, Chaniang S, Srikhachin P. Caregiving experiences of families living with persons with schizophrenia: a systematic review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.11124/jbisrir-2013-881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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13
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Hall SD, Bean RA. Family Therapy and Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia: Pursuing Clinical and Bio/Psycho/Social Competence. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-008-9061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Munro J, Palmada M, Russell A, Taylor P, Heir B, McKay J, Lloyd C. Queensland extended care services for people with severe mental illness and the role of occupational therapy. Aust Occup Ther J 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1630.2007.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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