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Mohammed OA, Youssef ME, Doghish AS, Hamad RS, Abdel-Reheim MA, Alghamdi M, Alamri MMS, Alfaifi J, Adam MIE, Alharthi MH, Alhalafi AH, Bahashwan E, Rezigalla AA, BinAfif DF, Abdel-Ghany S, Attia MA, Elmorsy EA, Al-Noshokaty TM, Fikry H, Saleh LA, Saber S. A novel combination therapy targets sonic hedgehog signaling by the dual inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase and HSP90 in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 198:106792. [PMID: 38714237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by liver inflammation, fat accumulation, and collagen deposition. Due to the limited availability of effective treatments, there is a pressing need to develop innovative strategies. Given the complex nature of the disease, employing combination approaches is essential. Hedgehog signaling has been recognized as potentially promoting NASH, and cholesterol can influence this signaling by modifying the conformation of PTCH1 and SMO activity. HSP90 plays a role in the stability of SMO and GLI proteins. We revealed significant positive correlations between Hedgehog signaling proteins (Shh, SMO, GLI1, and GLI2) and both cholesterol and HSP90 levels. Herein, we investigated the novel combination of the cholesterol-lowering agent lovastatin and the HSP90 inhibitor PU-H71 in vitro and in vivo. The combination demonstrated a synergy score of 15.09 and an MSA score of 22.85, as estimated by the ZIP synergy model based on growth inhibition rates in HepG2 cells. In a NASH rat model induced by thioacetamide and a high-fat diet, this combination therapy extended survival, improved liver function and histology, and enhanced antioxidant defense. Additionally, the combination exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic potential by influencing the levels of TNF-α, TGF-β, TIMP-1, and PDGF-BB. This effect was evident in the suppression of the Col1a1 gene expression and the levels of hydroxyproline and α-SMA. These favorable outcomes may be attributed to the combination's potential to inhibit key Hedgehog signaling molecules. In conclusion, exploring the applicability of this combination contributes to a more comprehensive understanding and improved management of NASH and other fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mahmoud E Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Doghish
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, 11829, Egypt; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11231, Egypt.
| | - Rabab S Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza 12411, Egypt.
| | - Mustafa Ahmed Abdel-Reheim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra 11961, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef 62521, Egypt.
| | - Mushabab Alghamdi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad Mohammad S Alamri
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaber Alfaifi
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoud I E Adam
- Department of Medical Education and Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muffarah Hamid Alharthi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Hassan Alhalafi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Bahashwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, College of medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Assad Ali Rezigalla
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daad Fuad BinAfif
- Department of Medicine, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah 24246, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Department of basic medical sciences, Ibn Sina University for medical sciences, Amman 16197, Jordan
| | - Mohammed A Attia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed A Elmorsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia; Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
| | - Tohada M Al-Noshokaty
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heliopolis University, Cairo 11785, Egypt
| | - Heba Fikry
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Lobna A Saleh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Collage of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sameh Saber
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 11152, Egypt
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Coradini D. Impact of De Novo Cholesterol Biosynthesis on the Initiation and Progression of Breast Cancer. Biomolecules 2024; 14:64. [PMID: 38254664 PMCID: PMC10813427 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol (CHOL) is a multifaceted lipid molecule. It is an essential structural component of cell membranes, where it cooperates in regulating the intracellular trafficking and signaling pathways. Additionally, it serves as a precursor for vital biomolecules, including steroid hormones, isoprenoids, vitamin D, and bile acids. Although CHOL is normally uptaken from the bloodstream, cells can synthesize it de novo in response to an increased requirement due to physiological tissue remodeling or abnormal proliferation, such as in cancer. Cumulating evidence indicated that increased CHOL biosynthesis is a common feature of breast cancer and is associated with the neoplastic transformation of normal mammary epithelial cells. After an overview of the multiple biological activities of CHOL and its derivatives, this review will address the impact of de novo CHOL production on the promotion of breast cancer with a focus on mammary stem cells. The review will also discuss the effect of de novo CHOL production on in situ and invasive carcinoma and its impact on the response to adjuvant treatment. Finally, the review will discuss the present and future therapeutic strategies to normalize CHOL biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila Coradini
- Laboratory of Medical Statistics and Biometry, "Giulio A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Campus Cascina Rosa, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Seol S, Choi JR, Choi B, Kim S, Jeon JY, Park KN, Park JH, Park MW, Eun YG, Park JJ, Lee BJ, Shin YS, Kim CH, Park RW, Jang JY. Effect of statin use on head and neck cancer prognosis in a multicenter study using a Common Data Model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19770. [PMID: 37957229 PMCID: PMC10643676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have found an association between statin use and head and neck cancer (HNC) outcomes. We examined the effect of statin use on HNC recurrence using the converted Observational Medical Outcome Partnership (OMOP) Common Data Model (CDM) in seven hospitals between 1986 and 2022. Among the 9,473,551 eligible patients, we identified 4669 patients with HNC, of whom 398 were included in the target cohort, and 4271 were included in the control cohort after propensity score matching. A Cox proportional regression model was used. Of the 4669 patients included, 398 (8.52%) previously received statin prescriptions. Statin use was associated with a reduced rate of 3- and 5-year HNC recurrence compared to propensity score-matched controls (risk ratio [RR], 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-1.03; and RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.70-1.12, respectively). Nevertheless, the association between statin use and HNC recurrence was not statistically significant. A meta-analysis of recurrence based on subgroups, including age subgroups, showed similar trends. The results of this propensity-matched cohort study may not provide a statistically significant association between statin use and a lower risk of HNC recurrence. Further retrospective studies using nationwide claims data and prospective studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soobeen Seol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ran Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, 164 World cup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungjin Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungryeal Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Young Jeon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Nam Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hong Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Woo Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Eun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Je Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University and Hospital, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joo Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Pusan National University and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, 164 World cup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, 164 World cup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Rae Woong Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeon Yeob Jang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Hospital, 164 World cup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Starodubtseva NL, Tokareva AO, Rodionov VV, Brzhozovskiy AG, Bugrova AE, Chagovets VV, Kometova VV, Kukaev EN, Soares NC, Kovalev GI, Kononikhin AS, Frankevich VE, Nikolaev EN, Sukhikh GT. Integrating Proteomics and Lipidomics for Evaluating the Risk of Breast Cancer Progression: A Pilot Study. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1786. [PMID: 37509426 PMCID: PMC10376786 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a serious and often life-threatening condition, representing the leading cause of death among women with breast cancer (BC). Although the current clinical classification of BC is well-established, the addition of minimally invasive laboratory tests based on peripheral blood biomarkers that reflect pathological changes in the body is of utmost importance. In the current study, the serum proteome and lipidome profiles for 50 BC patients with (25) and without (25) metastasis were studied. Targeted proteomic analysis for concertation measurements of 125 proteins in the serum was performed via liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-MRM MS) using the BAK 125 kit (MRM Proteomics Inc., Victoria, BC, Canada). Untargeted label-free lipidomic analysis was performed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), in both positive and negative ion modes. Finally, 87 serum proteins and 295 lipids were quantified and showed a moderate correlation with tumor grade, histological and biological subtypes, and the number of lymph node metastases. Two highly accurate classifiers that enabled distinguishing between metastatic and non-metastatic BC were developed based on proteomic (accuracy 90%) and lipidomic (accuracy 80%) features. The best classifier (91% sensitivity, 89% specificity, AUC = 0.92) for BC metastasis diagnostics was based on logistic regression and the serum levels of 11 proteins: alpha-2-macroglobulin, coagulation factor XII, adiponectin, leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein, alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein, Ig mu chain C region, apolipoprotein C-IV, carbonic anhydrase 1, apolipoprotein A-II, apolipoprotein C-II and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Starodubtseva
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa O Tokareva
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriy V Rodionov
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G Brzhozovskiy
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Omics Technologies and Big Data for Personalized Medicine and Health, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna E Bugrova
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaliy V Chagovets
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vlada V Kometova
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenii N Kukaev
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- V.L. Talrose Institute for Energy Problems of Chemical Physics, N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nelson C Soares
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Grigoriy I Kovalev
- Laboratory of Omics Technologies and Big Data for Personalized Medicine and Health, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey S Kononikhin
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Omics Technologies and Big Data for Personalized Medicine and Health, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir E Frankevich
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny N Nikolaev
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Ahmadi Y, Fard JK, Ghafoor D, Eid AH, Sahebkar A. Paradoxical effects of statins on endothelial and cancer cells: the impact of concentrations. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:43. [PMID: 36899388 PMCID: PMC9999585 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-02890-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their lipid-lowering functions, statins elicit additional pleiotropic effects on apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation, senescence, and oxidative stress. Many of these effects have been reported in cancerous and noncancerous cells like endothelial cells (ECs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and human umbilical vein cells (HUVCs). Not surprisingly, statins' effects appear to vary largely depending on the cell context, especially as pertains to modulation of cell cycle, senescence, and apoptotic processes. Perhaps the most critical reason for this discordance is the bias in selecting the applied doses in various cells. While lower (nanomolar) concentrations of statins impose anti-senescence, and antiapoptotic effects, higher concentrations (micromolar) appear to precipitate opposite effects. Indeed, most studies performed in cancer cells utilized high concentrations, where statin-induced cytotoxic and cytostatic effects were noted. Some studies report that even at low concentrations, statins induce senescence or cytostatic impacts but not cytotoxic effects. However, the literature appears to be relatively consistent that in cancer cells, statins, in both low or higher concentrations, induce apoptosis or cell cycle arrest, anti-proliferative effects, and cause senescence. However, statins' effects on ECs depend on the concentrations; at micromolar concentrations statins cause cell senescence and apoptosis, while at nonomolar concentrations statins act reversely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Ahmadi
- College of Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, 46001, Sulaymania, Iraq.
| | - Javad Khalili Fard
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dlzar Ghafoor
- College of Science, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Komar University of Science and Technology, 46001, Sulaymania, Iraq
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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6
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Hybrid nanoparticulate system of Fluvastatin loaded phospholipid, alpha lipoic acid and melittin for the management of colon cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19446. [PMID: 36376469 PMCID: PMC9663543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24151-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, Fluvastatin (FLV) is used for reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol as well as to prevent cardiovascular problems. FLV showed cell line cytotoxicity and antitumor effect. Melittin (MEL) exhibits antineoplastic activity and is known to be promising as a therapeutic option for cancer patients. The aim of this work was to investigate the combination of FLV with MEL loaded hybrid formula of phospholipid (PL) with alpha lipoic acid (ALA) nanoparticles to maximize anticancer tendencies. This study examines the optimization of the prepared formulation in order to minimize nanoparticles size and maximize zeta potential to potentiate cytotoxic potentialities in colon cancer cells (Caco2), cell viability, cell cycle analysis and annexin V were tested. In addition to biological markers as P53, Bax, bcl2 and Caspase 3 evaluation The combination involving FLV PL ALA MEL showed enhanced cytotoxic potentiality (IC50 = 9.242 ± 0.35 µg/mL), about twofold lower, compared to the raw FLV (IC50 = 21.74 ± 0.82 µg/mL). According to studies analyzing cell cycle, optimized FLV PL ALA MEL was found to inhibit Caco2 colon cancer cells more significantly than other therapeutic treatments, wherein a higher number of cells were found to accumulate over G2/M and pre-G1 phases, whereas G0/G1/S phases witnessed the accumulation of a lower number of cells. The optimized formulation may pave the way for a novel and more efficacious treatment for colon cancer.
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7
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Sarkar P, Chattopadhyay A. Membrane Dipole Potential: An Emerging Approach to Explore Membrane Organization and Function. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:4415-4430. [PMID: 35696090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biological membranes are complex organized molecular assemblies of lipids and proteins that provide cells and membrane-bound intracellular organelles their individual identities by morphological compartmentalization. Membrane dipole potential originates from the electrostatic potential difference within the membrane due to the nonrandom arrangement (orientation) of amphiphile and solvent (water) dipoles at the membrane interface. In this Feature Article, we will focus on the measurement of dipole potential using electrochromic fluorescent probes and highlight interesting applications. In addition, we will focus on ratiometric fluorescence microscopic imaging technique to measure dipole potential in cellular membranes, a technique that can be used to address novel problems in cell biology which are otherwise difficult to address using available approaches. We envision that membrane dipole potential could turn out to be a convenient tool in exploring the complex interplay between membrane lipids and proteins and could provide novel insights in membrane organization and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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8
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de Jesus M, Mohammed T, Singh M, Tiu JG, Kim AS. Etiology and Management of Dyslipidemia in Patients With Cancer. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:892335. [PMID: 35548413 PMCID: PMC9081373 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.892335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with cancer are now living longer than ever before due to the growth and expansion of highly effective antineoplastic therapies. Many of these patients face additional health challenges, of which cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading contributor to morbidity and mortality. CVD and cancer share common biological mechanisms and risk factors, including lipid abnormalities. A better understanding of the relationship between lipid metabolism and cancer can reveal strategies for cancer prevention and CVD risk reduction. Several anticancer treatments adversely affect lipid levels, increasing triglycerides and/or LDL-cholesterol. The traditional CVD risk assessment tools do not include cancer-specific parameters and may underestimate the true long-term CVD risk in this patient population. Statins are the mainstay of therapy in both primary and secondary CVD prevention. The role of non-statin therapies, including ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, bempedoic acid and icosapent ethyl in the management of lipid disorders in patients with cancer remains largely unknown. A contemporary cancer patient needs a personalized comprehensive cardiovascular assessment, management of lipid abnormalities, and prevention of late CVD to achieve optimal overall outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail de Jesus
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Turab Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Meghana Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - John G. Tiu
- Department of Medicine, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Agnes S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Calhoun Cardiology Center, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Agnes S. Kim
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Škara L, Huđek Turković A, Pezelj I, Vrtarić A, Sinčić N, Krušlin B, Ulamec M. Prostate Cancer-Focus on Cholesterol. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4696. [PMID: 34572923 PMCID: PMC8469848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common malignancy in men. Common characteristic involved in PC pathogenesis are disturbed lipid metabolism and abnormal cholesterol accumulation. Cholesterol can be further utilized for membrane or hormone synthesis while cholesterol biosynthesis intermediates are important for oncogene membrane anchoring, nucleotide synthesis and mitochondrial electron transport. Since cholesterol and its biosynthesis intermediates influence numerous cellular processes, in this review we have described cholesterol homeostasis in a normal cell. Additionally, we have illustrated how commonly deregulated signaling pathways in PC (PI3K/AKT/MTOR, MAPK, AR and p53) are linked with cholesterol homeostasis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucija Škara
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers (Epimark), School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ana Huđek Turković
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ivan Pezelj
- Department of Urology, University Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Alen Vrtarić
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Clinical Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nino Sinčić
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers (Epimark), School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Božo Krušlin
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Monika Ulamec
- Group for Research on Epigenetic Biomarkers (Epimark), School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Ljudevit Jurak Clinical Department of Pathology and Cytology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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10
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Cytotoxic activity of cholesterol oxidase produced by Streptomyces sp. AKHSS against cancerous cell lines: mechanism of action in HeLa cells. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:141. [PMID: 34287712 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Re-occurrence of cancer is the major drawback for the currently available anticancer therapies. Therefore, study of an efficient enzyme, cholesterol oxidase produced by various kinds of microbes especially obtained from unexplored marine actinobacterial species against human cancer cell lines and understanding its mechanism of action helps to identify an irreversible and potent anticancer agent. The cytotoxic potential of cholesterol oxidase produced by a marine Streptomyces sp. AKHSS against four different human cancer cell lines was demonstrated through MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay. Fluorescent confocal microscopy and flow cytometry based experiments were performed to understand the efficiency of the enzymatic action on HeLa cells. Further, the apoptotic related proteins were detected through western blotting. Interestingly, the enzyme exhibited potent cytotoxicity at very low concentrations (0.093-0.327 µM) against all the cells tested. Fluorescent confocal microscopy revealed the morphological variations induced by the enzyme on cancer cell lines such as the formation of lipid droplets and condensation of nuclei. The enzyme treated cell-free extracts of HeLa cells analyzed through gas chromatography mass spectrometry showed the depletion of membrane cholesterol and the presence of substituted enzyme oxidized product, cholest-4-ene-3-one. The enzyme had induced significant inhibitory effects on the cell viability such as cell cycle arrest (G1 phase), apoptosis and rise of reactive oxygen species as evident through flow cytometry. Besides, hyperpolarization of mitochondrial membrane, reduced rates of phosphorylation of pAkt and the expression of apoptotic death markers like Fas, Fas L, caspases (8 and 3) and PARP-1 were recorded in the enzyme treated HeLa cells. Thus, cholesterol oxidase purified from a marine Streptomyces sp. AKHSS exhibits potent cytotoxicity at very low concentrations against human cancer cell lines. All the ex vivo experiments portrayed the substantial inhibitory effect of the enzyme on HeLa cells suggesting that cholesterol oxidase of Streptomyces sp. AKHSS could be a prominent cancer chemotherapeutic agent.
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11
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Getz KR, Bellile E, Zarins KR, Rullman C, Chinn SB, Taylor JM, Rozek LS, Wolf GT, Mondul AM. Statin use and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma outcomes. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:2440-2448. [PMID: 33320960 PMCID: PMC8203748 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a morbid cancer with poor outcomes. Statins possess anticancer properties such as immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of our study is to identify the association between statin use among untreated HNSCC patients and overall death, disease-specific death and recurrence. HNSCC patients were recruited to participate in the University of Michigan Head and Neck Cancer Specialized Program of Research Excellence (SPORE) from 2003 to 2014. Statin use data were collected through medical record review. Participants were considered a statin user if they used a statin at or after diagnosis. Outcome data were collected through medical record review, Social Security Death Index or LexisNexis. Our analytic cohort included 1638 participants. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the association between ever statin use and HNSCC outcomes. Statin use was seen in 36.0% of participants. We observed a statistically significant inverse association between ever using a statin and overall death (HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.63-0.88) and HNSCC-specific death (HR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.63-0.99) and a nonstatistically significant inverse association for recurrence (HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.70-1.04). When investigating the association between statin use and HNSCC outcomes utilizing interaction terms between statin use and human papillomavirus (HPV), statistically significant interactions for HNSCC-specific death and recurrence were identified (HNSCC-specific death: HPV-positive HR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.21-0.84; HPV-negative HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.71-1.51; p-int=0.02; recurrence: HPV-positive HR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.29-0.84; HPV-negative HR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.74-1.43; p=int-0.02). Statin use may be protective for adverse outcomes in HNSCC patients, particularly those with HPV-positive disease. If true, these findings could have a meaningful impact on tertiary prevention for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla R. Getz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Emily Bellile
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Katie R. Zarins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Cailey Rullman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven B. Chinn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Jeremy M.G. Taylor
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Laura S. Rozek
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Gregory T. Wolf
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Alison M. Mondul
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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12
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Pias SC. How does oxygen diffuse from capillaries to tissue mitochondria? Barriers and pathways. J Physiol 2020; 599:1769-1782. [PMID: 33215707 DOI: 10.1113/jp278815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely delivery of oxygen (O2 ) to tissue mitochondria is so essential that elaborate circulatory systems have evolved to minimize diffusion distances within tissue. Yet, knowledge is surprisingly limited regarding the diffusion pathway between blood capillaries and tissue mitochondria. An established and growing body of work examines the influence cellular and extracellular structures may have on subcellular oxygen availability. This brief review discusses the physiological and pathophysiological significance of oxygen availability, highlights recent computer modelling studies of transport at the cell-membrane level, and considers alternative diffusion pathways within tissue. Experimental and computer modelling studies suggest that oxygen diffusion may be accelerated by cellular lipids, relative to cytosolic and interstitial fluids. Such acceleration, or 'channelling', would occur due to greatly enhanced oxygen solubility in lipids, especially near the midplane of lipid bilayers. Rapid long-range movement would be promoted by anisotropically enhanced lateral diffusion of oxygen along the midplane and by junctions holding lipid structures in close proximity to one another throughout the tissue. Clarifying the biophysical mechanism of oxygen transport within tissue will shed light on limitations and opportunities in tumour radiotherapy and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally C Pias
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (New Mexico Tech), Socorro, NM, USA
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13
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Sarkar P, Rao BD, Chattopadhyay A. Cell Cycle Dependent Modulation of Membrane Dipole Potential and Neurotransmitter Receptor Activity: Role of Membrane Cholesterol. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:2890-2899. [PMID: 32786305 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is a sequential multistep process essential for growth and proliferation of cells that make up multicellular organisms. A number of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins are known to modulate the cell cycle. Yet, the role of lipids, membrane organization, and physical properties in cell cycle progression remains largely elusive. Membrane dipole potential is an important physicochemical property and originates due to the electrostatic potential difference within the membrane because of nonrandom arrangement of amphiphile dipoles and water molecules at the membrane interface. In this work, we explored the modulation of membrane dipole potential in various stages of the cell cycle in CHO-K1 cells. Our results show that membrane dipole potential is highest in the G1 phase relative to S and G2/M phases. This was accompanied by regulation of membrane cholesterol content in the cell cycle. The highest cholesterol content was found in the G1 phase with a considerable reduction in cholesterol in S and G2/M phases. Interestingly, we noted a similarity in the dependence of membrane dipole potential and cholesterol with progress of the cell cycle. In addition, we observed an increase in neutral lipid (which contains esterified cholesterol) content as cells progressed from the G1 to G2/M phase via the S phase of the cell cycle. Importantly, we further observed a cell cycle dependent reduction in ligand binding activity of serotonin1A receptors expressed in CHO-K1 cells. To the best of our knowledge, these results constitute the first report of cell cycle dependent modulation of membrane dipole potential and activity of a neurotransmitter receptor belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor family. We envision that understanding the basis of cell cycle events from a biophysical perspective would result in a deeper appreciation of the cell cycle and its regulation in relation to cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Sarkar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Bhagyashree D. Rao
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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14
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Alfaifi MY, Shati AA, Alshehri MA, Elbehairi SEI, Fahmy UA, Alshehri OY. Atorvastatin-TPGS-PLGA Nanoparticles Cytotoxicity Augmentation Against Liver Cancer HepG2 cells. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.79.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Cholesterol and beyond - The role of the mevalonate pathway in cancer biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188351. [PMID: 32007596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multifaceted global disease. Transformation of a normal to a malignant cell takes several steps, including somatic mutations, epigenetic alterations, metabolic reprogramming and loss of cell growth control. Recently, the mevalonate pathway has emerged as a crucial regulator of tumor biology and a potential therapeutic target. This pathway controls cholesterol production and posttranslational modifications of Rho-GTPases, both of which are linked to several key steps of tumor progression. Inhibitors of the mevalonate pathway induce pleiotropic antitumor-effects in several human malignancies, identifying the pathway as an attractive candidate for novel therapies. In this review, we will provide an overview about the role and regulation of the mevalonate pathway in certain aspects of cancer initiation and progression and its potential for therapeutic intervention in oncology.
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16
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The effects of statins with a high hepatoselectivity rank on the extra-hepatic tissues; New functions for statins. Pharmacol Res 2019; 152:104621. [PMID: 31891788 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Statins, as the most common treatment for hyperlipidemia, exert effects beyond their lipid-lowering role which are known as pleiotropic effects. These effects are mainly due to the inhibition of isoprenoids synthesis and consequently blocking prenylation of proteins involved in the cellular signaling pathways regulating cell development, growth, and apoptosis. Statins target cholesterol synthesis in the liver as the major source of cholesterol in the body and so reduce whole-body cholesterol. The reduced level of cholesterol forces other organs to an adaptive homeostatic reaction to increase their cholesterol synthesis capacity, however, this only occurs when statins have unremarkable access to the extra-hepatic tissues. In order to reduce the adverse effects of statin on the skeletal muscle, most recent efforts have been towards formulating new statins with the highest level of hepatoselectivity rank and the least level of access to the extra-hepatic tissues; however, the inaccessibility of statins for the extra-hepatic tissues may induce several biological reactions. In this review, we aim to evaluate the effects of statins on the extra-hepatic tissues when statins have unremarkable access to these tissues.
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17
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Wu G, Wang Q, Xu Y, Li J, Zhang H, Qi G, Xia Q. Targeting the transcription factor receptor LXR to treat clear cell renal cell carcinoma: agonist or inverse agonist? Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:416. [PMID: 31138790 PMCID: PMC6538631 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1654-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a metabolism-related disease. Changes in fatty acid (FA) and cholesterol metabolism play important roles in ccRCC development. As a nuclear transcription factor receptor, Liver X receptor (LXR) regulates a variety of key molecules associated with FA synthesis and cholesterol transport. Therefore, targeting LXR may provide new therapeutic targets for ccRCC. However, the potential regulatory effect and molecular mechanisms of LXR in ccRCC remain unknown. In the present study, we found that both an LXR agonist and an XLR inverse agonist could inhibit proliferation and colony formation and induce apoptosis in ccRCC cells. We observed that the LXR agonist LXR623 downregulated the expression of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and upregulated the expression of ABCA1, which resulted in reduced intracellular cholesterol and apoptosis. The LXR inverse agonist SR9243 downregulated the FA synthesis proteins sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and stearoyl-coA desaturase 1 (SCD1), causing a decrease in intracellular FA content and inducing apoptosis in ccRCC cells. SR9243 and LXR623 induced apoptosis in ccRCC cells but had no killing effect on normal renal tubular epithelial HK2 cells. We also found that SRB1-mediated high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in cholesterol influx is the cause of high cholesterol in ccRCC cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that an LXR inverse agonist and LXR agonist decrease the intracellular FA and cholesterol contents in ccRCC to inhibit tumour cells but do not have cytotoxic effects on non-malignant cells. Thus, LXR may be a safe therapeutic target for treating ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhen Wu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Province Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qinglian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Province Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingkun Xu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Province Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jianyi Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Province Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongge Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tengzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tengzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Qi
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Zibo City, Zibo, China
| | - Qinghua Xia
- Department of Urology, Shandong Province Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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18
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An actionable sterol-regulated feedback loop modulates statin sensitivity in prostate cancer. Mol Metab 2019; 25:119-130. [PMID: 31023626 PMCID: PMC6600047 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The statin family of cholesterol-lowering drugs has been shown to induce tumor-specific apoptosis by inhibiting the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR). Accumulating evidence suggests that statin use may delay prostate cancer (PCa) progression in a subset of patients; however, the determinants of statin drug sensitivity in PCa remain unclear. Our goal was to identify molecular features of statin-sensitive PCa and opportunities to potentiate statin-induced PCa cell death. METHODS Deregulation of HMGCR expression in PCa was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The response of PCa cell lines to fluvastatin-mediated HMGCR inhibition was assessed using cell viability and apoptosis assays. Activation of the sterol-regulated feedback loop of the MVA pathway, which was hypothesized to modulate statin sensitivity in PCa, was also evaluated. Inhibition of this statin-induced feedback loop was performed using RNA interference or small molecule inhibitors. The achievable levels of fluvastatin in mouse prostate tissue were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS High HMGCR expression in PCa was associated with poor prognosis; however, not all PCa cell lines underwent apoptosis in response to treatment with physiologically-achievable concentrations of fluvastatin. Rather, most cell lines initiated a feedback response mediated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), which led to the further upregulation of HMGCR and other lipid metabolism genes. Overcoming this feedback mechanism by knocking down or inhibiting SREBP2 potentiated fluvastatin-induced PCa cell death. Notably, we demonstrated that this feedback loop is pharmacologically-actionable, as the drug dipyridamole can be used to block fluvastatin-induced SREBP activation and augment apoptosis in statin-insensitive PCa cells. CONCLUSION Our study implicates statin-induced SREBP2 activation as a PCa vulnerability that can be exploited for therapeutic purposes using clinically-approved agents.
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19
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Hao B, Peng X, Bi B, Yu M, Sang C, Chen Z. Preoperative serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of poor survival in patients with clear cell renal cell cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2019; 34:168-175. [PMID: 30912469 DOI: 10.1177/1724600819831404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Numerous studies have suggested that dyslipidemia is closely related to various cancers and the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are associated with the outcome of cancer patients. However, the predictive value of HDL-C in patients with renal cell carcinoma remains unclear. Our study aims to explore the relationship between the levels of serum HDL-C and the prognosis of renal cell carcinoma. Methods: A total of 308 patients diagnosed with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) who received surgical treatment were retrospectively enrolled in our study. The necessary clinical data of each enrolled patient were collected and the Kaplan–Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to calculate the overall survival and cancer-specific survival. Results: Kaplan–Meier and univariate analysis showed that a lower preoperative serum HDL-C level was a risk factor of CCRCC patients. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that a higher serum HDL-C level was closely associated with better overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.32; 95% confidence interval (0.13, 0.78); P=0.013) and cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio =0.42; 95% confidence interval (0.15, 0.99); P=0.048). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that an increased serum level of HDL-C might predict better overall survival and cancer-specific survival in patients with CCRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xufeng Peng
- Department of Urology, Children’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Baochen Bi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Miaomei Yu
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Chen Sang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
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20
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Pirmoradi L, Seyfizadeh N, Ghavami S, Zeki AA, Shojaei S. Targeting cholesterol metabolism in glioblastoma: a new therapeutic approach in cancer therapy. J Investig Med 2019; 67:715-719. [PMID: 30765502 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2018-000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor known with a poor survival rate despite current advances in the field of cancer. Additional research into the pathophysiology of GBM is urgently needed given the devastating nature of this disease. Recent studies have revealed the unique cellular physiology of GBM cells as compared with healthy astrocytes. Intriguingly, GBM cells are incapable of de novo cholesterol synthesis via the mevalonate pathway. Thus, the survival of GBM cells depends on cholesterol uptake via low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) in the form of apolipoprotein-E-containing lipoproteins and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) that efflux surplus cholesterol out of cells. Liver X receptors regulate intracellular cholesterol levels in neurons and healthy astrocytes through changes in the expression of LDLR and ABCA1 in response to cholesterol and its derivatives. In GBM cells, due to the dysregulation of this surveillance pathway, there is an accumulation of intracellular cholesterol. Furthermore, intracellular cholesterol regulates temozolomide-induced cell death in glioblastoma cells via accumulation and activation of death receptor 5 in plasma membrane lipid rafts. The mevalonate pathway and autophagy flux are also fundamentally related with implications for cell health and death. Thus, via cholesterol metabolism, the mevalonate pathway may be a crucial player in the pathogenesis and treatment of GBM where our current understanding is still lacking. Targeting cholesterol metabolism in GBM may hold promise as a novel adjunctive clinical therapy for this devastating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Pirmoradi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
| | - Nayer Seyfizadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Biology of Breathing, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Fars, Iran
| | - Amir A Zeki
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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21
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Mo H, Jeter R, Bachmann A, Yount ST, Shen CL, Yeganehjoo H. The Potential of Isoprenoids in Adjuvant Cancer Therapy to Reduce Adverse Effects of Statins. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1515. [PMID: 30662405 PMCID: PMC6328495 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mevalonate pathway provides sterols for membrane structure and nonsterol intermediates for the post-translational modification and membrane anchorage of growth-related proteins, including the Ras, Rac, and Rho GTPase family. Mevalonate-derived products are also essential for the Hedgehog pathway, steroid hormone signaling, and the nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif, all of which playing roles in tumorigenesis and cancer stem cell function. The phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 pathway, p53 with gain-of-function mutation, and oncoprotein MYC upregulate the mevalonate pathway, whereas adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and tumor suppressor protein RB are the downregulators. The rate-limiting enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), is under a multivalent regulation. Sterol regulatory element binding protein 2 mediates the sterol-controlled transcriptional downregulation of HMGCR. UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 regulates the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of HMGCR, which is accelerated by 24, 25-dihydrolanosterol and the diterpene geranylgeraniol. Statins, competitive inhibitors of HMGCR, deplete cells of mevalonate-derived intermediates and consequently inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. Clinical application of statins is marred by dose-limiting toxicities and mixed outcomes on cancer risk, survival and mortality, partially resulting from the statin-mediated compensatory upregulation of HMGCR and indiscriminate inhibition of HMGCR in normal and tumor cells. Tumor HMGCR is resistant to the sterol-mediated transcriptional control; consequently, HMGCR is upregulated in cancers derived from adrenal gland, blood and lymph, brain, breast, colon, connective tissue, embryo, esophagus, liver, lung, ovary, pancreas, prostate, skin, and stomach. Nevertheless, tumor HMGCR remains sensitive to isoprenoid-mediated degradation. Isoprenoids including monoterpenes (carvacrol, L-carvone, geraniol, perillyl alcohol), sesquiterpenes (cacalol, farnesol, β-ionone), diterpene (geranylgeranyl acetone), “mixed” isoprenoids (tocotrienols), and their derivatives suppress the growth of tumor cells with little impact on non-malignant cells. In cancer cells derived from breast, colon, liver, mesothelium, prostate, pancreas, and skin, statins and isoprenoids, including tocotrienols, geraniol, limonene, β-ionone and perillyl alcohol, synergistically suppress cell proliferation and associated signaling pathways. A blend of dietary lovastatin and δ-tocotrienol, each at no-effect doses, suppress the growth of implanted murine B16 melanomas in C57BL6 mice. Isoprenoids have potential as adjuvant agents to reduce the toxicities of statins in cancer prevention or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbiao Mo
- Department of Nutrition, Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rayna Jeter
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Andrea Bachmann
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sophie T Yount
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chwan-Li Shen
- Department of Pathology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Hoda Yeganehjoo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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22
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Saleh A, ElFayoumi HM, Youns M, Barakat W. Rutin and orlistat produce antitumor effects via antioxidant and apoptotic actions. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2018; 392:165-175. [PMID: 30465055 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-1579-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a broad term used to describe a large number of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation that leads to tumor production. Cancer is associated with mutations in genes controlling proliferation and apoptosis, oxidative stress, fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression, and other mechanisms. Currently, most antineoplastic drugs have severe adverse effects and new effective and safe drugs are needed. This study aims to investigate the possible anticancer activity of rutin and orlistat which are both safely used clinically in humans against two breast cancer models (in vivo EAC and in vitro MCF7) and the pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-1). Our results have shown that both rutin and orlistat exerted an in vivo anticancer activity as evidenced by the decrease in tumor volume, CEA level, cholesterol content, FAS, and the exerted antioxidant action (reduced MDA level and increased GSH content) and through histopathological examination. In addition, both were cytotoxic to MCF-7 and Panc-1 cell lines by promoting apoptosis. In conclusion, the anticancer activity of rutin and orlistat makes them promising candidates for cancer treatment alone or in combination with other anticancer drugs specially that they are used clinically with an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hassan M ElFayoumi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Youns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt.,Department of Biochemistry, Oman Pharmacy Institute, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Waleed Barakat
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. .,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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23
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Samadi S, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Mohammadpour A, Farjami Z, Tabadkani M, Hosseinnia M, Miri M, Heydari-Majd M, Mehramiz M, Rezayi M, Ferns GA, Avan A. High-density lipoprotein functionality and breast cancer: A potential therapeutic target. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5756-5765. [PMID: 30362608 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of death globally, and particularly in developed countries. Breast cancer is influenced by cholesterol membrane content, by affecting the signaling pathways modulating cell growth, adherence, and migration. Furthermore, steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and these play a key role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Although most findings have reported an inverse association between serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol level and the risk of breast cancer, there have been some reports of the opposite, and the association therefore remains unclear. HDL is principally known for participating in reverse cholesterol transport and has an inverse relationship with the cardiovascular risk. HDL is heterogeneous, with particles varying in composition, size, and structure, which can be altered under different circumstances, such as inflammation, aging, and certain diseases. It has also been proposed that HDL functionality might have a bearing on the breast cancer. Owing to the potential role of cholesterol in cancer, its reduction using statins, and particularly as an adjuvant during chemotherapy may be useful in the anticancer treatment, and may also be related to the decline in cancer mortality. Reconstituted HDLs have the ability to release chemotherapeutic drugs inside the cell. As a consequence, this may be a novel way to improve therapeutic targeting for the breast cancer on the basis of detrimental impacts of oxidized HDL on cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Samadi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhooshang Mohammadpour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Farjami
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahla Tabadkani
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosseinnia
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehri Miri
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Motahareh Heydari-Majd
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrane Mehramiz
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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24
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Oxidative stress as a possible mechanism of statin-induced myopathy. Inflammopharmacology 2018; 26:667-674. [PMID: 29574631 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-018-0469-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Statins, inhibitors of hydroxy methyl glutaryl coenzyme-A (HMG-CoA) reductase, are the most widely used drugs for treating hypercholesterolemia. However, statins can cause disabling myopathy as their main adverse effect. Several molecular mechanisms underlie the statin-induced myopathy including the decrease in the levels of essential mevalonate and cholesterol derivatives. This review discusses a further mechanism involving the loss of other anti-oxidant defenses besides ubiquinone (Co-Q) in skeletal muscles which produce a significant amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therefore, to maintain their function, skeletal muscles need a high level of anti-oxidants.
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25
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Putkaradze N, Litzenburger M, Abdulmughni A, Milhim M, Brill E, Hannemann F, Bernhardt R. CYP109E1 is a novel versatile statin and terpene oxidase from Bacillus megaterium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:8379-8393. [PMID: 29018905 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CYP109E1 is a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase from Bacillus megaterium with a hydroxylation activity for testosterone and vitamin D3. This study reports the screening of a focused library of statins, terpene-derived and steroidal compounds to explore the substrate spectrum of this enzyme. Catalytic activity of CYP109E1 towards the statin drug-precursor compactin and the prodrugs lovastatin and simvastatin as well as biotechnologically relevant terpene compounds including ionones, nootkatone, isolongifolen-9-one, damascones, and β-damascenone was found in vitro. The novel substrates induced a type I spin-shift upon binding to P450 and thus permitted to determine dissociation constants. For the identification of conversion products by NMR spectroscopy, a B. megaterium whole-cell system was applied. NMR analysis revealed for the first time the ability of CYP109E1 to catalyze an industrially highly important reaction, the production of pravastatin from compactin, as well as regioselective oxidations generating drug metabolites (6'β-hydroxy-lovastatin, 3'α-hydroxy-simvastatin, and 4″-hydroxy-simvastatin) and valuable terpene derivatives (3-hydroxy-α-ionone, 4-hydroxy-β-ionone, 11,12-epoxy-nootkatone, 4(R)-hydroxy-isolongifolen-9-one, 3-hydroxy-α-damascone, 4-hydroxy-β-damascone, and 3,4-epoxy-β-damascone). Besides that, a novel compound, 2-hydroxy-β-damascenone, produced by CYP109E1 was identified. Docking calculations using the crystal structure of CYP109E1 rationalized the experimentally observed regioselective hydroxylation and identified important amino acid residues for statin and terpene binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Putkaradze
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Martin Litzenburger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Ammar Abdulmughni
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Mohammed Milhim
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Elisa Brill
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Frank Hannemann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Rita Bernhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbruecken, Germany.
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26
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Zhou Y, Song R, Ma C, Zhou L, Liu X, Yin P, Zhang Z, Sun Y, Xu C, Lu X, Xu G. Discovery and validation of potential urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer diagnosis using a pseudotargeted GC-MS metabolomics method. Oncotarget 2017; 8:20719-20728. [PMID: 28157703 PMCID: PMC5400539 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is the second most prevalent malignancy in the urinary system and is associated with significant mortality; thus, there is an urgent need for novel noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers. A urinary pseudotargeted method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed and validated for a BC metabolomics study. The method exhibited good repeatability, intraday and interday precision, linearity and metabolome coverage. A total of 76 differential metabolites were defined in the discovery sample set, 58 of which were verified using an independent validation urine set. The verified differential metabolites revealed that energy metabolism, anabolic metabolism and cell redox states were disordered in BC. Based on a binary logistic regression analysis, a four-biomarker panel was defined for the diagnosis of BC. The area under the receiving operator characteristic curve was 0.885 with 88.0% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity in the discovery set and 0.804 with 78.0% sensitivity and 70.3% specificity in the validation set. The combinatorial biomarker panel was also useful for the early diagnosis of BC. This approach can be used to discriminate non-muscle invasive and low-grade BCs from healthy controls with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. The results show that the developed urinary metabolomics method can be employed to effectively screen noninvasive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruixiang Song
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chong Ma
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lina Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peiyuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhensheng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yinghao Sun
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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27
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Influence of Cholesterol on the Oxygen Permeability of Membranes: Insight from Atomistic Simulations. Biophys J 2017; 112:2336-2347. [PMID: 28591606 PMCID: PMC5474842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is widely known to alter the physical properties and permeability of membranes. Several prior works have implicated cell membrane cholesterol as a barrier to tissue oxygenation, yet a good deal remains to be explained with regard to the mechanism and magnitude of the effect. We use molecular dynamics simulations to provide atomic-resolution insight into the influence of cholesterol on oxygen diffusion across and within the membrane. Our simulations show strong overall agreement with published experimental data, reproducing the shapes of experimental oximetry curves with high accuracy. We calculate the upper-limit transmembrane oxygen permeability of a 1-palmitoyl,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine phospholipid bilayer to be 52 ± 2 cm/s, close to the permeability of a water layer of the same thickness. With addition of cholesterol, the permeability decreases somewhat, reaching 40 ± 2 cm/s at the near-saturating level of 62.5 mol % cholesterol and 10 ± 2 cm/s in a 100% cholesterol mimic of the experimentally observed noncrystalline cholesterol bilayer domain. These reductions in permeability can only be biologically consequential in contexts where the diffusional path of oxygen is not water dominated. In our simulations, cholesterol reduces the overall solubility of oxygen within the membrane but enhances the oxygen transport parameter (solubility-diffusion product) near the membrane center. Given relatively low barriers to passing from membrane to membrane, our findings support hydrophobic channeling within membranes as a means of cellular and tissue-level oxygen transport. In such a membrane-dominated diffusional scheme, the influence of cholesterol on oxygen permeability is large enough to warrant further attention.
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28
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The balance between induction and inhibition of mevalonate pathway regulates cancer suppression by statins: A review of molecular mechanisms. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 273:273-285. [PMID: 28668359 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Statins are widely used drugs for their role in decreasing cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients. Statins through inhibition of Hydroxy Methyl Glutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR), the main enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, inhibit mevalonate pathway that provides isoprenoids for prenylation of different proteins such as Ras superfamily which has an essential role in cancer developing. Inhibition of the mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway is the cause of the cholesterol independent effects of statins or pleotropic effects. Depending on their penetrance into the extra-hepatic cells, statins have different effects on mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway. Lipophilic statins diffuse into all cells and hydrophilic ones use a variety of membrane transporters to gain access to cells other than hepatocytes. It has been suggested that the lower accessibility of statins for extra-hepatic tissues may result in the compensatory induction of mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway and so cancer developing. However, most of the population-based studies have demonstrated that statins have no effect on cancer developing, even decrease the risk of different types of cancer. In this review we focus on the cancer developing "potentials" and the anti-cancer "activities" of statins regarding the effects of statins on mevalonate/isoprenoid pathway in the liver and extra-hepatic tissues.
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29
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Caruana BT, Skoric A, Brown AJ, Lutze-Mann LH. Site-1 protease, a novel metabolic target for glioblastoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017. [PMID: 28645614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) are transcriptional regulators of lipids which promote glioblastoma growth. Here, we investigate the effect of inhibiting expression of SREBP target genes in human glioblastoma cells. This was achieved by using PF-429242 to inhibit site-1 protease (S1P), an enzyme required for SREBP activation. Treatment with PF-429242 decreased glioblastoma cell viability, induced apoptosis and downregulated steroid, isoprenoid and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic pathways. Several pro-inflammatory genes were upregulated. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of S1P as a target for glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth T Caruana
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Aleksandra Skoric
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louise H Lutze-Mann
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Australia
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30
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Luo X, Cheng C, Tan Z, Li N, Tang M, Yang L, Cao Y. Emerging roles of lipid metabolism in cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:76. [PMID: 28399876 PMCID: PMC5387196 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0646-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently display fundamentally altered cellular metabolism, which provides the biochemical foundation and directly contributes to tumorigenicity and malignancy. Rewiring of metabolic programmes, such as aerobic glycolysis and increased glutamine metabolism, are crucial for cancer cells to shed from a primary tumor, overcome the nutrient and energy deficit, and eventually survive and form metastases. However, the role of lipid metabolism that confers the aggressive properties of malignant cancers remains obscure. The present review is focused on key enzymes in lipid metabolism associated with metastatic disease pathogenesis. We also address the function of an important membrane structure-lipid raft in mediating tumor aggressive progression. We enumerate and integrate these recent findings into our current understanding of lipid metabolic reprogramming in cancer metastasis accompanied by new and exciting therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China. .,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
| | - Can Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Zheqiong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Namei Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China. .,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China. .,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan, 410078, China.
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31
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Walther U, Emmrich K, Ramer R, Mittag N, Hinz B. Lovastatin lactone elicits human lung cancer cell apoptosis via a COX-2/PPARγ-dependent pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:10345-62. [PMID: 26863638 PMCID: PMC4891124 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A [HMG-CoA] reductase inhibitors) are well-established agents to treat hyperlipidemic states. Experimental and epidemiological evidence further implies an anticancer effect of these substances. This study investigates the mechanism underlying human lung cancer cell death by lovastatin and the role of the prostaglandin (PG)-synthesizing enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in this process. In A549 and H358 lung carcinoma cells the lipophilic prodrug lovastatin lactone led to a concentration-dependent decrease of viability and induction of DNA fragmentation, whereas its HMG-CoA-inhibitory, ring-open acid form was inactive in this respect. Apoptotic cell death by lovastatin was accompanied by high intracellular levels of the lactone form, by upregulation of COX-2 mRNA and protein, as well as by increased formation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)-activating PGD2 and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2. Cells were significantly less sensitive to lovastatin-induced apoptotic cell death, when the expression or activity of COX-2 was suppressed by siRNA or by the COX-2 inhibitor NS-398. Apoptosis by lovastatin was likewise reversed by the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. Fluorescence microscopy analyses revealed a lovastatin-induced cytosol-to-nucleus translocation of PPARγ that was inhibited by NS-398. Collectively, this study demonstrates COX-2 induction and subsequent COX-2-dependent activation of PPARγ as a hitherto unknown mechanism by which lovastatin lactone induces human lung cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Walther
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kristin Emmrich
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Ramer
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nadine Mittag
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Burkhard Hinz
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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32
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Wang T, Seah S, Loh X, Chan CW, Hartman M, Goh BC, Lee SC. Simvastatin-induced breast cancer cell death and deactivation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signalling are reversed by metabolic products of the mevalonate pathway. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2532-44. [PMID: 26565813 PMCID: PMC4823053 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins purportedly exert anti-tumoral effects on breast cancer. However, the biologic mechanisms for these actions are not fully elucidated. The aims of this study were 1) to explore the effects of simvastatin on apoptosis, proliferation as well as PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathway in a window-of-opportunity breast cancer trial; 2) to further confirm findings from the clinical trial by functional studies; 3) to explore the regulatory role of mevalonate pathway on the anti-tumoral effects of simvastatin. In clinical samples, simvastatin led to increase in cleaved caspase-3 (p = 0.002) and decreased trend for Ki67 (p = 0.245). Simvastatin markedly suppressed PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling by activating PTEN (p = 0.005) and by dephosphorylating Akt (p = 0.002) and S6RP (p = 0.033); it also inhibited MAPK/ERK pathway by dephosphorylating c-Raf (p = 0.018) and ERK1/2 (p = 0.002). In ER-positive (MCF-7, T47D) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231, BT-549) breast cancer cells, simvastatin treatment consistently induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation by deregulating caspase cascades and cell cycle proteins in a dose dependent manner. Concordantly, simvastatin strongly suppressed PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway by enhancing PTEN expression and by further sequentially dephosphorylating downstream cascades including Akt, mTOR, p70S6K, S6RP and 4E-BP1. Furthermore, simvastatin significantly inhibited MAPK/ERK pathway by dephosphorylating sequential cascades such as c-Raf, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2. These simvastatin anti-tumoral effects were reversed by metabolic products of the mevalonate pathway, including mevalonate, farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. These findings shed light on the biological and potential anti-tumoral effects of simvastatin in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Serena Seah
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Loh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Wan Chan
- Department of Surgery, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mikael Hartman
- Department of Surgery, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soo-Chin Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Haematology and Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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33
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Tahergorabi Z, Khazaei M, Moodi M, Chamani E. From obesity to cancer: a review on proposed mechanisms. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:533-545. [PMID: 27859423 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, obesity is considered as a serious and growing global health problem. It is documented that the overweight and obesity are major risk factors for a series of noncommunicable diseases, and in recent years, the obesity-cancer link has received much attention. Numerous epidemiological studies have shown that obesity is associated with increased risk of several cancer types, including colon, breast, endometrium, liver, kidney, esophagus, gastric, pancreatic, gallbladder, and leukemia, and can also lead to poorer treatment. We review here the epidemiological and experimental evidences for the association between obesity and cancer. Specifically, we discuss potential mechanisms focusing how dysfunctional angiogenesis, chronic inflammation, interaction of proinflammatory cytokines, endocrine hormones, and adipokines including leptin, adiponectin insulin, growth factors, estrogen, and progesterone and strikingly, cell metabolism alteration in obesity participate in tumor development and progression, resistance to chemotherapy, and targeted therapies such as antiangiogenic and immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Tahergorabi
- Department of Physiology, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Physiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mitra Moodi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Elham Chamani
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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34
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Vaidyanathan V, Karunasinghe N, Jabed A, Pallati R, Kao CHJ, Wang A, Marlow G, Ferguson LR. Prostate Cancer: Is It a Battle Lost to Age? Geriatrics (Basel) 2016; 1:E27. [PMID: 31022820 PMCID: PMC6371152 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics1040027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is often considered an important non-modifiable risk factor for a number of diseases, including prostate cancer. Some prominent risk factors of prostate cancer include familial history, ethnicity and age. In this review, various genetic and physiological characteristics affected due to advancing age will be analysed and correlated with their direct effect on prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Vaidyanathan
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | | | - Anower Jabed
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Radha Pallati
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Chi Hsiu-Juei Kao
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Alice Wang
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Gareth Marlow
- Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
| | - Lynnette R Ferguson
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, FM & HS, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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Kumar GA, Roy S, Jafurulla M, Mandal C, Chattopadhyay A. Statin-induced chronic cholesterol depletion inhibits Leishmania donovani infection: Relevance of optimum host membrane cholesterol. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:2088-2096. [PMID: 27319380 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that invade and survive within host macrophages leading to leishmaniasis, a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, particularly among economically weaker sections in tropical and subtropical regions. Visceral leishmaniasis is a potent disease caused by Leishmania donovani. The detailed mechanism of internalization of Leishmania is poorly understood. A basic step in the entry of Leishmania involves interaction of the parasite with the host plasma membrane. In this work, we have explored the effect of chronic metabolic cholesterol depletion using lovastatin on the entry and survival of Leishmania donovani in host macrophages. We show here that chronic cholesterol depletion of host macrophages results in reduction in the attachment of Leishmania promastigotes, along with a concomitant reduction in the intracellular amastigote load. These results assume further relevance since chronic cholesterol depletion is believed to mimic physiological cholesterol modulation. Interestingly, the reduction in the ability of Leishmania to enter host macrophages could be reversed upon metabolic replenishment of cholesterol. Importantly, enrichment of host membrane cholesterol resulted in reduction in the entry and survival of Leishmania in host macrophages. As a control, the binding of Escherichia coli to host macrophages remained invariant under these conditions, thereby implying specificity of cholesterol requirement for effective leishmanial infection. To the best of our knowledge, these results constitute the first comprehensive demonstration that an optimum content of host membrane cholesterol is necessary for leishmanial infection. Our results assume relevance in the context of developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting cholesterol-mediated leishmanial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aditya Kumar
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Saptarshi Roy
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Md Jafurulla
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Chitra Mandal
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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36
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Muka T, Kraja B, Ruiter R, de Keyser CE, Hofman A, Stricker BH, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Franco OH. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids intake modifies the positive association between serum total cholesterol and colorectal cancer risk: the Rotterdam Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:881-7. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Licarete E, Sesarman A, Banciu M. Exploitation of pleiotropic actions of statins by using tumour-targeted delivery systems. J Microencapsul 2015; 32:619-31. [PMID: 26299551 DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2015.1073383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are drugs traditionally used to lower cholesterol levels in blood. At concentrations 100- to 500-fold higher than those needed for reaching cholesterol lowering activity, they have anti-tumour activity. This anti-tumour activity is based on statins pleiotropic effects derived from their ability to inhibit the mevalonate synthesis and include anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-metastatic actions and modulatory effects on intra-tumour oxidative stress. Thus, in this review, we summarise the possible pleiotropic actions of statins involved in tumour growth inhibition. Since the administration of these high doses of statins is accompanied by severe side effects, targeted delivery of statins seems to be the appropriate strategy for efficient application of statins in oncology. Therefore, we also present an overview of the current status of targeted delivery systems for statins with possible utilisation in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Licarete
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania and.,b Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Alina Sesarman
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania and.,b Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Manuela Banciu
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania and.,b Molecular Biology Centre, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
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38
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Georgi N, Cillero-Pastor B, Eijkel GB, Periyasamy PC, Kiss A, van Blitterswijk C, Post JN, Heeren RMA, Karperien M. Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells under Hypoxia and Normoxia: Lipid Profiles Revealed by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and Multivariate Analysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3981-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Georgi
- Developmental
BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Berta Cillero-Pastor
- Biomolecular
Imaging
Mass Spectrometry, FOM Institute AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Maastricht Multimodal
Molecular Imaging Institute, M4I, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert B. Eijkel
- Biomolecular
Imaging
Mass Spectrometry, FOM Institute AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Parthiban C. Periyasamy
- Developmental
BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andras Kiss
- Biomolecular
Imaging
Mass Spectrometry, FOM Institute AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department
of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical
Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Janine N. Post
- Developmental
BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ron M. A. Heeren
- Biomolecular
Imaging
Mass Spectrometry, FOM Institute AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Maastricht Multimodal
Molecular Imaging Institute, M4I, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Developmental
BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology
and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522
NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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39
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McMahon KM, Foit L, Angeloni NL, Giles FJ, Gordon LI, Thaxton CS. Synthetic high-density lipoprotein-like nanoparticles as cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Res 2015; 166:129-50. [PMID: 25895867 PMCID: PMC4418545 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16555-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) are diverse natural nanoparticles that carry cholesterol and are best known for the role that they play in cardiovascular disease. However, due to their unique targeting capabilities, diverse molecular cargo, and natural functions beyond cholesterol transport, it is becoming increasingly appreciated that HDLs are critical to cancer development and progression. Accordingly, this chapter highlights ongoing research focused on the connections between HDL and cancer in order to design new drugs and targeted drug delivery vehicles. Research is focused on synthesizing biomimetic HDL-like nanoparticles (NP) that can be loaded with diverse therapeutic cargo (e.g., chemotherapies, nucleic acids, proteins) and specifically targeted to cancer cells. Beyond drug delivery, new data is emerging that HDL-like NPs may be therapeutically active in certain tumor types, for example, B cell lymphoma. Overall, HDL-like NPs are becoming increasingly appreciated as targeted, biocompatible, and efficient therapies for cancer, and may soon become indispensable agents in the cancer therapeutic armamentarium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin M. McMahon
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611 United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611 United States
| | - Linda Foit
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611 United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611 United States
| | - Nicholas L. Angeloni
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611 United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611 United States
| | - Francis J. Giles
- Northwestern Medicine Developmental Therapeutics Institute, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Leo I. Gordon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - C. Shad Thaxton
- Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611 United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute (SQI), 303 E. Superior St, Chicago, IL 60611 United States
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
- International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd. Evanston IL. 60208, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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40
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Fokidis HB, Adomat HH, Kharmate G, Hosseini-Beheshti E, Guns ES, Soma KK. Regulation of local steroidogenesis in the brain and in prostate cancer: lessons learned from interdisciplinary collaboration. Front Neuroendocrinol 2015; 36:108-29. [PMID: 25223867 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids play critical roles in the regulation of the brain and many other organs. Traditionally, researchers have focused on sex steroid signaling that involves travel from the gonads via the circulation to intracellular receptors in target tissues. This classic concept has been challenged, however, by the growing number of cases in which steroids are synthesized locally and act locally within diverse tissues. For example, the brain and prostate carcinoma were previously considered targets of gonadal sex steroids, but under certain circumstances, these tissues can upregulate their steroidogenic potential, particularly when circulating sex steroid concentrations are low. We review some of the similarities and differences between local sex steroid synthesis in the brain and prostate cancer. We also share five lessons that we have learned during the course of our interdisciplinary collaboration, which brought together neuroendocrinologists and cancer biologists. These lessons have important implications for future research in both fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bobby Fokidis
- Department of Biology, Rollins College, Winter Park, FL 37289, USA; Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada.
| | - Hans H Adomat
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | | | | | - Emma S Guns
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; Department of Urological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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41
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Foit L, Giles FJ, Gordon LI, Thaxton CS. Synthetic high-density lipoprotein-like nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 15:27-34. [PMID: 25487833 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.990889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are a diverse group of natural nanoparticles that are most well known for their role in cholesterol transport. However, HDLs have diverse functions that provide significant opportunities for cancer therapy. Presented is a focused review of the ways that synthetic versions of HDL have been used as targeted therapies for cancer, and as vehicles for the delivery of diverse therapeutic cargo to cancer cells. As such, synthetic HDLs are likely to play a central role in the development of next-generation cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Foit
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Tarry 16-703, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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42
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Moon H, Hill MM, Roberts MJ, Gardiner RA, Brown AJ. Statins: protectors or pretenders in prostate cancer? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:188-96. [PMID: 24462080 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The role of statin therapy in prostate cancer (PCa) prevention and treatment is plagued by controversy. This critical review of published clinical series reveals several caveats in earlier studies, which reported no benefit. Recent studies that adjust for confounding factors have demonstrated statin therapy to be associated with PCa prevention and favorable clinical outcomes. Developed as inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis, the expected mechanism of statin action is systemic cholesterol reduction. By lowering circulating cholesterol, statins indirectly reduce cellular cholesterol levels in multiple cell types, impacting on membrane microdomains and steroidogenesis. Although non-cholesterol mechanisms of statin action have been proposed, they are limited by the uncertainties surrounding in vivo tissue statin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeongsun Moon
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Michelle M Hill
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Matthew J Roberts
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Robert A Gardiner
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia; Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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43
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44
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Abstract
mTOR [mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin] is a protein kinase that, as part of mTORC1 (mTOR complex 1), acts as a critical molecular link between growth signals and the processes underlying cell growth. Although there has been intense interest in the upstream mechanisms regulating mTORC1, the full repertoire of downstream molecular events through which mTORC1 signalling promotes cell growth is only recently coming to light. It is now recognized that mTORC1 promotes cell growth and proliferation in large part through the activation of key anabolic processes. Through a variety of downstream targets, mTORC1 alters cellular metabolism to drive the biosynthesis of building blocks and macromolecules fundamentally essential for cell growth, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. In the present review, we focus on the metabolic functions of mTORC1 as they relate to the control of cell growth and proliferation. As mTORC1 is aberrantly activated in a number of tumour syndromes and up to 80% of human cancers, we also discuss the importance of this mTORC1-driven biosynthetic programme in tumour growth and progression.
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45
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Corcos L, Le Jossic-Corcos C. Statins: perspectives in cancer therapeutics. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:795-802. [PMID: 23490341 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Virtually any cell type in a mammalian organism uses Acetyl CoA to yield mevalonate, through the activity of the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase enzyme and, ultimately, cholesterol. Statins have long and quite successfully been used as cholesterol lowering drugs. They reversibly inhibit the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activity, which is rate limiting in the early steps of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. In addition to these effects, it has also been amply shown that statins may efficiently trigger cancer cell apoptosis, making them a plausible therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer. Whether statins may prevent cancer occurrence is a matter of debate and an unanswered question; undoubtedly experimental models have clearly demonstrated the potential of statins as direct cytotoxic agents, which can reduce tumour development or metastasis spread, even more so when combined with cytotoxic drugs. Until now, however, only few data in humans support the idea that statins could rightfully belong to the group of anticancer drugs. Nevertheless, as cancer cell metabolism is being thoroughly revisited, the mevalonate pathway has recently been reported as truly oncogenic, presenting the attractive possibility that mevalonate pathway inhibitors, such as statins, may join the ranks of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Corcos
- INSERM U1078-ECLA and SFR-ScInBioS, European University, Bretagne, France.
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46
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Luu W, Sharpe LJ, Gelissen IC, Brown AJ. The role of signalling in cellular cholesterol homeostasis. IUBMB Life 2013; 65:675-84. [PMID: 23847008 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a vital lipid and performs diverse functions on a whole body and cellular level. However, excess cellular cholesterol is toxic, and thus, elegant mechanisms have evolved to tightly regulate this important lipid. The regulation of cholesterol homeostasis is an area of intense research, and the role that signalling plays is gradually becoming more widely recognised. Cholesterol homeostasis is achieved through intricate mechanisms involving synthesis, uptake, and efflux. Although there is a large body of work elucidating these cholesterol-related pathways, less is known about the role of signalling in these processes. Here, we discuss the variety of ways that signalling impacts on these modes and levels of cholesterol homeostasis, including transcriptional regulation. Most work thus far has investigated the role of kinases in cholesterol efflux (especially on ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, ABCA1), and therefore constitutes a major focus of this review. We also indicate further avenues to explore in the area of signalling in cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Luu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
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47
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Gao J, Liu J, Qiu Y, Chu X, Qiao Y, Li D. Multi-target-directed design, syntheses, and characterization of fluorescent bisphosphonate derivatives as multifunctional enzyme inhibitors in mevalonate pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3635-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Singh P, Saxena R, Srinivas G, Pande G, Chattopadhyay A. Cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis in regulation of the cell cycle. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58833. [PMID: 23554937 PMCID: PMC3598952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is a ubiquitous, multi-step process that is essential for growth and proliferation of cells. The role of membrane lipids in cell cycle regulation is not explored well, although a large number of cytoplasmic and nuclear regulators have been identified. We focus in this work on the role of membrane cholesterol in cell cycle regulation. In particular, we have explored the stringency of the requirement of cholesterol in the regulation of cell cycle progression. For this purpose, we utilized distal and proximal inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis, and monitored their effect on cell cycle progression. We show that cholesterol content increases in S phase and inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis results in cell cycle arrest in G1 phase under certain conditions. Interestingly, G1 arrest mediated by cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors could be reversed upon metabolic replenishment of cholesterol. Importantly, our results show that the requirement of cholesterol for G1 to S transition is absolute, and even immediate biosynthetic precursors of cholesterol, differing with cholesterol merely in a double bond, could not replace cholesterol for reversing the cell cycle arrest. These results are useful in the context of diseases, such as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease, that are associated with impaired cholesterol biosynthesis and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpendra Singh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Roopali Saxena
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gunda Srinivas
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Gopal Pande
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (AC); (GP)
| | - Amitabha Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (AC); (GP)
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49
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Xue T, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Yao L, Hu X, Xu LX. Proteomic Analysis of Two Metabolic Proteins with Potential to Translocate to Plasma Membrane Associated with Tumor Metastasis Development and Drug Targets. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1754-63. [DOI: 10.1021/pr301100r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xue
- School of Biomedical Engineering
and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering
and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Luofu Zhang
- School
of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Yao
- School of Biomedical Engineering
and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- School of Biomedical Engineering
and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lisa X. Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering
and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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50
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Prabhu AV, Krycer JR, Brown AJ. Overexpression of a key regulator of lipid homeostasis, Scap, promotes respiration in prostate cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:983-8. [PMID: 23454642 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Prostate metabolism is unique, characterised by cholesterol accumulation and reduced respiration. Are these related? We modulated cholesterol levels and despite changes in mitochondrial cholesterol content, we saw no effects on lactate production or respiration. Instead, these features may be related via sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2), the master transcriptional regulator of cholesterol synthesis. SREBP-2 diverts acetyl-CoA into cholesterol synthesis and may thus reduce respiration. We examined LNCaP cells overexpressing the SREBP-2 regulator, Scap: although having higher SREBP-2 activity, these cells displayed higher respiration. This striking observation warrants further investigation. Given that SREBP-2 and Scap are regulated by factors driving prostate growth, exploring this observation further could shed light on prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Vinayak Prabhu
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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