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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Ren P, Fu Y. Continuous high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at extremely low intensity affects exploratory behavior and spatial cognition in mice. Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114739. [PMID: 37926334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) has been shown to be effective for cognitive intervention. However, whether HF-rTMS with extremely low intensity could influence cognitive functions is still under investigation. The present study systematically investigated the effects of continuous 40 Hz and 10 Hz rTMS on cognition in young adult mice at extremely low intensity (10 mT and 1 mT) for 11 days (30 min/day). Cognitive functions were assessed using diverse behavioral tasks, including the open field, Y-maze, and Barnes maze paradigms. We found that 40 Hz rTMS significantly impaired exploratory behavior and spatial memory in both 10 mT and 1 mT conditions. In addition, 40 Hz rTMS induced remarkably different effects on exploratory behavior between 10 mT and 1mT, compared to 10 Hz stimulation. Our results indicate that extremely low intensity rTMS can significantly alter cognitive performance depending on intensity and frequency, shedding light on the understanding of the mechanism of rTMS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yunbin Zhang
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Zhuangfei Chen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ping Ren
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Shenzhen Mental Health Center / Shenzhen Kangning Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, China.
| | - Yu Fu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China.
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2
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Tang LS, Qiu CZ, Zhang HY, Ren DL. Effects of 0.4 T, 3.0 T and 9.4 T static magnetic fields on development, behaviour and immune response in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Neuroimage 2023; 282:120398. [PMID: 37778420 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is widely applied in medical diagnosis due to its excellent non-invasiveness. With the increasing intensity of static magnetic field (SMF), the safety assessment of MRI has been ongoing. In this study, zebrafish larvae were exposed to SMFs of 0.4, 3.0, and 9.4 T for 2 h (h), and we found that there was no significant difference in the number of spontaneous tail swings, heart rate, and body length of zebrafish larvae in the treatment groups. The expression of development-related genes shha, pygo1, mylz3 and runx2b in the three SMF groups was almost not significantly different from the control group. Behavior tests unveiled a notable reduction in both the average speed and duration of high-speed movements in zebrafish larvae across all three SMF groups. In addition, the 0.4 and 3.0 T SMFs increased the migration of neutrophils in caudal fin injury, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also increased. To explore the mechanism of SMFs on zebrafish immune function, this study utilized aanat2-/- mutant fish to demonstrate the effect of melatonin (MT) involvement in SMFs on zebrafish immune function. This study provides experimental data for understanding the effects of SMFs on organisms, and also provides a new insight for exploring the relationship between magnetic fields and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Sheng Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China; School of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Anhui University of Finance & Economics, Bengbu Anhui 233030, China
| | - Cheng-Zeng Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hao-Yi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Da-Long Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, No. 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei 230036, China.
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Guo Y, Fu Y, Sun W. 50 Hz Magnetic Field Exposure Inhibited Spontaneous Movement of Zebrafish Larvae through ROS-Mediated syn2a Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087576. [PMID: 37108734 PMCID: PMC10144198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exists widely in public and occupational environments. However, its potential adverse effects and the underlying mechanism on nervous system, especially behavior are still poorly understood. In this study, zebrafish embryos (including a transfected synapsin IIa (syn2a) overexpression plasmid) at 3 h post-fertilization (hpf) were exposed to a 50-Hz magnetic field (MF) with a series of intensities (100, 200, 400 and 800 μT, respectively) for 1 h or 24 h every day for 5 days. Results showed that, although MF exposure did not affect the basic development parameters including hatching rate, mortality and malformation rate, yet MF at 200 μT could significantly induce spontaneous movement (SM) hypoactivity in zebrafish larvae. Histological examination presented morphological abnormalities of the brain such as condensed cell nucleus and cytoplasm, increased intercellular space. Moreover, exposure to MF at 200 μT inhibited syn2a transcription and expression, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level as well. Overexpression of syn2a could effectively rescue MF-induced SM hypoactivity in zebrafish. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) could not only recover syn2a protein expression which was weakened by MF exposure, but also abolish MF-induced SM hypoactivity. However, syn2a overexpression did not affect MF-increased ROS. Taken together, the findings suggested that exposure to a 50-Hz MF inhibited spontaneous movement of zebrafish larvae via ROS-mediated syn2a expression in a nonlinear manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Guo
- Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yiti Fu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- Bioelectromagnetics Key Laboratory, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Tekam CKS, Majumdar S, Kumari P, Prajapati SK, Sahi AK, Shinde S, Singh R, Samaiya PK, Patnaik R, Krishnamurthy S, Mahto SK. Effects of ELF-PEMF exposure on spontaneous alternation, anxiety, motor co-ordination and locomotor activity of adult wistar rats and viability of C6 (Glial) cells in culture. Toxicology 2023; 485:153409. [PMID: 36572170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of ELF-PEMF exposure on spontaneous alternation, anxiety, motor coordination, and locomotor activity have been discussed in various pre-clinical and clinical settings. Several epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated the potential effects of ELF-PEMF when exposed > ∼1 h/day; however, very few studies have focused on understanding the influence of ELF-PEMF exposure of 1-3 mT with an exposure duration of < 1 h/day on spontaneous alternation, anxiety, motor coordination, and locomotor activity. Hence, we attempted to study the effects of ELF-PEMF exposure of 1-3 mT, 50 Hz with an exposure duration of 20 min each with a 4 h gap (2 times) on the cellular proliferation and morphologies of C6 (Glial) cells and spontaneous alternation, anxiety, motor coordination and locomotor activity of Wistar rats under in vitro and in vivo conditions, respectively. The results showed that ELF-PEMF exposure did not induce any significant levels of cellular fragmentation and changes in the morphology of glial cells. Also, the outcomes revealed no noticeable effects on spontaneous alternation, anxiety, motor coordination, and locomotor activity in PEMF-exposed groups compared with the control. No undesirable side effects were observed at the highest dose (B=3 mT). We also performed histological analysis of the selected brain sections (hippocampus and cortex) following ELF-PEMF exposure. Incidentally, no significant changes were observed in cortical cell counts, tissue structure, and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kant Singh Tekam
- Tissue Engineering and Bio-Microfluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India
| | - Shreyasi Majumdar
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India
| | - Pooja Kumari
- Tissue Engineering and Bio-Microfluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India; Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
| | - Ajay Kumar Sahi
- Tissue Engineering and Bio-Microfluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India
| | - Saksha Shinde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shri Govindram Seksariya Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, India
| | - Richa Singh
- Tissue Engineering and Bio-Microfluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India
| | - Puneet Kumar Samaiya
- Department of Pharmacy, Shri Govindram Seksariya Institute of Technology and Science, Indore, India
| | - Ranjana Patnaik
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, UP, India; Electrophysiology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India
| | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Neurotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Mahto
- Tissue Engineering and Bio-Microfluidics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi, India.
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Zadeh-Haghighi H, Simon C. Magnetic field effects in biology from the perspective of the radical pair mechanism. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220325. [PMID: 35919980 PMCID: PMC9346374 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of studies have found that weak magnetic fields can significantly influence various biological systems. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these phenomena remain elusive. Remarkably, the magnetic energies implicated in these effects are much smaller than thermal energies. Here, we review these observations, and we suggest an explanation based on the radical pair mechanism, which involves the quantum dynamics of the electron and nuclear spins of transient radical molecules. While the radical pair mechanism has been studied in detail in the context of avian magnetoreception, the studies reviewed here show that magnetosensitivity is widespread throughout biology. We review magnetic field effects on various physiological functions, discussing static, hypomagnetic and oscillating magnetic fields, as well as isotope effects. We then review the radical pair mechanism as a potential unifying model for the described magnetic field effects, and we discuss plausible candidate molecules for the radical pairs. We review recent studies proposing that the radical pair mechanism provides explanations for isotope effects in xenon anaesthesia and lithium treatment of hyperactivity, magnetic field effects on the circadian clock, and hypomagnetic field effects on neurogenesis and microtubule assembly. We conclude by discussing future lines of investigation in this exciting new area of quantum biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Christoph Simon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
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6
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Lai H. Neurological effects of static and extremely-low frequency electromagnetic fields. Electromagn Biol Med 2022; 41:201-221. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2022.2064489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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7
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Koomson AE, Kukuia KKE, Amoateng P, Biney RP, Tagoe TA, Mensah JA, Ameyaw EO, Torbi J, Amponsah SK. Extract of Xylopia aethiopica and its Kaurene Diterpene, Xylopic Acid, Improve Learning and Memory in Mice. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:249-259. [PMID: 35746979 PMCID: PMC9210480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Awo Efua Koomson
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Kennedy Kwami Edem Kukuia
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
- Correspondence to: Department of Medical Pharmacology, University of Ghana Medical School College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Patrick Amoateng
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O Box LG 43, Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Corresponding author.
| | - Robert Peter Biney
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Thomas Amatey Tagoe
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jeffrey Amoako Mensah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elvis Ofori Ameyaw
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joseph Torbi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
| | - Seth Kwabena Amponsah
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Korle Bu, Accra, Ghana
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Moretti J, Rodger J. A little goes a long way: Neurobiological effects of low intensity rTMS and implications for mechanisms of rTMS. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100033. [PMID: 36685761 PMCID: PMC9846462 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a widespread technique in neuroscience and medicine, however its mechanisms are not well known. In this review, we consider intensity as a key therapeutic parameter of rTMS, and review the studies that have examined the biological effects of rTMS using magnetic fields that are orders of magnitude lower that those currently used in the clinic. We discuss how extensive characterisation of "low intensity" rTMS has set the stage for translation of new rTMS parameters from a mechanistic evidence base, with potential for innovative and effective therapeutic applications. Low-intensity rTMS demonstrates neurobiological effects across healthy and disease models, which include depression, injury and regeneration, abnormal circuit organisation, tinnitus etc. Various short and long-term changes to metabolism, neurotransmitter release, functional connectivity, genetic changes, cell survival and behaviour have been investigated and we summarise these key changes and the possible mechanisms behind them. Mechanisms at genetic, molecular, cellular and system levels have been identified with evidence that low-intensity rTMS and potentially rTMS in general acts through several key pathways to induce changes in the brain with modulation of internal calcium signalling identified as a major mechanism. We discuss the role that preclinical models can play to inform current clinical research as well as uncover new pathways for investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Moretti
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia,Corresponding author. School of Biological Sciences M317, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA, 6009, Australia.
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Gökçek-Saraç Ç, Akçay G, Karakurt S, Ateş K, Özen Ş, Derin N. Possible effects of different doses of 2.1 GHz electromagnetic radiation on learning, and hippocampal levels of cholinergic biomarkers in Wistar rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2020; 40:179-190. [PMID: 33259237 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1851251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated whether short-term exposure to different doses of 2.1 GHz radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) has different effects on rats' behaviour and hippocampal levels of central cholinergic biomarkers. Animals were divided into three equal groups namely; group 1 was sham-exposed group, group 2-3 were exposed to 45 V/m and 65 V/m doses of 2.1 GHz frequency for 1 week respectively. Numerical dosimetry simulations were carried out. Object location and Y-maze were used as behavioural tasks. The protein and mRNA expression levels of AChE, ChAT, and VAChT, in the hippocampus were tested using Western Blotting and Real-Time PCR. The impairment performance of rats subjected to 65 V/m dose of 2.1 GHz RF-EMR in both object location and Y-maze tasks was observed. The hippocampal levels of AChE, ChAT, and VAChT, were significantly lower in rats exposed to 65 V/m dose of 2.1 GHz RF-EMR than others. The stronger effect of "65 V/m" dose on both rat's hippocampal-dependent behavioural performances and hippocampal levels of cholinergic biomarkers may be due to the stronger effect of "65 V/m" dose where rats' snouts were located at the nearest distance from the monopole antenna. Furthermore, the simulated SAR values were high for 65 V/m electric-field strengths. For the first time, we report the potential dose-dependent effects of short-term exposure to 2.1 GHz radiation on rat's behavioural performances as well as hippocampal levels of cholinergic biomarkers. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms by which RF-EMR influences the function of the central cholinergic system in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Gökçek-Saraç
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Güven Akçay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Serdar Karakurt
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, Selçuk University , Konya, Turkey
| | - Kayhan Ateş
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Özen
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
| | - Narin Derin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University , Antalya, Turkey
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Akbarnejad Z, Esmaeilpour K, Shabani M, Asadi-Shekaari M, Saeedi Goraghani M, Ahmadi-Zeidabadi M. Spatial memory recovery in Alzheimer's rat model by electromagnetic field exposure. Int J Neurosci 2017; 128:691-696. [PMID: 29185809 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2017.1411353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although studies have shown a potential association between extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) exposure and Alzheimer's disease (AD), few studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of weak magnetic fields on brain functions such as cognitive functions in animal models. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ELF-EMF exposure (50 Hz, 10 mT) on spatial learning and memory changes in AD rats. METHODS Amyloid-β (Aβ) 1-42 was injected into lateral ventricle to establish an AD rat model. The rats were divided into six groups: Group I (control); Group II (surgical sham); Group III (AD) Alzheimer's rat model; Group IV (MF) rats exposed to ELF-MF for 14 consecutive days; Group V (Aβ injection+M) rats exposed to magnetic field for 14 consecutive days from day 0 to 14 days after the Aβ peptide injection; Group VI (AD+M) rats exposed to magnetic field for 14 consecutive days after 2 weeks of Aβ peptide injection from 14th to 28th day . Morris water maze investigations were performed. RESULTS AD rats showed a significant impairment in learning and memory compared to control rats. The results showed that ELF-MF improved the learning and memory impairments in Aβ injection+M and AD+M groups. CONCLUSION Our results showed that application of ELF-MF not only has improving effect on different cognitive disorder signs of AD animals, but also disrupts the processes of AD rat model formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Akbarnejad
- a Neuroscience Research Center , Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran.,b ENT and Head & Neck Research Center , Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Khadijeh Esmaeilpour
- a Neuroscience Research Center , Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- a Neuroscience Research Center , Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Majid Asadi-Shekaari
- a Neuroscience Research Center , Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Monavvar Saeedi Goraghani
- a Neuroscience Research Center , Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
| | - Meysam Ahmadi-Zeidabadi
- a Neuroscience Research Center , Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences , Kerman , Iran
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Yu H, Yang Y, Li W, Qian Z. Theta-gamma coupling in hippocampus during working memory deficits induced by low frequency electromagnetic field exposure. Physiol Behav 2017; 179:135-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Fu Y, Chen Y, Li L, Wang Y, Kong X, Wang J. Food restriction affects Y‐maze spatial recognition memory in developing mice. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 60:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fu
- Medical FacultyKunming University of Science & TechnologyKunmingYunnan650500PR China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- Medical FacultyKunming University of Science & TechnologyKunmingYunnan650500PR China
| | - Liane Li
- Medical FacultyKunming University of Science & TechnologyKunmingYunnan650500PR China
| | - Yumei Wang
- Medical FacultyKunming University of Science & TechnologyKunmingYunnan650500PR China
| | - Xiangyang Kong
- Medical FacultyKunming University of Science & TechnologyKunmingYunnan650500PR China
| | - Jianhong Wang
- Kunming Primates Research Center, Kunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan650223PR China
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Bernal-Mondragón C, Arriaga-Avila V, Martínez-Abundis E, Barrera-Mera B, Mercado-Gómez O, Guevara-Guzmán R. Effects of repeated 9 and 30-day exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on social recognition behavior and estrogen receptors expression in olfactory bulb of Wistar female rats. Neurol Res 2016; 39:165-175. [PMID: 27892794 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1252875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the short- and long-term effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on social recognition behavior and expression of α- and β-estrogen receptors (ER). METHODS Rats were exposed to 60-Hz electromagnetic fields for 9 or 30 days and tested for social recognition behavior. Immunohistochemistry and western blot assays were performed to evaluate α- and β-ER expression in the olfactory bulb of intact, ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized+estradiol (E2) replacement (OVX+E2). RESULTS Ovariectomization showed impairment of social recognition after 9 days of EMF exposure and a complete recovery after E2 replacement and so did those after 30 days. Short EMF exposure increased expression of β-ER in intact, but not in the others. Longer exposure produced a decrease in intact but an increase in OVX and OVX+E2. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest a significant role for β-estrogen receptors and a lack of effect for α-estrogen receptors on a social recognition task. ABBREVIATIONS EMF: extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields; ERs: estrogen receptors; OB: olfactory bulb; OVX: ovariectomized; OVX + E2: ovariectomized + estradiol replacement; IEI: interexposure interval; β-ER: beta estrogen receptor; E2: replacement of estradiol; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; WB: Western blot; PBS: phosphate-buffer saline; PB: phosphate-buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bernal-Mondragón
- a Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - V Arriaga-Avila
- a Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - E Martínez-Abundis
- b División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco , Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco , Comalcalco , Mexico
| | - B Barrera-Mera
- a Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - O Mercado-Gómez
- a Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
| | - R Guevara-Guzmán
- a Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México , Mexico
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Ghadamgahi M, Monazzam MR, Hosseini M. Memory loss risk assessment for the students nearby high-voltage power lines-a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:355. [PMID: 27194231 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With increasing sources of alternating current electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in everyday life, their possible harmful effects on human health are a main area of concern in many countries. Given that children are the most valuable assets of each country, it is of utmost importance to study the effect(s) of EMF exposure on various health aspects of members within this age group. The present research is the first systematic study of the effects of exposure to electric substations on the memory status of male students in the age group of 10 to 12 years. The flux density values of extremely low frequency magnetic field were measured at four elementary schools in Tehran in accordance with IEEE std 644-1994. The device was 3-axis (X, Y, and Z) Gauss Meter, model: TES-1394. The students from two schools nearby a high voltage electricity substation (at distances of 30 and 50 m) were selected as the exposed group, and the students of two other schools at further distances of 1390 and 610 m were considered as the control group. To determine the status of working memory in the students, the questionnaire was adapted from Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV). The completed questionnaires were analyzed by t test and chi-square using SPSS 20. The average magnetic flux density was 0.245 μT at case schools and 0.164 μT at control schools, P < 0.01. The demographic characteristics of the students in the two groups were not statistically different. However, the difference in working memory was significant at the level of 5 %. The results of the questionnaire data showed that students in the control group had better working memory compared to students in case group. The findings revealed a reverse correlation between magnetic flux density and working memory of students (R = -0.255). It is concluded that extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure may have a negative impact on the working memory of children, but further studies are necessary to reach a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Ghadamgahi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Monazzam
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, School of Public Health and Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Hosseini
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University- North Tehran Branch and Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Effects of short term and long term Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field on depressive disorder in mice: Involvement of nitric oxide pathway. Life Sci 2016; 146:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Low-frequency magnetic fields do not aggravate disease in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8585. [PMID: 25717019 PMCID: PMC4341214 DOI: 10.1038/srep08585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-frequency magnetic fields (LF-MF) generated by power lines represent a potential environmental health risk and are classified as possibly carcinogenic by the World Health Organization. Epidemiological studies indicate that LF-MF might propagate neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We conducted a comprehensive analysis to determine whether long-term exposure to LF-MF (50 Hz, 1 mT) interferes with disease development in established mouse models for AD and ALS, namely APP23 mice and mice expressing mutant Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), respectively. Exposure for 16 months did not aggravate learning deficit of APP23 mice. Likewise, disease onset and survival of SOD1(G85R) or SOD1(G93A) mice were not altered upon LF-MF exposure for ten or eight months, respectively. These results and an extended biochemical analysis of protein aggregation, glial activation and levels of toxic protein species suggests that LF-MF do not affect cellular processes involved in the pathogenesis of AD or ALS.
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Belyaev I, Dean A, Eger H, Hubmann G, Jandrisovits R, Johansson O, Kern M, Kundi M, Lercher P, Mosgöller W, Moshammer H, Müller K, Oberfeld G, Ohnsorge P, Pelzmann P, Scheingraber C, Thill R. EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2015 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2015; 30:337-371. [PMID: 26613329 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases and illnesses associated with unspecific symptoms are on the rise. In addition to chronic stress in social and work environments, physical and chemical exposures at home, at work, and during leisure activities are causal or contributing environmental stressors that deserve attention by the general practitioner as well as by all other members of the health care community. It seems certainly necessary now to take "new exposures" like electromagnetic field (EMF) into account. Physicians are increasingly confronted with health problems from unidentified causes. Studies, empirical observations, and patient reports clearly indicate interactions between EMF exposure and health problems. Individual susceptibility and environmental factors are frequently neglected. New wireless technologies and applications have been introduced without any certainty about their health effects, raising new challenges for medicine and society. For instance, the issue of so-called non-thermal effects and potential long-term effects of low-dose exposure were scarcely investigated prior to the introduction of these technologies. Common EMF sources include Wi-Fi access points, routers and clients, cordless and mobile phones including their base stations, Bluetooth devices, ELF magnetic fields from net currents, ELF electric fields from electric lamps and wiring close to the bed and office desk. On the one hand, there is strong evidence that long-term-exposure to certain EMF exposures is a risk factor for diseases such as certain cancers, Alzheimer's disease and male infertility. On the other hand, the emerging electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is more and more recognized by health authorities, disability administrators and case workers, politicians, as well as courts of law. We recommend treating EHS clinically as part of the group of chronic multisystem illnesses (CMI) leading to a functional impairment (EHS), but still recognizing that the underlying cause remains the environment. In the beginning, EHS symptoms often occur only occasionally, but over time they may increase in frequency and severity. Common EHS symptoms include headaches, concentration difficulties, sleeping problems, depression, lack of energy, fatigue and flu-like symptoms. A comprehensive medical history, which should include all symptoms and their occurrences in spatial and temporal terms and in the context of EMF exposures, is the key to the diagnosis. The EMF exposure can be assessed by asking for typical sources like Wi-Fi access points, routers and clients, cordless and mobile phones and measurements at home and at work. It is very important to take the individual susceptibility into account. The primary method of treatment should mainly focus on the prevention or reduction of EMF exposure, that is, reducing or eliminating all sources of EMF at home and in the workplace. The reduction of EMF exposure should also be extended to public spaces such as schools, hospitals, public transport, and libraries to enable persons with EHS an unhindered use (accessibility measure). If a detrimental EMF exposure is reduced sufficiently, the body has a chance to recover and EHS symptoms will be reduced or even disappear. Many examples have shown that such measures can prove effective. Also the survival rate of children with leukemia depends on ELF magnetic field exposure at home. To increase the effectiveness of the treatment, the broad range of other environmental factors that contribute to the total body burden should also be addressed. Anything that supports a balanced homeostasis will increase a person's resilience against disease and thus against the adverse effects of EMF exposure. There is increasing evidence that EMF exposure has a major impact on the oxidative and nitrosative regulation capacity in affected individuals. This concept also may explain why the level of susceptibility to EMF can change and why the number of symptoms reported in the context of EMF exposures is so large. Based on our current understanding, a treatment approach that minimizes the adverse effects of peroxynitrite - as has been increasingly used in the treatment of multisystem disorders - works best. This EMF Guideline gives an overview of the current knowledge regarding EMF-related health risks and provides concepts for the diagnosis and treatment and accessibility measures of EHS to improve and restore individual health outcomes as well as for the development of strategies for prevention.
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Health Implications of Electromagnetic Fields, Mechanisms of Action, and Research Needs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/198609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been implicated to influence a range of bodily functions. Given their ubiquitous nature, widespread applications, and capability to produce deleterious effects, conclusive investigations of the health risks are critical. Accordingly, this paper has been constructed to weigh the bioeffects, possible biointeraction mechanisms, and research areas in bioelectromagnetics seeking immediate attention. The several gaps in the existing knowledge do not permit one to reach a concrete conclusion but possibility for harmful effects cannot be underestimated in absence of consistent findings and causal mechanisms. Several studies with appropriate methodologies reflect the capacity of electromagnetic radiations to cause adverse health effects and there are several credible mechanisms that can account for the observed effects. Hence, need of the hour is to activate comprehensive well-coordinated blind scientific investigations, overcoming all limitations and demerits of previous investigations especially replication studies to concretize the earlier findings. Furthermore, appropriate exposure assessment is crucial for identification of dose-response relation if any, and the elucidation of biological interaction mechanism. For the time being, the public should follow the precautionary principle and limit their exposure as much as possible.
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Seifirad S, Farzampour S, Nourbakhsh M, Amoli MM, Razzaghy-Azar M, Larijani B. Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on paraoxonase serum activity and lipid peroxidation metabolites in rat. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13:85. [PMID: 25152870 PMCID: PMC4141961 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-014-0085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherogenic effects of ELF-MF exposure have not been studied well so far. Therefore we have hypothesized that ELF-MF exposure might have atherogenic effect by impairing antioxidant function and increasing lipid peroxidation. This study was therefore undertaken to examine the effects of ELF-MF on paraoxonase (PON) activity, antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation metabolites. Effects of time on remodeling of antioxidant system were also investigated in this study. METHODS Seventy five Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups as follows: 1) Sham exposure, 2) Single exposure to 60 Hz, sacrificed immediately after exposure, 3) Single exposure to 60 Hz, sacrificed 72 hours after exposure, 4) Fourteen days of exposure to 60 Hz, sacrificed immediately after exposure, and 5) Fourteen days of exposure to 60 Hz, sacrificed 72 hours after exposure. Blood samples were collected and analyzed. The results were compared using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey HSD for multiple caparisons. RESULTS Single ELF-MF exposure significantly increased lipid peroxidation (CD and MDA) and increased antioxidant serum activity (HDL, paraoxonase activity, and serum total antioxidant capacity). Chronic ELF-MF exposure increased lipid peroxidation and affected antioxidant system. Free fatty acids levels were significantly increased after both single and two weeks exposure. Chronic exposure led to irreversible changes while acute exposure tended to reversible alterations on above mentioned parameters. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this study, ELF-MF exposure could impair oxidant-antioxidant function and might increase oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant capability was dependent on the duration and continuity of ELF-MF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soroush Seifirad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Farzampour
- Electromagnetic Waves Research Center, Artesh University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mitra Nourbakhsh
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Mohammad Amoli
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Razzaghy-Azar
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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LI Y, ZHANG C, SONG T. Disturbance of the Magnetic Field Did Not Affect Spatial Memory. Physiol Res 2014; 63:377-85. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) has been suggested to influence the cognitive capability but this should be dynamically evaluated in a longitudinal study. Previous training can affect performance, but the influence under magnetic field is unclear. This study aims to evaluate the effects of previous training and ELF-MF exposure on learning and memory using the Morris water maze (MWM). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MWM training, ELF-MF exposure (50 Hz, 100 µT), or ELF-MF exposure combined with MWM training for 90 days. Normal rats were used as controls. The MWM was used to test. The data show that the rats exposed to training and ELF-MF with training performed better on spatial acquisition when re-tested. However, during the probe trial the rats showed no change between the training phase and the test phase. Compared with the control group, the ELF-MF group showed no significant differences. These results confirm that previous training can improve the learning and memory capabilities regarding spatial acquisition in the MWM and this effect can last for at least 90 days. However, this improvement in learning and memory capabilities was not observed during the probe trial. Furthermore, ELF-MF exposure did not interfere with the improvement in learning and memory capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T. SONG
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhang C, Li Y, Wang C, Lv R, Song T. Extremely low-frequency magnetic exposure appears to have no effect on pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease in aluminum-overloaded rat. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71087. [PMID: 23951088 PMCID: PMC3741340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) has been reported to be of potential pathogenetic relevance to Alzheimer's disease (AD) for years. However, evidence confirming this function remains inconclusive. Chronic Al treatment has been identified as a contributing factor to cognitive function impairment in AD. This study aims to examine whether or not ELF-MF and Al have synergistic effects toward AD pathogenesis by investigating the effects of ELF-MF with or without chronic Al treatment on SD rats. Methods Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were subjected one of the following treatments: sham (control group), oral Al (Al group), ELF-MF (100 µT at 50 Hz) with oral Al (MF+Al group), or ELF-MF (100 µT at 50 Hz) without oral Al (MF group). Results After 12 wk of treatment, oral Al treatment groups (Al and MF+Al groups) showed learning and memory impairment as well as morphological hallmarks, including neuronal cell loss and high density of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. ELF-MF without Al treatment showed no significant effect on AD pathogenesis. ELF-MF+Al treatment induced no more damage than Al treatment did. Conclusions Our results showed no evidence of any association between ELF-MF exposure (100 µT at 50 Hz) and AD, and ELF-MF exposure does not influence the pathogenesis of AD induced by Al overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruili Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Wang X, Zhao K, Wang D, Adams W, Fu Y, Sun H, Liu X, Yu H, Ma Y. Effects of exposure to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field during the early adolescent period on spatial memory in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2013; 34:275-84. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Foroozandeh E, Derakhshan-Barjoei P, Jadidi M. Toxic effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic field on memory consolidation in male and female mice. Toxicol Ind Health 2012; 29:293-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233711433931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the effect of exposure to an 8 mT, 50 Hz extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (ELF EMF) on memory consolidation of adult male and female mice was studied. For this purpose male and female mice were randomly distributed among six groups ( n = 10 in each group). Using passive avoidance task, despite its natural tendency, mouse learns to stay on a small platform to avoidant electric shock. Immediately after the learning session, laboratory animals in the experimental groups were placed in an 8 mT, 50 Hz sinusoidal EMF for 4 h. The second male and female groups were sham exposed (exposure device off) and the third groups were considered as the controls. Twenty-four hours after the learning session, the animals were placed on small platform again and step-down latency was measured as the memory consolidation index. Significant ( p < 0.05) decreases were determined among groups in memory function and results showed that exposure to an 8 mT, 50 Hz EMF for 4 h has devastating effects on memory consolidation in male and female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Foroozandeh
- Department of Psychology, Young Researchers Club, Naein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
| | - Pouya Derakhshan-Barjoei
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Young Researchers Club, Naein Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
| | - Mohsen Jadidi
- Department of Psychology, Young Researchers Club, Bandargaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Iran
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Chen Y, Mao Y, Zhou D, Hu X, Wang J, Ma Y. Environmental enrichment and chronic restraint stress in ICR mice: effects on prepulse inhibition of startle and Y-maze spatial recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2010; 212:49-55. [PMID: 20359501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In most studies regarding the improving or therapeutical effects induced by enriched environment (EE), EE was performed after the stress treatment or in patients with certain diseases. In the current study, the effects of chronic restraint stress (6h/day) in mice living in an enriched environment or standard environment (SE) were tested. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: non-stressed or stressed mice housed in SE or EE conditions (SE, stress+SE, EE, stress+EE). Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle was tested after the 2 weeks or 4 weeks stress and/or EE treatment and 1 or 2 weeks withdrawal from the 4 weeks treatment. After the 4 weeks treatment, spatial recognition memory in Y-maze was also tested. The results showed that EE increased PPI in stressed and non-stressed mice after 2 weeks treatment. No effect of EE on PPI was found after the 4 weeks treatment. 4 weeks chronic restraint stress increased PPI in mice housed in standard but not EE conditions. Stressed mice showed deficits on the 1h delay version of the Y-maze which could be prevented by living in an enriched environment. Our results indicated that living in an enriched environment reversed the impairing effects of chronic restraint stress on spatial recognition memory. However, EE did not change the effects of stress on PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, #32 Jiao Chang Dong Lu, Kunming, Yunnan, 650223, PR China
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Tehranipou M, Kafaee M. Effects of Exposure to Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field of 4 μT
Intensity on Spatial Memory and Learning in Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/jbs.2010.67.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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