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Abstract
In general, growth and differentiation are mutually exclusive, but they are cooperatively regulated during the course of development. Thus, the process of a cell's transition from growth to differentiation is of general importance for the development of organisms, and terminally differentiated cells such as nerve cells never divide. Meanwhile, the growth rate speeds up when cells turn malignant. The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum grows and multiplies as long as nutrients are supplied, and its differentiation is triggered by starvation. A critical checkpoint (growth/differentiation transition or GDT point), from which cells start differentiating in response to starvation, has been precisely specified in the cell cycle of D. discoideum Ax-2 cells. Accordingly, integration of GDT point-specific events with starvation-induced events is needed to understand the mechanism regulating GDTs. A variety of intercellular and intracellular signals are involved positively or negatively in the initiation of differentiation, making a series of cross-talks. As was expected from the presence of the GDT point, the cell's positioning in cell masses and subsequent cell-type choices occur depending on the cell's phase in the cell cycle at the onset of starvation. Since novel and multiple functions of mitochondria in various respects of development including the initiation of differentiation have been directly realized in Dictyostelium cells, they are also reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Maeda
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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2
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Nanjundiah V, Sathe S. Social selection and the evolution of cooperative groups: The example of the cellular slime moulds. Integr Biol (Camb) 2011; 3:329-42. [PMID: 21264374 DOI: 10.1039/c0ib00115e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vidyanand Nanjundiah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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3
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Salger K, Wetterauer B. Aberrant folate response and premature development in a mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum. Differentiation 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2000.660406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Chen G, Kuspa A. Prespore cell fate bias in G1 phase of the cell cycle in Dictyostelium discoideum. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2005; 4:1755-64. [PMID: 16215182 PMCID: PMC1265904 DOI: 10.1128/ec.4.10.1755-1764.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
By generating a population of Dictyostelium cells that are in the G1 phase of the cell cycle we have examined the influence of cell cycle status on cell fate specification, cell type proportioning and its regulation, and terminal differentiation. The lack of observable mitosis during the development of these cells and the quantification of their cellular DNA content suggests that they remain in G1 throughout development. Furthermore, chromosomal DNA synthesis was not detectable these cells, indicating that no synthesis phase had occurred, although substantial mitochondrial DNA synthesis did occur in prespore cells. The G1-phase cells underwent normal morphological development and sporulation but displayed an elevated prespore/prestalk ratio of 5.7 compared to the 3.0 (or 3:1) ratio normally observed in populations dominated by G2-phase cells. When migrating slugs produced by G1-phase cells were bisected, each half could reestablish the 5.7 (or 5.7:1) prespore/prestalk ratio. These results demonstrate that Dictyostelium cells can carry out the entire developmental cycle in the G1 phase of the cell cycle and that passage from G2 into G1 phase is not required for sporulation. Our results also suggest that the population asymmetry provided by the distribution of cells around the cell cycle at the time of starvation is not strictly required for cell type proportioning. Finally, when developed together with G2-phase cells, G1-phase cells preferentially become prespore cells and exclude G2-phase cells from the prespore-spore cell population, suggesting that G1-phase cells have an advantage over G2-phase cells in executing the spore cell differentiation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokai Chen
- Verna and Mars McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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5
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Maeda Y. Regulation of growth and differentiation in Dictyostelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2005; 244:287-332. [PMID: 16157183 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)44007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In general, growth and differentiation are mutually exclusive, but they are cooperatively regulated during the course of development. Thus, the process of a cell's transition from growth to differentiation is of general importance not only for the development of organisms but also for the initiation of malignant transformation, in which this process is reversed. The cellular slime mold Dictyostelium, a wonderful model organism, grows and multiplies as long as nutrients are supplied, and its differentiation is triggered by starvation. A strict checkpoint (growth/differentiation transition or GDT point), from which cells start differentiating in response to starvation, has been specified in the cell cycle of D. discoideum Ax-2 cells. Accordingly, integration of GDT point-specific events with starvation-induced events is needed to understand the mechanism regulating GDTs. A variety of intercellular and intracellular signals are involved positively or negatively in the initiation of differentiation, making a series of cross-talks. As was expected from the presence of GDT points, the cell's positioning in cell masses and subsequent cell-type choices occur depending on the cell's phase in the cell cycle at the onset of starvation. Since novel and somewhat unexpected multiple functions of mitochondria in cell movement, differentiation, and pattern formation have been well realized in Dictyostelium cells, they are reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Maeda
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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6
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Chen G, Shaulsky G, Kuspa A. Tissue-specific G1-phase cell-cycle arrest prior to terminal differentiation in Dictyostelium. Development 2004; 131:2619-30. [PMID: 15128662 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle status of developing Dictyostelium cells remains unresolved because previous studies have led to conflicting interpretations. We propose a new model of cell cycle events during development. We observe mitosis of about 50% of the cells between 12 and 18 hours of development. Cellular DNA content profiles obtained by flow cytometry and quantification of extra-chromosomal and chromosomal DNA suggest that the daughter cells have half the chromosomal DNA of vegetative cells. Furthermore, little chromosomal DNA synthesis occurs during development, indicating that no S phase occurs. The DNA content in cells sorted by fluorescent tissue-specific reporters indicates that prespore cells divide before prestalk cells and later encapsulate as G1-arrested spores. Consistent with this, germinating spores have one copy of their chromosomes, as judged by fluorescence in situ hybridization and they replicate their chromosomes before mitosis of the emergent amoebae. The DNA content of mature stalk cells suggests that they also attain a G1 state prior to terminal differentiation. As prestalk cells appear to be in G2 up to 22 hours of development, our data suggest that they divide just prior to stalk formation. Our results suggest tissue-specific regulation of G1 phase cell cycle arrest prior to terminal differentiation in Dictyostelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guokai Chen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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7
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Sawai S, Hirano T, Maeda Y, Sawada Y. Rapid patterning and zonal differentiation in a two-dimensionalDictyosteliumcell mass: the role of pH and ammonia. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:2583-90. [PMID: 12151364 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.17.2583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYRecently it was demonstrated that a rapidly forming, self-organizing pattern that emerges within two-dimensional Dictyostelium discoideumcell cultures could later give rise to stripes of distinct zones, each comprising different cell types. Here we report physiological aspects of the initial rapid patterning and its relationship to cell differentiation. We found that as the temperature is lowered the characteristic length of the pattern increases. From this we estimated the activation energy of the patterning kinetics. Fluorescence of fluorescein-conjugated dextran revealed that the cytosolic pH of cells in the inside zone becomes lower than that in the outer zone facing the air. The patterning could be inhibited by addition of the plasma-membrane proton pump inhibitors diethystilbestrol (DES) or miconazole. Preincubation of cells with weak acid delayed the timing of the patterning, whereas weak base hastened it. A pH-indicating dye revealed localized accumulation of ammonia in the extracellular space. These results suggest that gradients of secreted metabolites may be directly responsible for the rapid patterning and its consequence on cell differentiation in a confined geometrical situation. Possible diffusible candidate molecules and a reaction scheme coupled to the imposed oxygen gradient are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Sawai
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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Aubry L, Firtel R. Integration of signaling networks that regulate Dictyostelium differentiation. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1999; 15:469-517. [PMID: 10611970 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In Dictyostelium amoebae, cell-type differentiation, spatial patterning, and morphogenesis are controlled by a combination of cell-autonomous mechanisms and intercellular signaling. A chemotactic aggregation of approximately 10(5) cells leads to the formation of a multicellular organism. Cell-type differentiation and cell sorting result in a small number of defined cell types organized along an anteroposterior axis. Finally, a mature fruiting body is created by the terminal differentiation of stalk and spore cells. Analysis of the regulatory program demonstrates a role for several molecules, including GSK-3, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), that control spatial patterning in metazoans. Unexpectedly, two component systems containing histidine kinases and response regulators also play essential roles in controlling Dictyostelium development. This review focuses on the role of cAMP, which functions intracellularly to mediate the activity of PKA, an essential component in aggregation, cell-type specification, and terminal differentiation. Cytoplasmic cAMP levels are controlled through both the regulated activation of adenylyl cyclases and the degradation by a phosphodiesterase containing a two-component system response regulator. Extracellular cAMP regulates G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways to control aggregation as well as the activity of GSK-3 and the transcription factors GBF and STATa during multicellular development. The integration of these pathways with others regulated by the morphogen DIF-1 to control cell fate decisions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Aubry
- CEA-Grenoble DBMS/BBSI, France
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9
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Abstract
A key step in the development of all multicellular organisms is the differentiation of specialized cell types. The eukaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum provides a unique experimental system for studying cell-type determination and spatial patterning in a developing multicellular organism. Unlike metazoans, which become multicellular by undergoing many rounds of cell division after fertilization of an egg, the social amoeba Dictyostelium achieves multicellularity by the aggregation of approximately 10(5) cells in response to nutrient depletion. Following aggregation, cell-type differentiation and morphogenesis result in a multicellular organism with only a few cell types that exhibit a defined patterning along the anterior-posterior axis of the organism. Analysis of the mechanisms that control these processes is facilitated by the relative simplicity of Dictyostelium development and the availability of molecular, genetic, and cell biological tools. Interestingly, analysis has shown that many molecules that play integral roles in the development of higher eukaryotes, such as PKA, STATs, and GSK-3, are also essential for cell-type differentiation and patterning in Dictyostelium. The role of these and other signaling pathways in the induction, maintenance, and patterning of cell types during Dictyostelium development is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brown
- Center for Molecular Genetics, Department of Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0634, USA
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Mohanty S, Firtel RA. Control of spatial patterning and cell-type proportioning in Dictyostelium. Semin Cell Dev Biol 1999; 10:597-607. [PMID: 10706824 DOI: 10.1006/scdb.1999.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spatial patterning of prestalk and prespore cells in the slug arises from the differential sorting of newly differentiated cell types as the mound forms. This pattern is highly organized along an anterior-posterior axis and is constant irrespective of the size of the organism. Cell-type differentiation is plastic until late in development. A change in the ratio of cell types resulting from removal of part of the slug leads to a rapid restoration of the original ratio of the cell types through a pathway involving dedifferentiation, redifferentiation, and sorting of the existing cells. This review provides insight into various molecules, morphogens, and pathways regulating spatial patterning and cell-type proportioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohanty
- Department of Biology, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0634, USA
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Agarwal AK, Parrish SN, Blumberg DD. Ribosomal protein gene expression is cell type specific during development in Dictyostelium discoideum. Differentiation 1999; 65:73-88. [PMID: 10550541 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1999.6520073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Starvation for amino acids initiates the developmental cycle in the cellular slime mold, Dictyostelium discoideum. Upon starvation one of the earliest developmental events is the selective loss of the ribosomal protein mRNAs from polysomes. This loss depends upon sequences in the 5' non-translated leader of the ribosomal protein (r-protein) mRNAs. Here evidence is presented which indicates that those cells which will become prestalk cells express the ribosomal protein genes during development under starvation conditions. Cells which enter the prespore pathway shut off r-protein synthesis. The promoter and 5' non-translated leader sequences from two ribosomal protein genes, the rp-L11 and the rp-S9 genes, are fused to the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase reporter gene. While beta-galactosidase enzyme activity is detected in situ in most growing cells, by 15 h of development beta-galactosidase enzyme activity is largely lost from the prespore cells although strong beta-galactosidase enzyme activity is present in the prestalk cells. These observations suggest the possibility that the ribosomal protein mRNAs are excluded from polysomes in a cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Agarwal
- Department of Biological Science, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Araki T, Abe T, Williams JG, Maeda Y. Symmetry breaking in Dictyostelium morphogenesis: evidence that a combination of cell cycle stage and positional information dictates cell fate. Dev Biol 1997; 192:645-8. [PMID: 9441695 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1997.8784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The event that visibly breaks the symmetry of the Dictyostelium aggregate is the formation of a nipple-shaped tip at its apex, but there has been considerable debate as to the equivalence of cells entering development, particularly with regard to the effect of cell cycle position at the onset of starvation. We show that there is a strong correlation between cell cycle position at the time of starvation and the subsequent expression of a marker of tip cell differentiation. Cells starved in late-G2 phase selectively differentiate into tip cells. Previous evidence indicated that tip cells differentiate at the extreme periphery of the aggregate and then move to the apex. Taken in combination, these data suggest that cell cycle position at the onset of starvation affects differentiation fate by determining a cell's probable position within the aggregate, i.e., that both cell cycle and positional information are used to generate pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Araki
- Biological Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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13
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Okafuji T, Abe F, Maeda Y. Antisense-mediated regulation of Annexin VII gene expression during the transition from growth to differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Gene 1997; 189:49-56. [PMID: 9161411 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00832-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Annexin VII is believed to be required for proper Ca(2+)-homeostasis in Dictyostelium discoideum cells. As was previously reported, the expression of Annexin VII gene increased during the transition of D. discoideum Ax-2 cells from growth to differentiation. We have casually cloned an interesting gene, Quit3, by the differential plaque hybridization. Quit3 had no coding region, and was expressed more predominantly in the growth phase than in the differentiation phase. Unexpectedly, this gene was found to encode the complementary sequence of Annexin VII. Therefore, it is most likely that the Quit3 mRNA may regulate the Annexin VII synthesis by the natural antisense transcript via an antisense RNA-RNA interaction, thus resulting in striking increase of Annexin VII production in the phase-shift of cells from growth to differentiation. Since Annexin VII is known to be coded for by a single gene in Dictyostelium, the antisense RNA seemed to be encoded in the same genetic locus as the Annexin VII mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okafuji
- Biological Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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14
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Arakane T, Maeda Y. Relevance of histone H1 kinase activity to the G2/M transition during the cell cycle ofDictyostelium discoideum. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 1997; 110:81-85. [PMID: 27520047 DOI: 10.1007/bf02506846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/1996] [Accepted: 11/19/1996] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The implication of histone H1 kinase activity for the G2/M transition during the cell cycle was investigated usingDictyostelium discoideum Ax-2. Histone H1 kinase with its activity was purified from cell extracts by the use of p13(suc1) affinity gel. In the vegetative cell cycle, the activity of histone H1 kinase including Cdc2 kinase was found using synchronized Ax-2 cells to be highest just before the entry into mitosis. The activity also was markedly enhanced just prior to the M phase from which developing cells (possibly prespore cells) reinitiate their cell cycle at the mound-tipped aggregate stage. These results strongly suggest the importance of Cdc2 kinase activity in the G2 to M phase transition during the cell cycle, as the case for other eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Arakane
- Biological Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, 980-77, Sendai, Japan
| | - Y Maeda
- Biological Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, 980-77, Sendai, Japan
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Amagai A, Maeda Y. Dictyostelium mucoroides cells exhibit cell cycle-dependent sorting behavior as observed in D. discoideum development. Dev Growth Differ 1996. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1996.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Early A, Abe T, Williams J. Evidence for positional differentiation of prestalk cells and for a morphogenetic gradient in Dictyostelium. Cell 1995; 83:91-9. [PMID: 7553878 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90237-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We present evidence that Dictyostelium slug tip cells, the pstA cells, may arise by positional differentiation, but at a site remote from that which they will eventually occupy. When first detectable, the pstA cells form a peripheral ring surrounding the other prestalk cell subtype, the pstO cells, but subsequently move above the pstO cells to form the tip. Because pstA cell differentiation requires a 10-fold higher concentration of differentiation-inducing factor, the stalk cell inducer, the initial patterning seems likely to reflect the existence of a morphogenetic gradient. The subsequent redistribution of the two cell types is explicable by their different rates of chemotaxis to cyclic AMP. These results help reconcile the two apparently opposing views of pattern formation in Dictyostelium, that there is positional differentiation and that pattern formation occurs by cell sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Early
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, England
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17
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Araki T, Maeda Y. Cell-cycle progression during the development of Dictyostelium discoideum and its relation to the subsequent cell-sorting in the multicellular structures. Dev Growth Differ 1995. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1995.t01-4-00002.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Firtel RA. Integration of signaling information in controlling cell-fate decisions in Dictyostelium. Genes Dev 1995; 9:1427-44. [PMID: 7601348 DOI: 10.1101/gad.9.12.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Firtel
- Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0634, USA
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19
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Abe F, Maeda Y. Specific expression of a gene encoding a novel calcium-binding protein, CAF-1, during transition of Dictyostelium cells from growth to differentiation. Dev Growth Differ 1995. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-169x.1995.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Weeks G, Weijer CJ. The Dictyostelium cell cycle and its relationship to differentiation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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21
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Ferguson TA, Vozenilek J, West CM. The Differentiation of a Cell Sorting Mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum. (cell sorting mutant/cell marker/lineage tracer/Dictyostelium discoideum/cellular slime mold). Dev Growth Differ 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.1994.00597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Abe F, Maeda Y. Precise expression of the cAMP receptor gene, CAR1, during transition from growth to differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum. FEBS Lett 1994; 342:239-41. [PMID: 8150078 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The gene expressions associated with the switch-over from cell proliferation of Dictyostelium discoideum to differentiation have been analyzed using temperature shift and differential plaque hybridization methods. Quit1 was cloned as a specifically expressed gene when cells were starved just before the PS point (putative shift point from growth to differentiation). The coding region of the Quit1 gene is identical to that of the cAMP receptor 1 (CAR1) gene, which is essential for development. Quit1 mRNA was specifically expressed just after starvation of cells at around the PS point, thus indicating the importance of CAR1 for cellular differentiation as well as the actual existence of the PS point.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Abe
- Biological Institute, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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