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Wang R, Leite DJ, Karadas L, Schiffer PH, Pechmann M. FGF signalling is involved in cumulus migration in the common house spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Dev Biol 2023; 494:35-45. [PMID: 36470448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental component during the development of most multicellular organisms. In the early spider embryo, the collective migration of signalling cells, known as the cumulus, is required to set the dorsoventral body axis. Here, we show that FGF signalling plays an important role during cumulus migration in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Spider embryos with reduced FGF signalling show reduced or absent cumulus migration and display dorsoventral patterning defects. Our study reveals that the transcription factor Ets4 regulates the expression of several FGF signalling components in the cumulus. In conjunction with a previous study, we show that the expression of fgf8 in the germ-disc is regulated via the Hedgehog signalling pathway. We also demonstrate that FGF signalling influences the BMP signalling pathway activity in the region around cumulus cells. Finally, we show that FGFR signalling might also influence cumulus migration in basally branching spiders and we propose that fgf8 might act as a chemo-attractant to guide cumulus cells towards the future dorsal pole of the spider embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixun Wang
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel J Leite
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Linda Karadas
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp H Schiffer
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Pechmann
- Institute for Zoology/Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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2
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Prpic NM, Pechmann M. Extraembryonic tissue in chelicerates: a review and outlook. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210269. [PMID: 36252223 PMCID: PMC9574639 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of extraembryonic membranes (EEMs) contributes to the proper development of many animals. In arthropods, the formation and function of EEMs have been studied best in insects. Regarding the development of extraembryonic tissue in chelicerates (spiders and relatives), most information is available for spiders (Araneae). Especially two populations of cells have been considered to represent EEMs in spiders. The first of these potential EEMs develops shortly after egg deposition, opposite to a radially symmetrical germ disc that forms in one hemisphere of the egg and encloses the yolk. The second tissue, which has been described as being extraembryonic is the so-called dorsal field, which is required to cover the dorsal part of the developing spider germ rudiment before proper dorsal closure. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the formation of potential extraembryonic structures in the Chelicerata. We describe the early embryogenesis of spiders and other chelicerates, with a special focus on the formation of the potential extraembryonic tissues. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola-Michael Prpic
- Justus-Liebig-Universitaet Giessen, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Entwicklungsbiologie, AG Zoologie mit dem Schwerpunkt Molekulare Entwicklungsbiologie, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 38, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias Pechmann
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, Biocenter, Zuelpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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3
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Gainett G, Sharma PP. Genomic resources and toolkits for developmental study of whip spiders (Amblypygi) provide insights into arachnid genome evolution and antenniform leg patterning. EvoDevo 2020; 11:18. [PMID: 32874529 PMCID: PMC7455915 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-020-00163-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The resurgence of interest in the comparative developmental study of chelicerates has led to important insights, such as the discovery of a genome duplication shared by spiders and scorpions, inferred to have occurred in the most recent common ancestor of Arachnopulmonata (a clade comprising the five arachnid orders that bear book lungs). Nonetheless, several arachnid groups remain understudied in the context of development and genomics, such as the order Amblypygi (whip spiders). The phylogenetic position of Amblypygi in Arachnopulmonata posits them as an interesting group to test the incidence of the proposed genome duplication in the common ancestor of Arachnopulmonata, as well as the degree of retention of duplicates over 450 Myr. Moreover, whip spiders have their first pair of walking legs elongated and modified into sensory appendages (a convergence with the antennae of mandibulates), but the genetic patterning of these antenniform legs has never been investigated. RESULTS We established genomic resources and protocols for cultivation of embryos and gene expression assays by in situ hybridization to study the development of the whip spider Phrynus marginemaculatus. Using embryonic transcriptomes from three species of Amblypygi, we show that the ancestral whip spider exhibited duplications of all ten Hox genes. We deploy these resources to show that paralogs of the leg gap genes dachshund and homothorax retain arachnopulmonate-specific expression patterns in P. marginemaculatus. We characterize the expression of leg gap genes Distal-less, dachshund-1/2 and homothorax-1/2 in the embryonic antenniform leg and other appendages, and provide evidence that allometry, and by extension the antenniform leg fate, is specified early in embryogenesis. CONCLUSION This study is the first step in establishing P. marginemaculatus as a chelicerate model for modern evolutionary developmental study, and provides the first resources sampling whip spiders for comparative genomics. Our results suggest that Amblypygi share a genome duplication with spiders and scorpions, and set up a framework to study the genetic specification of antenniform legs. Future efforts to study whip spider development must emphasize the development of tools for functional experiments in P. marginemaculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Gainett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Prashant P. Sharma
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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Oda H, Iwasaki-Yokozawa S, Usui T, Akiyama-Oda Y. Experimental duplication of bilaterian body axes in spider embryos: Holm's organizer and self-regulation of embryonic fields. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:49-63. [PMID: 30972574 PMCID: PMC7128006 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-019-00631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bilaterally symmetric body plans of vertebrates and arthropods are defined by a single set of two orthogonal axes, the anterior-posterior (or head-tail) and dorsal-ventral axes. In vertebrates, and especially amphibians, complete or partial doubling of the bilaterian body axes can be induced by two different types of embryological manipulations: transplantation of an organizer region or bi-sectioning of an embryo. Such axis doubling relies on the ability of embryonic fields to flexibly respond to the situation and self-regulate toward forming a whole body. This phenomenon has facilitated experimental efforts to investigate the mechanisms of vertebrate body axes formation. However, few studies have addressed the self-regulatory capabilities of embryonic fields associated with body axes formation in non-vertebrate bilaterians. The pioneer spider embryologist Åke Holm reported twinning of spider embryos induced by both types of embryological manipulations in 1952; yet, his experiments have not been replicated by other investigators, and access to spider or non-vertebrate twins has been limited. In this review, we provide a historical background on twinning experiments in spiders, and an overview of current twinning approaches in familiar spider species and related molecular studies. Moreover, we discuss the benefits of the spider model system for a deeper understanding of the ancestral mechanisms of body axes formation in arthropods, as well as in bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Oda
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Sawa Iwasaki-Yokozawa
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
| | | | - Yasuko Akiyama-Oda
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Cell and Developmental Biology, JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Pechmann M. Embryonic development and secondary axis induction in the Brazilian white knee tarantula Acanthoscurria geniculata, C. L. Koch, 1841 (Araneae; Mygalomorphae; Theraphosidae). Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:75-94. [PMID: 32076811 PMCID: PMC7128004 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tarantulas represent some of the heaviest and most famous spiders. However, there is little information about the embryonic development of these spiders or their relatives (infraorder Mygalomorphae) and time-lapse recording of the embryonic development is entirely missing. I here describe the complete development of the Brazilian white knee tarantula, Acanthoscurria geniculata, in fixed and live embryos. The establishment of the blastoderm, the formation, migration and signalling of the cumulus and the shape changes that occur in the segment addition zone are analysed in detail. In addition, I show that there might be differences in the contraction process of early embryos of different theraphosid spider species. A new embryonic reference transcriptome was generated for this study and was used to clone and analyse the expression of several important developmental genes. Finally, I show that embryos of A. geniculata are amenable to tissue transplantation and bead insertion experiments. Using these functional approaches, I induced axis duplication in embryos via cumulus transplantation and ectopic activation of BMP signalling. Overall, the mygalomorph spider A. geniculata is a useful laboratory system to analyse evolutionary developmental questions, and the availability of such a system will help understanding conserved and divergent aspects of spider/chelicerate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pechmann
- Institute for Zoology, Department for Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
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6
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The forkhead box containing transcription factor FoxB is a potential component of dorsal-ventral body axis formation in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Dev Genes Evol 2020; 230:65-73. [PMID: 32034484 PMCID: PMC7128009 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-020-00650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the spider, determination of the dorsal-ventral body (DV) axis depends on the interplay of the dorsal morphogen encoding gene decapentaplegic (Dpp) and its antagonist, short gastrulation (sog), a gene that is involved in the correct establishment of ventral tissues. Recent work demonstrated that the forkhead domain encoding gene FoxB is involved in dorsal-ventral axis formation in spider limbs. Here, Dpp likely acts as a dorsal morphogen, and FoxB is likely in control of ventral tissues as RNAi-mediated knockdown of FoxB causes dorsalization of the limbs. In this study, we present phenotypes of FoxB knockdown that demonstrate a function in the establishment of the DV body axis. Knockdown of FoxB function leads to embryos with partially duplicated median germ bands (Duplicitas media) that are possibly the result of ectopic activation of Dpp signalling. Another class of phenotypes is characterized by unnaturally slim (dorsal-ventrally compressed) germ bands in which ventral tissue is either not formed, or is specified incorrectly, likely a result of Dpp over-activity. These results suggest that FoxB functions as an antagonist of Dpp signalling during body axis patterning, similarly as it is the case in limb development. FoxB thus represents a general player in the establishment of dorsal-ventral structures during spider ontogeny.
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7
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Panara V, Budd GE, Janssen R. Phylogenetic analysis and embryonic expression of panarthropod Dmrt genes. Front Zool 2019; 16:23. [PMID: 31303887 PMCID: PMC6604209 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-019-0322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One set of the developmentally important Doublesex and Male-abnormal-3 Related Transcription factors (Dmrt) is subject of intense research, because of their role in sex-determination and sexual differentiation. This likely non-monophyletic group of Dmrt genes is represented by the Drosophila melanogaster gene Doublesex (Dsx), the Caenorhabditis elegans Male-abnormal-3 (Mab-3) gene, and vertebrate Dmrt1 genes. However, other members of the Dmrt family are much less well studied, and in arthropods, including the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, data on these genes are virtually absent with respect to their embryonic expression and function. Results Here we investigate the complete set of Dmrt genes in members of all main groups of Arthropoda and a member of Onychophora, extending our data to Panarthropoda as a whole. We confirm the presence of at least four families of Dmrt genes (including Dsx-like genes) in Panarthropoda and study their expression profiles during embryogenesis. Our work shows that the expression patterns of Dmrt11E, Dmrt93B, and Dmrt99B orthologs are highly conserved among panarthropods. Embryonic expression of Dsx-like genes, however, is more derived, likely as a result of neo-functionalization after duplication. Conclusions Our data suggest deep homology of most of the panarthropod Dmrt genes with respect to their function that likely dates back to their last common ancestor. The function of Dsx and Dsx-like genes which are critical for sexual differentiation in animals, however, appears to be much less conserved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-019-0322-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Panara
- 1Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden.,Present address: Department for Immunology, Genetic and Pathology, Rudbeckslaboratoriet, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Graham E Budd
- 1Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ralf Janssen
- 1Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, Uppsala, Sweden
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8
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Favarolo MB, López SL. Notch signaling in the division of germ layers in bilaterian embryos. Mech Dev 2018; 154:122-144. [PMID: 29940277 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bilaterian embryos are triploblastic organisms which develop three complete germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). While the ectoderm develops mainly from the animal hemisphere, there is diversity in the location from where the endoderm and the mesoderm arise in relation to the animal-vegetal axis, ranging from endoderm being specified between the ectoderm and mesoderm in echinoderms, and the mesoderm being specified between the ectoderm and the endoderm in vertebrates. A common feature is that part of the mesoderm segregates from an ancient bipotential endomesodermal domain. The process of segregation is noisy during the initial steps but it is gradually refined. In this review, we discuss the role of the Notch pathway in the establishment and refinement of boundaries between germ layers in bilaterians, with special focus on its interaction with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Favarolo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular "Prof. Dr. Andrés E. Carrasco", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia L López
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencias "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Embriología Molecular "Prof. Dr. Andrés E. Carrasco", Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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9
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Hemmi N, Akiyama-Oda Y, Fujimoto K, Oda H. A quantitative study of the diversity of stripe-forming processes in an arthropod cell-based field undergoing axis formation and growth. Dev Biol 2018; 437:84-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Auman T, Chipman AD. The Evolution of Gene Regulatory Networks that Define Arthropod Body Plans. Integr Comp Biol 2018; 57:523-532. [PMID: 28957519 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the genetics of arthropod body plan development originally stems from work on Drosophila melanogaster from the late 1970s and onward. In Drosophila, there is a relatively detailed model for the network of gene interactions that proceeds in a sequential-hierarchical fashion to define the main features of the body plan. Over the years, we have a growing understanding of the networks involved in defining the body plan in an increasing number of arthropod species. It is now becoming possible to tease out the conserved aspects of these networks and to try to reconstruct their evolution. In this contribution, we focus on several key nodes of these networks, starting from early patterning in which the main axes are determined and the broad morphological domains of the embryo are defined, and on to later stage wherein the growth zone network is active in sequential addition of posterior segments. The pattern of conservation of networks is very patchy, with some key aspects being highly conserved in all arthropods and others being very labile. Many aspects of early axis patterning are highly conserved, as are some aspects of sequential segment generation. In contrast, regional patterning varies among different taxa, and some networks, such as the terminal patterning network, are only found in a limited range of taxa. The growth zone segmentation network is ancient and is probably plesiomorphic to all arthropods. In some insects, it has undergone significant modification to give rise to a more hardwired network that generates individual segments separately. In other insects and in most arthropods, the sequential segmentation network has undergone a significant amount of systems drift, wherein many of the genes have changed. However, it maintains a conserved underlying logic and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzach Auman
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel D Chipman
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel
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11
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Pechmann M, Benton MA, Kenny NJ, Posnien N, Roth S. A novel role for Ets4 in axis specification and cell migration in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28849761 PMCID: PMC5574703 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organizers play important roles during the embryonic development of many animals. The most famous example is the Spemann organizer that sets up embryonic axes in amphibian embryos. In spiders, a group of BMP secreting mesenchymal cells (the cumulus) functions as an organizer of the dorsoventral axis. Similar to experiments performed with the Spemann organizer, transplantation of the cumulus is able to induce a secondary axis in spiders. Despite the importance of this structure, it is unknown which factors are needed to activate cumulus specific gene expression. To address this question, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of early embryonic development in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Through this work, we found that the transcription factor Pt-Ets4 is needed for cumulus integrity, dorsoventral patterning and for the activation of Pt-hunchback and Pt-twist expression. Furthermore, ectopic expression of Pt-Ets4 is sufficient to induce cell delamination and migration by inducing a mesoderm-like cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pechmann
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthew A Benton
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nathan J Kenny
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nico Posnien
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Siegfried Roth
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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12
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Schwager EE, Sharma PP, Clarke T, Leite DJ, Wierschin T, Pechmann M, Akiyama-Oda Y, Esposito L, Bechsgaard J, Bilde T, Buffry AD, Chao H, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dugan S, Eibner C, Extavour CG, Funch P, Garb J, Gonzalez LB, Gonzalez VL, Griffiths-Jones S, Han Y, Hayashi C, Hilbrant M, Hughes DST, Janssen R, Lee SL, Maeso I, Murali SC, Muzny DM, Nunes da Fonseca R, Paese CLB, Qu J, Ronshaugen M, Schomburg C, Schönauer A, Stollewerk A, Torres-Oliva M, Turetzek N, Vanthournout B, Werren JH, Wolff C, Worley KC, Bucher G, Gibbs RA, Coddington J, Oda H, Stanke M, Ayoub NA, Prpic NM, Flot JF, Posnien N, Richards S, McGregor AP. The house spider genome reveals an ancient whole-genome duplication during arachnid evolution. BMC Biol 2017. [PMID: 28756775 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The duplication of genes can occur through various mechanisms and is thought to make a major contribution to the evolutionary diversification of organisms. There is increasing evidence for a large-scale duplication of genes in some chelicerate lineages including two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) in horseshoe crabs. To investigate this further, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of the common house spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. RESULTS We found pervasive duplication of both coding and non-coding genes in this spider, including two clusters of Hox genes. Analysis of synteny conservation across the P. tepidariorum genome suggests that there has been an ancient WGD in spiders. Comparison with the genomes of other chelicerates, including that of the newly sequenced bark scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus, suggests that this event occurred in the common ancestor of spiders and scorpions, and is probably independent of the WGDs in horseshoe crabs. Furthermore, characterization of the sequence and expression of the Hox paralogs in P. tepidariorum suggests that many have been subject to neo-functionalization and/or sub-functionalization since their duplication. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that spiders and scorpions are likely the descendants of a polyploid ancestor that lived more than 450 MYA. Given the extensive morphological diversity and ecological adaptations found among these animals, rivaling those of vertebrates, our study of the ancient WGD event in Arachnopulmonata provides a new comparative platform to explore common and divergent evolutionary outcomes of polyploidization events across eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn E Schwager
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Thomas Clarke
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, 204 West Washington Street, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Daniel J Leite
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Torsten Wierschin
- Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Pechmann
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Institute of Zoology, Zuelpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasuko Akiyama-Oda
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan
- Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lauren Esposito
- Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Jesper Bechsgaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine Bilde
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alexandra D Buffry
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cornelius Eibner
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Peter Funch
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jessica Garb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Luis B Gonzalez
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Vanessa L Gonzalez
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, MRC-163, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Sam Griffiths-Jones
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, D.1416 Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cheryl Hayashi
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Maarten Hilbrant
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Institute of Zoology, Zuelpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel S T Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio Maeso
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Shwetha C Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Nucleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SocioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 27941-222, Brazil
| | - Christian L B Paese
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Matthew Ronshaugen
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, D.1416 Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christoph Schomburg
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anna Schönauer
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Angelika Stollewerk
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK
| | - Montserrat Torres-Oliva
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Natascha Turetzek
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bram Vanthournout
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure group (EON), Biology Department, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - John H Werren
- Biology Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Carsten Wolff
- Humboldt-Universität of Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Philippstr.13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute, GZMB, Georg-August-University, Göttingen Campus, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jonathan Coddington
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, MRC-163, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA.
| | - Hiroki Oda
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mario Stanke
- Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Nadia A Ayoub
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, 204 West Washington Street, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA.
| | - Nikola-Michael Prpic
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Jean-François Flot
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, C.P. 160/12, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nico Posnien
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Alistair P McGregor
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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13
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Schwager EE, Sharma PP, Clarke T, Leite DJ, Wierschin T, Pechmann M, Akiyama-Oda Y, Esposito L, Bechsgaard J, Bilde T, Buffry AD, Chao H, Dinh H, Doddapaneni H, Dugan S, Eibner C, Extavour CG, Funch P, Garb J, Gonzalez LB, Gonzalez VL, Griffiths-Jones S, Han Y, Hayashi C, Hilbrant M, Hughes DST, Janssen R, Lee SL, Maeso I, Murali SC, Muzny DM, Nunes da Fonseca R, Paese CLB, Qu J, Ronshaugen M, Schomburg C, Schönauer A, Stollewerk A, Torres-Oliva M, Turetzek N, Vanthournout B, Werren JH, Wolff C, Worley KC, Bucher G, Gibbs RA, Coddington J, Oda H, Stanke M, Ayoub NA, Prpic NM, Flot JF, Posnien N, Richards S, McGregor AP. The house spider genome reveals an ancient whole-genome duplication during arachnid evolution. BMC Biol 2017; 15:62. [PMID: 28756775 PMCID: PMC5535294 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-017-0399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The duplication of genes can occur through various mechanisms and is thought to make a major contribution to the evolutionary diversification of organisms. There is increasing evidence for a large-scale duplication of genes in some chelicerate lineages including two rounds of whole genome duplication (WGD) in horseshoe crabs. To investigate this further, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of the common house spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Results We found pervasive duplication of both coding and non-coding genes in this spider, including two clusters of Hox genes. Analysis of synteny conservation across the P. tepidariorum genome suggests that there has been an ancient WGD in spiders. Comparison with the genomes of other chelicerates, including that of the newly sequenced bark scorpion Centruroides sculpturatus, suggests that this event occurred in the common ancestor of spiders and scorpions, and is probably independent of the WGDs in horseshoe crabs. Furthermore, characterization of the sequence and expression of the Hox paralogs in P. tepidariorum suggests that many have been subject to neo-functionalization and/or sub-functionalization since their duplication. Conclusions Our results reveal that spiders and scorpions are likely the descendants of a polyploid ancestor that lived more than 450 MYA. Given the extensive morphological diversity and ecological adaptations found among these animals, rivaling those of vertebrates, our study of the ancient WGD event in Arachnopulmonata provides a new comparative platform to explore common and divergent evolutionary outcomes of polyploidization events across eukaryotes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-017-0399-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn E Schwager
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Prashant P Sharma
- Department of Zoology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Thomas Clarke
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, 204 West Washington Street, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA.,Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,J. Craig Venter Institute, 9714 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Daniel J Leite
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Torsten Wierschin
- Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Pechmann
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Institute of Zoology, Zuelpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yasuko Akiyama-Oda
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan.,Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lauren Esposito
- Institute for Biodiversity Science and Sustainability, California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Jesper Bechsgaard
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine Bilde
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Alexandra D Buffry
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Hsu Chao
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Huyen Dinh
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - HarshaVardhan Doddapaneni
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shannon Dugan
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cornelius Eibner
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Cassandra G Extavour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Peter Funch
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jessica Garb
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Luis B Gonzalez
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Vanessa L Gonzalez
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, MRC-163, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA
| | - Sam Griffiths-Jones
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, D.1416 Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yi Han
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cheryl Hayashi
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Maarten Hilbrant
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Institute of Zoology, Zuelpicher Straße 47b, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel S T Hughes
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ralf Janssen
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sandra L Lee
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ignacio Maeso
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Shwetha C Murali
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Nucleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento SocioAmbiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, 27941-222, Brazil
| | - Christian L B Paese
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Jiaxin Qu
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Matthew Ronshaugen
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, D.1416 Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christoph Schomburg
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Anna Schönauer
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Angelika Stollewerk
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, E1 4NS, London, UK
| | - Montserrat Torres-Oliva
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Natascha Turetzek
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bram Vanthournout
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, building 1540, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Evolution and Optics of Nanostructure group (EON), Biology Department, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - John H Werren
- Biology Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Carsten Wolff
- Humboldt-Universität of Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Philippstr.13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kim C Worley
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gregor Bucher
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institute, GZMB, Georg-August-University, Göttingen Campus, Justus von Liebig Weg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Jonathan Coddington
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, MRC-163, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC, 20013-7012, USA.
| | - Hiroki Oda
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-1125, Japan. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Mario Stanke
- Ernst Moritz Arndt University Greifswald, Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Walther-Rathenau-Str. 47, 17487, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Nadia A Ayoub
- Department of Biology, Washington and Lee University, 204 West Washington Street, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA.
| | - Nikola-Michael Prpic
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Jean-François Flot
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, C.P. 160/12, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nico Posnien
- Department for Developmental Biology, University Goettingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut for Zoology and Anthropology, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Alistair P McGregor
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
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14
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Feitosa NM, Pechmann M, Schwager EE, Tobias-Santos V, McGregor AP, Damen WGM, Nunes da Fonseca R. Molecular control of gut formation in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Genesis 2017; 55. [PMID: 28432834 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of a digestive system is an essential feature of bilaterians. Studies of the molecular control of gut formation in arthropods have been studied in detail in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. However, little is known in other arthropods, especially in noninsect arthropods. To better understand the evolution of arthropod alimentary system, we investigate the molecular control of gut development in the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum (Pt), the primary chelicerate model species for developmental studies. Orthologs of the ectodermal genes Pt-wingless (Pt-wg) and Pt-hedgehog (Pt-hh), of the endodermal genes, Pt-serpent (Pt-srp) and Pt-hepatocyte-nuclear factor-4 (Pt-hnf4) and of the mesodermal gene Pt-twist (Pt-twi) are expressed in the same germ layers during spider gut development as in D. melanogaster. Thus, our expression data suggest that the downstream molecular components involved in gut development in arthropods are conserved. However, Pt-forkhead (Pt-fkh) expression and function in spiders is considerably different from its D. melanogaster ortholog. Pt-fkh is expressed before gastrulation in a cell population that gives rise to endodermal and mesodermal precursors, suggesting a possible role for this factor in specification of both germ layers. To test this hypothesis, we knocked down Pt-fkh via RNA interference. Pt-fkh RNAi embryos not only fail to develop a proper gut, but also lack the mesodermal Pt-twi expressing cells. Thus, in spiders Pt-fkh specifies endodermal and mesodermal germ layers. We discuss the implications of these findings for the evolution and development of gut formation in Ecdysozoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Martins Feitosa
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socio-Ambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, 27920-560, Brazil
| | - Matthias Pechmann
- Institute for Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, North-Rhine Westphalia, 50674, Germany
| | - Evelyn E Schwager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, 198 Riverside Street, Lowell, Massachusetts, 01854
| | - Vitória Tobias-Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socio-Ambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, 27920-560, Brazil
| | - Alistair P McGregor
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Wim G M Damen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 12, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Ciências Morfofuncionais, Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Socio-Ambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, 27920-560, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), 21941-599 Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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15
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Pechmann M. Formation of the germ-disc in spider embryos by a condensation-like mechanism. Front Zool 2016; 13:35. [PMID: 27525029 PMCID: PMC4982120 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-016-0166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Determination of the embryonic body axes is a crucial developmental process in all animals. The establishment of the embryonic axes of spiders has been best studied in the common-house-spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Here, anteroposterior (AP) polarity arises during germ disc formation; the centre of the germ-disc marks the future posterior pole, and the rim of the disc the future anterior pole of the spider embryo. The centre of the germ disc is also needed for the formation of the cumulus, a group of migratory cells needed to establish dorsoventral (DV) polarity. Thus, both body axes depend on proper germ disc formation and patterning. However, these processes have not been fully analysed at the cellular and molecular level. Results Here I present new techniques to stain the cell membranes/outlines in live and fixed spider embryos. I show that the germ-disc is formed from a regular and contiguous blastoderm and that co-ordinated cell shape changes, rather than migration of single cells, are required to drive germ-disc formation in P. tepidariorum embryos. Furthermore, I show that the rate of cell divisions within the embryonic and extra-embryonic region is not involved in the rapid establishment of the germ-disc. Finally, I show that the process of germ-disc formation is dependent on the initiation of zygotic transcription. Conclusions The presented data provide new insights in to the formation of the germ-disc in spider embryos. The establishment of the germ-disc in Parasteatoda embryos is a highly dynamic process that involves wide scale cell-shape changes. While most of the blastodermal cells become cuboidal to form the dense germ-disc, the remaining blastodermal cells stay squamous and develop into huge extra-embryonic, yolk rich cells. In addition, this study shows that the onset of zygotic transcription is needed to establish the germ-disc itself, and that the mid-blastula transition of Parasteatoda tepidariorum embryos is prior to any overt axis establishment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0166-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pechmann
- University of Cologne, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Str. 47B, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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16
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Toll Genes Have an Ancestral Role in Axis Elongation. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1609-1615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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17
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Akiyama-Oda Y, Oda H. Multi-color FISH facilitates analysis of cell-type diversification and developmental gene regulation in theParasteatodaspider embryo. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:215-24. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Akiyama-Oda
- JT Biohistory Research Hall; 1-1 Murasaki-cho 569-1125 Takatsuki Osaka 569-1125 Japan
- Microbiology and Infection Control; Osaka Medical College; 2-7 Daigaku-machi 569-8686 Takatsuki, Osaka Japan
| | - Hiroki Oda
- JT Biohistory Research Hall; 1-1 Murasaki-cho 569-1125 Takatsuki Osaka 569-1125 Japan
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18
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Edgar A, Bates C, Larkin K, Black S. Gastrulation occurs in multiple phases at two distinct sites in Latrodectus and Cheiracanthium spiders. EvoDevo 2015; 6:33. [PMID: 26500757 PMCID: PMC4618530 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The longstanding canonical model of spider gastrulation posits that cell internalization occurs only at a unitary central blastopore; and that the cumulus (dorsal organizer) arises from within the early deep layer by cell-cell interaction. Recent work has begun to challenge the canonical model by demonstrating cell internalization at extra-blastoporal sites in two species (Parasteatoda tepidariorum and Zygiella x-notata); and showing in Zygiella that the prospective cumulus internalizes first, before other cells are present in the deep layer. The cell behaviors making up spider gastrulation thus appear to show considerable variation, and a wider sampling of taxa is indicated. RESULTS We evaluated the model in three species from two families by direct observation of living embryos. Movements of individual cells were traced from timelapse recordings and the origin and fate of the cumulus determined by CM-DiI labeling. We show that there are two distinct regions of internalization: most cells enter the deep layer via the central blastopore but many additional cells ingress via an extra-blastoporal ring, either at the periphery of the germ disc (Latrodectus spp.) or nearer the central field (Cheiracanthium mildei). In all species, the cumulus cells internalize first; this is shown by tracing cells in timelapse, histology, and by CM-DiI injection into the deep layer. Injection very early in gastrulation labels only cumulus mesenchyme cells whereas injections at later stages label non-cumulus mesoderm and endoderm. CONCLUSIONS We propose a revised model to accommodate the new data. Our working model has the prospective cumulus cells internalizing first, at the central blastopore. The cumulus cells begin migration before other cells enter the deep layer. This is consistent with early specification of the cumulus and suggests that cell-cell interaction with other deep layer cells is not required for its function. As the cumulus migrates, additional mesendoderm internalizes at two distinct locations: through the central blastopore and at an extra-blastoporal ring. Our work thus demonstrates early, cell-autonomous behavior of the cumulus and variation in subsequent location and timing of cell internalization during gastrulation in spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Edgar
- />Kleinholtz Biological Laboratories, Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 S.E. Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
- />Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Christine Bates
- />Kleinholtz Biological Laboratories, Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 S.E. Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA
| | - Kay Larkin
- />Kleinholtz Biological Laboratories, Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 S.E. Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
| | - Steven Black
- />Kleinholtz Biological Laboratories, Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 S.E. Woodstock Blvd, Portland, OR 97202 USA
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Santos VT, Ribeiro L, Fraga A, de Barros CM, Campos E, Moraes J, Fontenele MR, Araújo HM, Feitosa NM, Logullo C, da Fonseca RN. The embryogenesis of the TickRhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: The establishment of a new chelicerate model system. Genesis 2013; 51:803-18. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Tobias Santos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
| | - Lupis Ribeiro
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Amanda Fraga
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Cíntia Monteiro de Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Laboratório Integrado de Morfologia; Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental de Macaé (NUPEM), UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Eldo Campos
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moraes
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcio Ribeiro Fontenele
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Desenvolvimento; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Helena Marcolla Araújo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Desenvolvimento; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Natalia Martins Feitosa
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos; Universidade Estadual Norte Fluminense; Campos dos Goytacazes RJ, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca
- Laboratório Integrado de Bioquímica Hatisaburo Masuda (LIBHM), 1 - Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio Ambiental de Macaé NUPEM; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ-Campus Macaé); Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Produtos Bioativos e Biociências (PPGPRODBIO); UFRJ Macaé, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Hilbrant M, Damen WGM, McGregor AP. Evolutionary crossroads in developmental biology: the spider Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Development 2012; 139:2655-62. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.078204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spiders belong to the chelicerates, which is an arthropod group that branches basally from myriapods, crustaceans and insects. Spiders are thus useful models with which to investigate whether aspects of development are ancestral or derived with respect to the arthropod common ancestor. Moreover, they serve as an important reference point for comparison with the development of other metazoans. Therefore, studies of spider development have made a major contribution to advancing our understanding of the evolution of development. Much of this knowledge has come from studies of the common house spider, Parasteatoda tepidariorum. Here, we describe how the growing number of experimental tools and resources available to study Parasteatoda development have provided novel insights into the evolution of developmental regulation and have furthered our understanding of metazoan body plan evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Hilbrant
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Wim G. M. Damen
- Department of Genetics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alistair P. McGregor
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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21
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Akiyama-Oda Y. New Directions of EvoDevo: Revisiting Ideas of Professor Hotta. J Neurogenet 2012; 26:25-7. [DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2011.642429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Belu M, Mizutani CM. Variation in mesoderm specification across Drosophilids is compensated by different rates of myoblast fusion during body wall musculature development. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28970. [PMID: 22194964 PMCID: PMC3237579 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been shown that species separated by relatively short evolutionary distances may have extreme variations in egg size and shape. Those variations are expected to modify the polarized morphogenetic gradients that pattern the dorso-ventral axis of embryos. Currently, little is known about the effects of scaling over the embryonic architecture of organisms. We began examining this problem by asking if changes in embryo size in closely related species of Drosophila modify all three dorso-ventral germ layers or only particular layers, and whether or not tissue patterning would be affected at later stages. Principal Findings Here we report that changes in scale affect predominantly the mesodermal layer at early stages, while the neuroectoderm remains constant across the species studied. Next, we examined the fate of somatic myoblast precursor cells that derive from the mesoderm to test whether the assembly of the larval body wall musculature would be affected by the variation in mesoderm specification. Our results show that in all four species analyzed, the stereotyped organization of the body wall musculature is not disrupted and remains the same as in D. melanogaster. Instead, the excess or shortage of myoblast precursors is compensated by the formation of individual muscle fibers containing more or less fused myoblasts. Conclusions Our data suggest that changes in embryonic scaling often lead to expansions or retractions of the mesodermal domain across Drosophila species. At later stages, two compensatory cellular mechanisms assure the formation of a highly stereotyped larval somatic musculature: an invariable selection of 30 muscle founder cells per hemisegment, which seed the formation of a complete array of muscle fibers, and a variable rate in myoblast fusion that modifies the number of myoblasts that fuse to individual muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Belu
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Claudia M. Mizutani
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pechmann M, Khadjeh S, Turetzek N, McGregor AP, Damen WGM, Prpic NM. Novel function of Distal-less as a gap gene during spider segmentation. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002342. [PMID: 22028676 PMCID: PMC3197691 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite many aspects of the regulation of segmentation being conserved among arthropods, the evolution of novel gene functions has played an important role in the evolution of developmental regulation and the emergence of new segmental structures. Moreover the study of such novel gene functions can be informative with respect to the patterns and direction of evolutionary changes in developmental programs. The homeobox gene Distal-less (Dll) is known for its conserved function in appendage development in metazoans. In arthropods, Dll is required for the specification of distal appendage structures. Here we describe a novel and unexpected role of Dll in the spider Achaearanea tepidariorum. We detect At-Dll transcripts not only in the appendages, but unexpectedly also in an anterior domain during early development, prior to the specification of the limb primordia. A similar early Dll domain is present in the distantly related spider Pholcus phalangioides. In A. tepidariorum this early At-Dll expression is required for head segmentation. RNA interference results in spiders that lack either the first or the first and the second walking leg segments. The early At-Dll expression is also required for the activation of the segment polarity genes engrailed and hedgehog in this region. Our work identifies the Distal-less gene as a novel factor in anterior spider segmentation with a gap gene-like function. This novel role of Dll is interesting because Dll expression is reduced in this region in crustaceans and the homologous insect segment, the mandible segment, does not express Dll and does not require this gene for patterning. We therefore discuss the possible implications of our results for understanding the evolution and diversification of the mandible segment. The development and segmentation of the head of the fly Drosophila is one of the best-studied examples of how tissues become genetically specified during embryonic development. However, the mechanisms for head segmentation vary considerably among the arthropods. This is on the one hand surprising because the head consists of the same series of segments in all arthropods. On the other hand, changes in gene regulatory networks are the basis for the evolution of novel morphologies and biodiversity. In this paper, we describe our study of the Distal-less gene in the spider Achaearanea tepidariorum. Distal-less is well-known for its function in appendage development, but here we show that in the spider it also has a novel function during head segmentation that is not found in Drosophila or other arthropods. In Achaearanea the Distal-less gene is necessary for the formation of the first walking-leg segment, which is homologous to the mandible segment of the head of other arthropods. Intriguingly, the mandible segment in other arthropods exhibits reduced or missing Distal-less expression. Thus, our results suggest that this difference in the role of Distal-less in the first walking-leg/mandible segment of spiders and other arthropods may underlie the diversification of this segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pechmann
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Abteilung für Entwicklungsbiologie, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sara Khadjeh
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Abteilung für Entwicklungsbiologie, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Natascha Turetzek
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Abteilung für Entwicklungsbiologie, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alistair P. McGregor
- Institut für Populationsgenetik, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wim G. M. Damen
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Department of Genetics, Jena, Germany
| | - Nikola-Michael Prpic
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Abteilung für Entwicklungsbiologie, GZMB Ernst-Caspari-Haus, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lew-Tabor AE, Kurscheid S, Barrero R, Gondro C, Moolhuijzen PM, Rodriguez Valle M, Morgan JAT, Covacin C, Bellgard MI. Gene expression evidence for off-target effects caused by RNA interference-mediated gene silencing of Ubiquitin-63E in the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Int J Parasitol 2011; 41:1001-14. [PMID: 21712043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A E Lew-Tabor
- CRC for Beef Genetic Technologies, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
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Kanayama M, Akiyama-Oda Y, Oda H. Early embryonic development in the spider Achaearanea tepidariorum: Microinjection verifies that cellularization is complete before the blastoderm stage. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2010; 39:436-445. [PMID: 20601115 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The spider Achaearanea tepidariorum is emerging as a non-insect model for studying developmental biology. However, the availability of microinjection into early embryos of this spider has not been reported. We defined the early embryonic stages in A. tepidariorum and applied microinjection to its embryos. During the preblastoderm 16- and 32-nucleus stages, the energids were moving toward the egg periphery. When fluorochrome-conjugated dextran was microinjected into the peripheral region of 16-nucleus stage embryos, it was often incorporated into a single energid and inherited in the progeny without leaking out to surrounding energids. This suggested that 16-nucleus stage embryos consisted of compartments, each containing a single energid. These compartments were considered to be separate cells. Fluorochrome-conjugated dextran could be introduced into single cells of 16- to 128-nucleus stage embryos, allowing us to track cell fate and movement. Injection with mRNA encoding a nuclear localization signal/green fluorescent protein fusion construct demonstrated exogenous expression of the protein in live spider embryos. We propose that use of microinjection will facilitate studies of spider development. Furthermore, these data imply that in contrast to the Drosophila syncytial blastoderm embryo, the cell-based structure of the Achaearanea blastoderm embryo restricts diffusion of cytoplasmic gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kanayama
- JT Biohistory Research Hall, 1-1 Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Akiyama-Oda Y, Oda H. Cell migration that orients the dorsoventral axis is coordinated with anteroposterior patterning mediated by Hedgehog signaling in the early spider embryo. Development 2010; 137:1263-73. [PMID: 20332148 DOI: 10.1242/dev.045625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The early embryo of the spider Achaearanea tepidariorum is emerging as a model for the simultaneous study of cell migration and pattern formation. A cell cluster internalized at the center of the radially symmetric germ disc expresses the evolutionarily conserved dorsal signal Decapentaplegic. This cell cluster migrates away from the germ disc center along the basal side of the epithelium to the germ disc rim. This cell migration is thought to be the symmetry-breaking event that establishes the orientation of the dorsoventral axis. In this study, knockdown of a patched homolog, At-ptc, that encodes a putative negative regulator of Hedgehog (Hh) signaling, prevented initiation of the symmetry-breaking cell migration. Knockdown of a smoothened homolog, At-smo, showed that Hh signaling inactivation also arrested the cells at the germ disc center, whereas moderate inactivation resulted in sporadic failure of cell migration termination at the germ disc rim. hh transcript expression patterns indicated that the rim and outside of the germ disc were the source of the Hh ligand. Analyses of patterning events suggested that in the germ disc, short-range Hh signal promotes anterior specification and long-range Hh signal represses caudal specification. Moreover, negative regulation of Hh signaling by At-ptc appears to be required for progressive derepression of caudal specification from the germ disc center. Cell migration defects caused by At-ptc and At-smo knockdown correlated with patterning defects in the germ disc epithelium. We propose that the cell migration crucial for dorsoventral axis orientation in Achaearanea is coordinated with anteroposterior patterning mediated by Hh signaling.
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Delta-Notch signaling is involved in the segregation of the three germ layers in Xenopus laevis. Dev Biol 2010; 339:477-92. [PMID: 20079726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, the induction of the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm) has been extensively studied, but less is known about how they segregate. Here, we investigated whether Delta-Notch signaling is involved in this process. Activating the pathway in the marginal zone with Notch(ICD) resulted in an expansion of endodermal and neural ectoderm precursors, leaving a thinner mesodermal ring around the blastopore at gastrula stage, when germ layers are segregated. On the other hand, when the pathway was blocked with Delta-1(STU) or with an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide against Notch, the pan-mesodermal brachyury (bra) domain was expanded and the neural border was moved animalwards. Strikingly, the suprablastoporal endoderm was either expanded when Delta-1 signaling was blocked, or reduced after the general knock-down of Notch. In addition, either activating or blocking the pathway delays the blastopore closure. We conclude that the process of delimiting the three germ layers requires Notch signaling, which may be finely regulated by ligands and/or involve non-canonical components of the pathway. Moreover, Notch activity must be modulated at appropriate levels during this process in order to keep normal morphogenetic movements during gastrulation.
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Plouhinec JL, De Robertis EM. Systems biology of the self-regulating morphogenetic gradient of the Xenopus gastrula. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2009; 1:a001701. [PMID: 20066084 PMCID: PMC2742089 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a001701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The morphogenetic field concept was proposed by experimental embryologists to account for the self-regulative behavior of embryos. Such fields have remained an abstract concept until the recent identification of their molecular components using a combination of genetics, biochemistry, and theoretical modeling. One of the best studied models of a morphogenetic field is the Dorsal-Ventral (D-V) patterning of the early frog embryo. This patterning system is regulated by the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway and an intricate network of secreted protein antagonists. This biochemical pathway of interacting proteins functions in the extracellular space to generate a D-V gradient of BMP signaling, which is maintained during extensive morphogenetic movements of cell layers during gastrulation. The D-V field is divided into a dorsal and a ventral center, in regions of low and high BMP signaling respectively, under opposite transcriptional control by BMPs. The robustness of the patterning is assured at two different levels. First, in the extracellular space by secreted BMP antagonists that generate a directional flow of BMP ligands to the ventral side. The flow is driven by the regulated proteolysis of the Chordin inhibitor and by the presence of a molecular sink on the ventral side that concentrates BMP signals. The tolloid metalloproteinases and the Chordin-binding protein Crossveinless-2 (CV2) are key components of this ventral sink. Second, by transcriptional feedback at the cellular level: The dorsal and ventral signaling centers adjust their size and level of BMP signaling by transcriptional feedback. This allows cells on one side of a gastrula containing about 10,000 cells to communicate with cells in the opposite pole of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E. M. De Robertis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662
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