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Forbes G, Chen ZH, Kin K, Schaap P. Novel RNAseq-Informed Cell-type Markers and Their Regulation Alter Paradigms of Dictyostelium Developmental Control. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:899316. [PMID: 35602609 PMCID: PMC9117722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.899316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell differentiation is traditionally monitored with a few marker genes, which may bias results. To understand the evolution and regulation of the spore, stalk, cup and basal disc cells in Dictyostelia, we previously performed RNAseq on purified cell-types of taxon-group representative dictyostelids. Using promoter-lacZ constructs in D. discoideum, we here investigate the spatio-temporal expression pattern of 29 cell-type specific genes. Genes selected for spore- or cup-specificity in RNAseq were validated as such by lacZ expression, but genes selected for stalk-specificity showed variable additional expression in basal disc, early cup or prestalk populations. We measured responses of 25 genes to 15 single or combined regimes of induction by stimuli known to regulate cell differentiation. The outcomes of these experiments were subjected to hierarchical clustering to identify whether common modes of regulation were correlated with specific expression patterns. The analysis identified a cluster combining the spore and cup genes, which shared upregulation by 8-bromo cyclic AMP and down-regulation by Differentiation Inducing Factor 1 (DIF-1). Most stalk-expressed genes combined into a single cluster and shared strong upregulation by cyclic di-guanylate (c-di-GMP), and synergistic upregulation by combined DIF-1 and c-di-GMP. There was no clustering of genes expressed in other soma besides the stalk, but two genes that were only expressed in the stalk did not respond to any stimuli. In contrast to current models, the study indicates the existence of a stem-cell like soma population in slugs, whose members only acquire ultimate cell fate after progressing to their terminal location during fruiting body morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Forbes
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Koryu Kin
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pauline Schaap
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Pauline Schaap,
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de Sandozequi A, Salazar-Cortés JJ, Tapia-Vázquez I, Martínez-Anaya C. Prevalent association with the bacterial cell envelope of prokaryotic expansins revealed by bioinformatics analysis. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4315. [PMID: 35481628 PMCID: PMC9045087 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Expansins are a group of proteins from diverse organisms from bacteria to plants. Although expansins show structural conservation, their biological roles seem to differ among kingdoms. In plants, these proteins remodel the cell wall during plant growth and other processes. Contrarily, determination of bacterial expansin activity has proven difficult, although genetic evidence of bacterial mutants indicates that expansins participate in bacteria-plant interactions. Nevertheless, a large proportion of expansin genes are found in the genomes of free-living bacteria, suggesting roles that are independent of the interaction with living plants. Here, we analyzed all available sequences of prokaryotic expansins for correlations between surface electric charge, extra protein modules, and sequence motifs for association with the bacteria exterior after export. Additionally, information on the fate of protein after translocation across the membrane also points to bacterial cell association of expansins through six different mechanisms, such as attachment of a lipid molecule for membrane anchoring in diderm species or covalent linking to the peptidoglycan layer in monoderms such as the Bacilliales. Our results have implications for expansin function in the context of bacteria-plant interactions and also for free-living species in which expansins might affect cell-cell or cell-substrate interaction properties and indicate the need to re-examine the roles currently considered for these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés de Sandozequi
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Juan José Salazar-Cortés
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Irán Tapia-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Claudia Martínez-Anaya
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Av. Universidad 2001, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Chase WR, Zhaxybayeva O, Rocha J, Cosgrove DJ, Shapiro LR. Global cellulose biomass, horizontal gene transfers and domain fusions drive microbial expansin evolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:921-938. [PMID: 31930503 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants must rearrange the network of complex carbohydrates in their cell walls during normal growth and development. To accomplish this, all plants depend on proteins called expansins that nonenzymatically loosen noncovalent bonding between cellulose microfibrils. Surprisingly, expansin genes have more recently been found in some bacteria and microbial eukaryotes, where their biological functions are largely unknown. Here, we reconstruct a comprehensive phylogeny of microbial expansin genes. We find these genes in all eukaryotic microorganisms that have structural cell wall cellulose, suggesting expansins evolved in ancient marine microorganisms long before the evolution of land plants. We also find expansins in an unexpectedly high diversity of bacteria and fungi that do not have cellulosic cell walls. These bacteria and fungi inhabit varied ecological contexts, mirroring the diversity of terrestrial and aquatic niches where plant and/or algal cellulosic cell walls are present. The microbial expansin phylogeny shows evidence of multiple horizontal gene transfer events within and between bacterial and eukaryotic microbial lineages, which may in part underlie their unusually broad phylogenetic distribution. Overall, expansins are unexpectedly widespread in bacteria and eukaryotes, and the contribution of these genes to microbial ecological interactions with plants and algae has probbaly been underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Chase
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Olga Zhaxybayeva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Jorge Rocha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Lori R Shapiro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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Hehmeyer J. Two potential evolutionary origins of the fruiting bodies of the dictyostelid slime moulds. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2019; 94:1591-1604. [PMID: 30989827 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dictyostelium discoideum and the other dictyostelid slime moulds ('social amoebae') are popular model organisms best known for their demonstration of sorocarpic development. In this process, many cells aggregate to form a multicellular unit that ultimately becomes a fruiting body bearing asexual spores. Several other unrelated microorganisms undergo comparable processes, and in some it is evident that their multicellular development evolved from the differentiation process of encystation. While it has been argued that the dictyostelid fruiting body had similar origins, it has also been proposed that dictyostelid sorocarpy evolved from the unicellular fruiting process found in other amoebozoan slime moulds. This paper reviews the developmental biology of the dictyostelids and other relevant organisms and reassesses the two hypotheses on the evolutionary origins of dictyostelid development. Recent advances in phylogeny, genetics, and genomics and transcriptomics indicate that further research is necessary to determine whether or not the fruiting bodies of the dictyostelids and their closest relatives, the myxomycetes and protosporangids, are homologous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Saga Y, Inamura T, Shimada N, Kawata T. Regulation ofecmFgene expression and genetic hierarchy among STATa, CudA, and MybC on several prestalk A-specific gene expressions inDictyostelium. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:383-99. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukika Saga
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Toho University; Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Tomoka Inamura
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Toho University; Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Nao Shimada
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Toho University; Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Takefumi Kawata
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Toho University; Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
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Georgelis N, Nikolaidis N, Cosgrove DJ. Bacterial expansins and related proteins from the world of microbes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3807-23. [PMID: 25833181 PMCID: PMC4427351 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6534-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of microbial expansins emerged from studies of the mechanism of plant cell growth and the molecular basis of plant cell wall extensibility. Expansins are wall-loosening proteins that are universal in the plant kingdom and are also found in a small set of phylogenetically diverse bacteria, fungi, and other organisms, most of which colonize plant surfaces. They loosen plant cell walls without detectable lytic activity. Bacterial expansins have attracted considerable attention recently for their potential use in cellulosic biomass conversion for biofuel production, as a means to disaggregate cellulosic structures by nonlytic means ("amorphogenesis"). Evolutionary analysis indicates that microbial expansins originated by multiple horizontal gene transfers from plants. Crystallographic analysis of BsEXLX1, the expansin from Bacillus subtilis, shows that microbial expansins consist of two tightly packed domains: the N-terminal domain D1 has a double-ψ β-barrel fold similar to glycosyl hydrolase family-45 enzymes but lacks catalytic residues usually required for hydrolysis; the C-terminal domain D2 has a unique β-sandwich fold with three co-linear aromatic residues that bind β-1,4-glucans by hydrophobic interactions. Genetic deletion of expansin in Bacillus and Clavibacter cripples their ability to colonize plant tissues. We assess reports that expansin addition enhances cellulose breakdown by cellulase and compare expansins with distantly related proteins named swollenin, cerato-platanin, and loosenin. We end in a speculative vein about the biological roles of microbial expansins and their potential applications. Advances in this field will be aided by a deeper understanding of how these proteins modify cellulosic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolas Nikolaidis
- Department of Biological Science, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, USA
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Kawata T, Nakamura Y, Saga Y, Iwade Y, Ishikawa M, Sakurai A, Shimada N. Implications of expansin-like 3 gene in Dictyostelium morphogenesis. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:190. [PMID: 25932374 PMCID: PMC4408306 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-0964-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dictyostelium harbors multiple expansin-like genes with generally unknown functions. Thus, we analyzed the expansin-like 3 (expL3) gene and found that its expression was reduced in a null mutant for a STATa gene encoding a transcription factor. The expression of expL3 was developmentally regulated and its transcript was spliced only in the multicellular stages. The expL3 promoter was activated in the anterior prestalk region of the parental strain and downregulated in the STATa null slug, although the expL3 promoter was still expressed in the prestalk region. The expL3 overexpressing strain exhibited delayed development and occasionally formed an aberrant structure, i.e., a fruiting body-like structure with a short stalk. The ExpL3-myc protein bound cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kawata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Yuri Nakamura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Yukika Saga
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Yumi Iwade
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Megumi Ishikawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Aya Sakurai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Nao Shimada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan ; Present Address: Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902 Japan
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Urushihara H, Kuwayama H, Fukuhara K, Itoh T, Kagoshima H, Shin-I T, Toyoda A, Ohishi K, Taniguchi T, Noguchi H, Kuroki Y, Hata T, Uchi K, Mohri K, King JS, Insall RH, Kohara Y, Fujiyama A. Comparative genome and transcriptome analyses of the social amoeba Acytostelium subglobosum that accomplishes multicellular development without germ-soma differentiation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:80. [PMID: 25758444 PMCID: PMC4334915 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social amoebae are lower eukaryotes that inhabit the soil. They are characterized by the construction of a starvation-induced multicellular fruiting body with a spore ball and supportive stalk. In most species, the stalk is filled with motile stalk cells, as represented by the model organism Dictyostelium discoideum, whose developmental mechanisms have been well characterized. However, in the genus Acytostelium, the stalk is acellular and all aggregated cells become spores. Phylogenetic analyses have shown that it is not an ancestral genus but has lost the ability to undergo cell differentiation. RESULTS We performed genome and transcriptome analyses of Acytostelium subglobosum and compared our findings to other available dictyostelid genome data. Although A. subglobosum adopts a qualitatively different developmental program from other dictyostelids, its gene repertoire was largely conserved. Yet, families of polyketide synthase and extracellular matrix proteins have not expanded and a serine protease and ABC transporter B family gene, tagA, and a few other developmental genes are missing in the A. subglobosum lineage. Temporal gene expression patterns are astonishingly dissimilar from those of D. discoideum, and only a limited fraction of the ortholog pairs shared the same expression patterns, so that some signaling cascades for development seem to be disabled in A. subglobosum. CONCLUSIONS The absence of the ability to undergo cell differentiation in Acytostelium is accompanied by a small change in coding potential and extensive alterations in gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Urushihara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Kuwayama
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Fukuhara
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yoko Kuroki
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Uchi
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Kurato Mohri
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Jason S King
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | - Yuji Kohara
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.
| | - Asao Fujiyama
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan.
- National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan.
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A Dictyostelium cellobiohydrolase orthologue that affects developmental timing. Dev Genes Evol 2013; 224:25-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00427-013-0460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Nikolaidis N, Doran N, Cosgrove DJ. Plant expansins in bacteria and fungi: evolution by horizontal gene transfer and independent domain fusion. Mol Biol Evol 2013; 31:376-86. [PMID: 24150040 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mst206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been described as a common mechanism of transferring genetic material between prokaryotes, whereas genetic transfers from eukaryotes to prokaryotes have been rarely documented. Here we report a rare case of HGT in which plant expansin genes that code for plant cell-wall loosening proteins were transferred from plants to bacteria, fungi, and amoebozoa. In several cases, the species in which the expansin gene was found is either in intimate association with plants or is a known plant pathogen. Our analyses suggest that at least two independent genetic transfers occurred from plants to bacteria and fungi. These events were followed by multiple HGT events within bacteria and fungi. We have also observed that in bacteria expansin genes have been independently fused to DNA fragments that code for an endoglucanase domain or for a carbohydrate binding module, pointing to functional convergence at the molecular level. Furthermore, the functional similarities between microbial expansins and their plant xenologs suggest that these proteins mediate microbial-plant interactions by altering the plant cell wall and therefore may provide adaptive advantages to these species. The evolution of these nonplant expansins represents a unique case in which bacteria and fungi have found innovative and adaptive ways to interact with and infect plants by acquiring genes from their host. This evolutionary paradigm suggests that despite their low frequency such HGT events may have significantly contributed to the evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Nikolaidis
- Department of Biological Science and Center for Applied Biotechnology Studies, California State University, Fullerton
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Noh SA, Lee HS, Kim YS, Paek KH, Shin JS, Bae JM. Down-regulation of the IbEXP1 gene enhanced storage root development in sweetpotato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:129-42. [PMID: 22945944 PMCID: PMC3528024 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of an expansin gene (IbEXP1) in the formation of the storage root (SR) was investigated by expression pattern analysis and characterization of IbEXP1-antisense sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas cv. Yulmi) plants in an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying SR development in sweetpotato. The transcript level of IbEXP1 was high in the fibrous root (FR) and petiole at the FR stage, but decreased significantly at the young storage root (YSR) stage. IbEXP1-antisense plants cultured in vitro produced FRs which were both thicker and shorter than those of wild-type (WT) plants. Elongation growth of the epidermal cells was significantly reduced, and metaxylem and cambium cell proliferation was markedly enhanced in the FRs of IbEXP1-antisense plants, resulting in an earlier thickening growth in these plants relative to WT plants. There was a marked reduction in the lignification of the central stele of the FRs of the IbEXP1-antisense plants, suggesting that the FRs of the mutant plants possessed a higher potential than those of WT plants to develop into SRs. IbEXP1-antisense plants cultured in soil produced a larger number of SRs and, consequently, total SR weight per IbEXP1-antisense plant was greater than that per WT plant. These results demonstrate that SR development was accelerated in IbEXP1-antisense plants and suggest that IbEXP1 plays a negative role in the formation of SR by suppressing the proliferation of metaxylem and cambium cells to inhibit the initial thickening growth of SRs. IbEXP1 is the first sweetpotato gene whose role in SR development has been directly identified in soil-grown transgenic sweetpotato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seol Ah Noh
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea UniversitySeoul 136–701Korea
| | - Haeng-Soon Lee
- Environmental Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Daejeon 305–806Korea
| | - Youn-Sung Kim
- Gendocs, Inc., Migun Techno WorldYuseong-gu, Daejon 305–500Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Paek
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea UniversitySeoul 136–701Korea
| | - Jeong Sheop Shin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea UniversitySeoul 136–701Korea
| | - Jung Myung Bae
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea UniversitySeoul 136–701Korea
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Kawata T, Hirano T, Ogasawara S, Aoshima R, Yachi A. Evidence for a functional link between Dd-STATa and Dd-PIAS, a Dictyostelium PIAS homologue. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 53:897-909. [PMID: 21933174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2011.01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Several mammalian protein families inhibit the activity of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. The protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) was initially identified through its ability to interact with human STAT proteins. We isolated a gene (pisA) encoding a Dictyostelium orthologue of PIAS, Dd-PIAS, which possesses almost all the representative motifs and domains of mammalian PIAS proteins. A Dd-PIAS null mutant strain displays a normal terminal morphology but with accelerated development once cells are aggregated. In contrast, Dd-PIAS overexpressor strains demonstrate delayed aggregation, almost no slug phototaxis, impaired slug motility, and a prolonged slug migration period. This strain is a near phenocopy of the Dd-STATa null mutant, although it eventually forms a fruiting body, albeit inefficiently. The expression of several Dd-STATa-activated genes is upregulated in the Dd-PIAS null mutant and there is ectopic expression of pstAB makers. The concentration of a PIAS-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein, expressed under the PIAS promoter, is greatest in the pstO cells and gradually decreases with proximity to the tip of the slug and culminant: a pattern diametrically opposite to that of Dd-STATa. Our results suggest a functional interrelationship between Dd-PIAS and Dd-STATa that influences gene expression and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kawata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan.
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Vannerum K, Huysman MJJ, De Rycke R, Vuylsteke M, Leliaert F, Pollier J, Lütz-Meindl U, Gillard J, De Veylder L, Goossens A, Inzé D, Vyverman W. Transcriptional analysis of cell growth and morphogenesis in the unicellular green alga Micrasterias (Streptophyta), with emphasis on the role of expansin. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 11:128. [PMID: 21943227 PMCID: PMC3191482 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-11-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptophyte green algae share several characteristics of cell growth and cell wall formation with their relatives, the embryophytic land plants. The multilobed cell wall of Micrasterias denticulata that rebuilds symmetrically after cell division and consists of pectin and cellulose, makes this unicellular streptophyte alga an interesting model system to study the molecular controls on cell shape and cell wall formation in green plants. RESULTS Genome-wide transcript expression profiling of synchronously growing cells identified 107 genes of which the expression correlated with the growth phase. Four transcripts showed high similarity to expansins that had not been examined previously in green algae. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that these genes are most closely related to the plant EXPANSIN A family, although their domain organization is very divergent. A GFP-tagged version of the expansin-resembling protein MdEXP2 localized to the cell wall and in Golgi-derived vesicles. Overexpression phenotypes ranged from lobe elongation to loss of growth polarity and planarity. These results indicate that MdEXP2 can alter the cell wall structure and, thus, might have a function related to that of land plant expansins during cell morphogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates the potential of M. denticulata as a unicellular model system, in which cell growth mechanisms have been discovered similar to those in land plants. Additionally, evidence is provided that the evolutionary origins of many cell wall components and regulatory genes in embryophytes precede the colonization of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrijn Vannerum
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Marie JJ Huysman
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Marnik Vuylsteke
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Frederik Leliaert
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Plant Physiology Division, Cell Biology Department, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jeroen Gillard
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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15
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Zenoni S, Fasoli M, Tornielli GB, Dal Santo S, Sanson A, de Groot P, Sordo S, Citterio S, Monti F, Pezzotti M. Overexpression of PhEXPA1 increases cell size, modifies cell wall polymer composition and affects the timing of axillary meristem development in Petunia hybrida. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:662-677. [PMID: 21534969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
• Expansins are cell wall proteins required for cell enlargement and cell wall loosening during many developmental processes. The involvement of the Petunia hybrida expansin A1 (PhEXPA1) gene in cell expansion, the control of organ size and cell wall polysaccharide composition was investigated by overexpressing PhEXPA1 in petunia plants. • PhEXPA1 promoter activity was evaluated using a promoter-GUS assay and the protein's subcellular localization was established by expressing a PhEXPA1-GFP fusion protein. PhEXPA1 was overexpressed in transgenic plants using the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and chemical analysis were used for the quantitative analysis of cell wall polymers. • The GUS and GFP assays demonstrated that PhEXPA1 is present in the cell walls of expanding tissues. The constitutive overexpression of PhEXPA1 significantly affected expansin activity and organ size, leading to changes in the architecture of petunia plants by initiating premature axillary meristem outgrowth. Moreover, a significant change in cell wall polymer composition in the petal limbs of transgenic plants was observed. • These results support a role for expansins in the determination of organ shape, in lateral branching, and in the variation of cell wall polymer composition, probably reflecting a complex role in cell wall metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zenoni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Marianna Fasoli
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Dal Santo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Sanson
- Computer Science Department, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Peter de Groot
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology IWWR, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Sordo
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Sandra Citterio
- Environment and Territory Science Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza delle Scienze 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Monti
- Computer Science Department, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Mario Pezzotti
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
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16
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Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins are one of the important mediators of phosphotyrosine-regulated signaling in metazoan cells. These proteins are components of JAK/STAT signal transduction pathways, which regulate immune responses, cell fate, proliferation, cell migration, and programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. The cellular slime mould, Dictyostelium discoideum, is the simplest multicellular organism using molecules homologous to STATs, Dd-STATa-d. The Dd-STATa null mutant displays delayed aggregation, no phototaxis and fails culmination. Here, the functions of Dictyostelium STATs during development and their associated signaling molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Kawata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Funabashi 274-8510, Japan.
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17
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Shimada N, Inouye K, Sawai S, Kawata T. SunB, a novel Sad1 and UNC-84 domain-containing protein required for development of Dictyostelium discoideum. Dev Growth Differ 2010; 52:577-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2010.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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WANG HONGYU, WILLIAMS JEFFREYG. Synergy between two transcription factors directs gene expression in Dictyostelium tip-organiser cells. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 54:1301-7. [PMID: 20711998 PMCID: PMC3042209 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.103141hw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
cotC requires the transcription factor CudA for its expression in the posterior, prespore cells of the slug, while the expL7 gene requires CudA for its expression in the anterior, tip-organiser region. In order to identify additional transcription factors that might mediate tip-organiser specific expression, we performed affinity chromatography on slug nuclear extracts. The affinity matrix bore cap-site distal sequences from region A of the expL7 promoter; an essential region located upstream of the CudA binding domain. One of the proteins purified was G-box binding factor (GBF), a zinc finger transcription factor which binds to G-rich elements, known as G boxes, that are present in the promoters of many developmental genes, including cotC. Previous work identified an essential sequence motif within region A and we show that this element is a G box, that binds recombinant GBF. Moreover, a G box from within the cotC promoter can substitute for region A of expL7 in directing tip-organiser specific expression of expL7. Thus the same two transcription factors, CudA and GBF, seem to co-operate to direct both tip-organiser and prespore gene expression. How then is specificity achieved? Replacing a CudA binding region in the cotC promoter with the CudA binding domain from expL7 strongly represses cotC promoter activity. Hence we suggest that differences in the topology of the multiple CudA half- sites contained within the two different CudA binding regions, coupled with differences in the signalling environment between tip-organiser cells and prespore cells, ensure correct expL7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- HONG YU WANG
- College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, U.K
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