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Cerri DG, Rodrigues LC, Alves VM, Machado J, Bastos VAF, Carmo Kettelhut I, Alberici LC, Costa MCR, Stowell SR, Cummings RD, Dias-Baruffi M. Endogenous Galectin-3 is required for skeletal muscle repair. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1295-1307. [PMID: 34224566 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has the intrinsic ability to self-repair through a multifactorial process, but many aspects of its cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. There is increasing evidence that some members of the mammalian β-galactoside-binding protein family (galectins) are involved in the muscular repair process (MRP), including galectin-3 (Gal-3). However, there are many questions about the role of this protein on muscle self-repair. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous Gal-3 is required for: i) muscle repair in vivo using a chloride-barium myolesion mouse model, and ii) mouse primary myoblasts myogenic programming. Injured muscle from Gal-3 knockout mice (GAL3KO) showed persistent inflammation associated with compromised muscle repair and the formation of fibrotic tissue on the lesion site. In GAL3KO mice, osteopontin expression remained high even after 7 and 14 days of the myolesion, while MyoD and myogenin had decreased their expression. In GAL3KO mouse primary myoblast cell culture, Pax7 detection seems to sustain even when cells are stimulated to differentiation and MyoD expression is drastically reduced. The detection and temporal expression levels of these transcriptional factors appear to be altered in Gal-3-deficient myoblast. Gal-3 expression in WT states, both in vivo and in vitro, in sarcoplasm/cytoplasm and myonuclei; as differentiation proceeds, Gal-3 expression is drastically reduced, and its location is confined to the sarcolemma/plasma cell membrane. We also observed a change in the temporal-spatial profile of Gal-3 expression and muscle transcription factors levels during the myolesion. Overall, these results demonstrate that endogenous Gal-3 is required for the skeletal muscle repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Giuliano Cerri
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cataldi Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vani Maria Alves
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano Machado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Víctor Alexandre Félix Bastos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isis Carmo Kettelhut
- Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Room 11087, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Della Casa L, Rossi E, Romanelli C, Gibellini L, Iannone A. Effect of diets supplemented with different conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers on protein expression in C57/BL6 mice. GENES AND NUTRITION 2016; 11:26. [PMID: 27713773 PMCID: PMC5050585 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-016-0542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background The individual genetic variations, as a response to diet, have recently caught the attention of several researchers. In addition, there is also a trend to assume food containing beneficial substances, or to supplement food with specific compounds. Among these, there is the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), which has been demonstrated to reduce fat mass and to increase lean mass, even though its mechanism of action is still not known. We investigated the effect of CLA isomers (CLA c9,t11 and CLA t10,c12) on the proteomic profile of liver, adipose tissue, and muscle of mouse, with the aim of verifying the presence of a modification in fat and lean mass, and to explore the mechanism of action. Methods C57/BL6 mice were fed for 2 months with different diets: (1) standard chow, (2) CLA c9,t11 diet, (3) CLA t10,c11 diet, (4) CLA isomers mixture diet, and (5) linoleic acid diet. The proteomic profile of liver, white adipose tissue, and muscle was investigated. Statistical significance of the spots with an intensity higher than twofold in expression compared to the control was tested using student’s t test (two-tail). Results We found that both isomers modulate the proteomic profiles of liver, adipose tissue, and muscle by different mechanisms of action. Liver steatosis is mostly due to the isomer CLA t10,c12, since it alters the expression of lipogenetic proteins; it acts also reducing the adipose tissue and increasing fatty acid oxidation in muscle. Conversely, CLA c9,t11 has no relevant effects on liver and adipose tissue, but acts mostly on muscle, where it enhances muscular cell differentiation. Conclusions Administration of CLA in humans has to be carefully personalized, since even considering the presence of a species-specific effect, adverse effects might occur on long-term supplementation. Here we demonstrated that, in mouse, CLA is effective in reducing fat mass, but it also induces liver steatosis. The increase of lean mass is linked to an induction of cell proliferation, which, on long-term supplementation, might also lead to adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Della Casa
- "ProteoWork Lab", Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - E Rossi
- "ProteoWork Lab", Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - C Romanelli
- "ProteoWork Lab", Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - L Gibellini
- Dipartimento Chirurgico, Medico, Odontoiatrico e di Scienze Morfologiche con Interesse Trapiantologico, Oncologico e di Medicina Rigenerativa, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - A Iannone
- "ProteoWork Lab", Dipartimento di Medicina Diagnostica, Clinica e di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Rao XJ, Wu P, Shahzad T, Liu S, Chen L, Yang YF, Shi Q, Yu XQ. Characterization of a dual-CRD galectin in the silkworm Bombyx mori. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 60:149-159. [PMID: 26944801 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Galectins (S-type lectins) are an ancient family of lectins with the β-galactoside binding activity. In mammals, galectins play essential roles in many biological processes, such as development, immune homeostasis and tumor progression. However, few studies have been devoted to their functions in insects. Here, we characterized the only dual-CRD galectin in the silkworm Bombyx mori (BmGalectin-4). BmGalectin-4 cDNA possesses an open reading frame of 1089 bp, which encodes a putative galectin of 363 amino acids containing tandem carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). BmGalectin-4 was expressed in various tissues but the protein was most abundant in fertilized eggs. Its transcript level in fertilized eggs was upregulated upon bacterial challenge. Recombinant BmGalectin-4 purified from Escherichia coli bound to bacterial cell wall components and bacterial cells. In addition, the recombinant protein induced bacterial agglutination, but did not have antibacterial activity against selected microorganisms. Taken together, our results suggest that BmGalectin-4 may function as a pattern recognition receptor primarily in silkworm fertilized eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Jun Rao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
| | - Peng Wu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Toufeeq Shahzad
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Su Liu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Yun-Fan Yang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Qiao Shi
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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4
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Vasta GR, Feng C, Bianchet MA, Bachvaroff TR, Tasumi S. Structural, functional, and evolutionary aspects of galectins in aquatic mollusks: From a sweet tooth to the Trojan horse. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 46:94-106. [PMID: 25982395 PMCID: PMC4509915 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Galectins constitute a conserved and widely distributed lectin family characterized by their binding affinity for β-galactosides and a unique binding site sequence motif in the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). In spite of their structural conservation, galectins display a remarkable functional diversity, by participating in developmental processes, cell adhesion and motility, regulation of immune homeostasis, and recognition of glycans on the surface of viruses, bacteria and protozoan parasites. In contrast with mammals, and other vertebrate and invertebrate taxa, the identification and characterization of bona fide galectins in aquatic mollusks has been relatively recent. Most of the studies have focused on the identification and domain organization of galectin-like transcripts or proteins in diverse tissues and cell types, including hemocytes, and their expression upon environmental or infectious challenge. Lectins from the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica, however, have been characterized in their molecular, structural and functional aspects and some notable features have become apparent in the galectin repertoire of aquatic mollusks. These including less diversified galectin repertoires and different domain organizations relative to those observed in vertebrates, carbohydrate specificity for blood group oligosaccharides, and up regulation of galectin expression by infectious challenge, a feature that supports their proposed role(s) in innate immune responses. Although galectins from some aquatic mollusks have been shown to recognize microbial pathogens and parasites and promote their phagocytosis, they can also selectively bind to phytoplankton components, suggesting that they also participate in uptake and intracellular digestion of microalgae. In addition, the experimental evidence suggests that the protozoan parasite Perkinsus marinus has co-evolved with the oyster host to be selectively recognized by the oyster hemocyte galectins over algal food or bacterial pathogens, thereby subverting the oyster's innate immune/feeding recognition mechanisms to gain entry into the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
| | - C Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - M A Bianchet
- Department of Neurology, and Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - T R Bachvaroff
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - S Tasumi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, Columbus Center, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
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5
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Vasta GR, Ahmed H, Nita-Lazar M, Banerjee A, Pasek M, Shridhar S, Guha P, Fernández-Robledo JA. Galectins as self/non-self recognition receptors in innate and adaptive immunity: an unresolved paradox. Front Immunol 2012; 3:199. [PMID: 22811679 PMCID: PMC3396283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are characterized by their binding affinity for β-galactosides, a unique binding site sequence motif, and wide taxonomic distribution and structural conservation in vertebrates, invertebrates, protista, and fungi. Since their initial description, galectins were considered to bind endogenous (“self”) glycans and mediate developmental processes and cancer. In the past few years, however, numerous studies have described the diverse effects of galectins on cells involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses, and the mechanistic aspects of their regulatory roles in immune homeostasis. More recently, however, evidence has accumulated to suggest that galectins also bind exogenous (“non-self”) glycans on the surface of potentially pathogenic microbes, parasites, and fungi, suggesting that galectins can function as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immunity. Thus, a perplexing paradox arises by the fact that galectins also recognize lactosamine-containing glycans on the host cell surface during developmental processes and regulation of immune responses. According to the currently accepted model for non-self recognition, PRRs recognize pathogens via highly conserved microbial surface molecules of wide distribution such as LPS or peptidoglycan (pathogen-associated molecular patterns; PAMPs), which are absent in the host. Hence, this would not apply to galectins, which apparently bind similar self/non-self molecular patterns on host and microbial cells. This paradox underscores first, an oversimplification in the use of the PRR/PAMP terminology. Second, and most importantly, it reveals significant gaps in our knowledge about the diversity of the host galectin repertoire, and the subcellular targeting, localization, and secretion. Furthermore, our knowledge about the structural and biophysical aspects of their interactions with the host and microbial carbohydrate moieties is fragmentary, and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo R Vasta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Goldberg L, Israeli R, Kloog Y. FTS and 2-DG induce pancreatic cancer cell death and tumor shrinkage in mice. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e284. [PMID: 22419113 PMCID: PMC3317504 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Ras inhibitor S-trans-trans farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS)
inhibits active Ras, which controls cell proliferation, differentiation,
survival, and metabolism. FTS also inhibits HIF1α expression in
cancer cells, leading to an energy crisis. The synthetic glucose analog
2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), which inhibits glycolysis, is selectively directed to
tumor cells that exhibit increased glucose consumption. The 2-DG enters tumor
cells, where it competes with glucose for glycolytic enzymes. In cancer models,
as well as in human phase 1 trials, 2-DG inhibits tumor growth without toxicity.
We postulated that under normoxic conditions, tumor cells treated with FTS would
be more sensitive than normal cells to 2-DG. We show here that combined
treatment with FTS and 2-DG inhibited cancer cell proliferation additively, yet
induced apoptotic cell death synergistically both in vitro and in
vivo. The induced apoptosis was inferred from QVD-OPH inhibition, an
increase in cleaved caspase 3, and loss of survivin. FTS and 2-DG when combined,
but not separately, also induced an increase in fibrosis of the tumor tissue,
chronic inflammation, and tumor shrinkage. Overall, these results suggest a
possible new treatment of pancreatic tumors by the combined administration of
FTS and 2-DG, which together induce pancreatic tumor cell death and tumor
shrinkage under non-toxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Goldberg
- Department of Neurobiology, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Boscher C, Dennis JW, Nabi IR. Glycosylation, galectins and cellular signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2011; 23:383-92. [PMID: 21616652 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common posttranslational modification of proteins and lipids of the secretory pathway that generates binding sites for galactose-specific lectins or galectins. Branching of Asn-linked (N-)glycans by the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases (Mgat genes) increases affinity for galectins. Both tissue-specific expression of the enzymes and the metabolic supply of sugar-nucleotides to the ER and Golgi regulate glycan distribution while protein sequences specify NXS/T site multiplicity, providing metabolic and genetic contributions to galectin-glycoprotein interactions. Galectins cross-link glycoproteins forming dynamic microdomains or lattices that regulate various mediators of cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, survival and differentiation. There are a similar number of galactose-specific galectins in C. elegans and humans, but expression of higher-affinity branched N-glycans are a more recent feature of vertebrate evolution. Galectins might be considered a reading code for repetition of the minimal units of binding [Gal(NAc)β1-3/4GlcNAc] and NXS/T site multiplicity in proteins. The rapidly evolving and structurally complex Golgi modifications to surface receptors are interpreted through affinity for the lattice, which regulates receptor levels as a function of the cellular environment, and thereby the probability of various cell fates. Many important questions remain concerning the regulation of the galectins, the glycan ligands and lattice interaction with other membrane domains and endocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecile Boscher
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Dias-Baruffi M, Stowell SR, Song SC, Arthur CM, Cho M, Rodrigues LC, Montes MAB, Rossi MA, James JA, McEver RP, Cummings RD. Differential expression of immunomodulatory galectin-1 in peripheral leukocytes and adult tissues and its cytosolic organization in striated muscle. Glycobiology 2010; 20:507-20. [PMID: 20053628 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is important in immune function and muscle regeneration, but its expression and localization in adult tissues and primary leukocytes remain unclear. To address this, we generated a specific monoclonal antibody against Gal-1, termed alphahGal-1, and defined a sequential peptide epitope that it recognizes, which is preserved in human and porcine Gal-1, but not in murine Gal-1. Using alphahGal-1, we found that Gal-1 is expressed in a wide range of porcine tissues, including striated muscle, liver, lung, brain, kidney, spleen, and intestine. In most types of cells, Gal-1 exhibits diffuse cytosolic expression, but in cells within the splenic red pulp, Gal-1 showed both cytosolic and nuclear localization. Gal-1 was also expressed in arterial walls and exhibited prominent cytosolic and nuclear staining in cultured human endothelial cells. However, human peripheral leukocytes and promyelocytic HL60 cells lack detectable Gal-1 and also showed very low levels of Gal-1 mRNA. In striking contrast, Gal-1 exhibited an organized cytosolic staining pattern within striated muscle tissue of cardiac and skeletal muscle and colocalized with sarcomeric actin on I bands. These results provide insights into previously defined roles for Gal-1 in inflammation, immune regulation and muscle biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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