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Liu Y, Robinson AM, Su XQ, Nurgali K. Krill Oil and Its Bioactive Components as a Potential Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Insights from In Vivo and In Vitro Studies. Biomolecules 2024; 14:447. [PMID: 38672464 PMCID: PMC11048140 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Krill oil is extracted from krill, a small crustacean in the Antarctic Ocean. It has received growing attention because of krill oil's unique properties and diverse health benefits. Recent experimental and clinical studies suggest that it has potential therapeutic benefits in preventing the development of a range of chronic conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Krill oil is enriched with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, and the potent antioxidant astaxanthin, contributing to its therapeutic properties. The possible underlying mechanisms of krill oil's health benefits include anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions, maintaining intestinal barrier functions, and modulating gut microbiota. This review aims to provide an overview of the beneficial effects of krill oil and its bioactive components on intestinal inflammation and to discuss the findings on the molecular mechanisms associated with the role of krill oil in IBD prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Liu
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (Y.L.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Ainsley M. Robinson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (Y.L.); (A.M.R.)
- School of Rural Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Xiao Qun Su
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (Y.L.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (Y.L.); (A.M.R.)
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
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Zhou J, Wang J, Wang J, Li D, Hou J, Li J, Bai Y, Gao J. An inulin-type fructan CP-A from Codonopsis pilosula attenuates experimental colitis in mice by promoting autophagy-mediated inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Chin J Nat Med 2024; 22:249-264. [PMID: 38553192 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(24)60556-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Inulin-type fructan CP-A, a predominant polysaccharide in Codonopsis pilosula, demonstrates regulatory effects on immune activity and anti-inflammation. The efficacy of CP-A in treating ulcerative colitis (UC) is, however, not well-established. This study employed an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced colonic epithelial cell model (NCM460) and an in vivo dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model to explore CP-A's protective effects against experimental colitis and its underlying mechanisms. We monitored the clinical symptoms in mice using various parameters: body weight, disease activity index (DAI), colon length, spleen weight, and histopathological scores. Additionally, molecular markers were assessed through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Western blotting assays. Results showed that CP-A significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-18) in LPS-induced cells while increasing IL-4 and IL-10 levels and enhancing the expression of Claudin-1, ZO-1, and occludin proteins in NCM460 cells. Correspondingly, in vivo findings revealed that CP-A administration markedly improved DAI, reduced colon shortening, and decreased the production of myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), ROS, IL-1β, IL-18, and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-associated genes/proteins in UC mice. CP-A treatment also elevated glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, stimulated autophagy (LC3B, P62, Beclin-1, and ATG5), and reinforced Claudin-1 and ZO-1 expression, thereby aiding in intestinal epithelial barrier repair in colitis mice. Notably, the inhibition of autophagy via chloroquine (CQ) diminished CP-A's protective impact against colitis in vivo. These findings elucidate that CP-A's therapeutic effect on experimental colitis possibly involves mitigating intestinal inflammation through autophagy-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation. Consequently, inulin-type fructan CP-A emerges as a promising drug candidate for UC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Deyun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Jing Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Jiankuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Yun'e Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China
| | - Jianping Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China.
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Kouki A, Ferjani W, Dang PMC, Ghanem-Boughanmi N, Souli A, Ben-Attia M, El-Benna J. Preventive Anti-inflammatory Effects of Apocynin on Acetic Acid-Induced Colitis in Rats. Inflammation 2024; 47:438-453. [PMID: 37880427 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is an inflammatory bowel disease with a complex aetiology characterised by abnormal immune responses and oxidative stress-induced tissue injury. Inflammatory cells play an important role in the progression of this pathology through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from various sources including the NADPH oxidases (NOXs). The aim of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of apocynin, a natural antioxidant molecule and a selective inhibitor of NOXs, on acetic acid (AA)-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Our results first confirmed that apocynin has a high free radical scavenging capacity as well as a potent iron chelating ability. Oral pretreatment of rats with apocynin (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) for 7 days prior to AA-induced colitis suppressed the increase in pro-oxidant markers in colonic homogenates and preserved colonic cytoarchitecture from acetic acid-induced damage. Oral administration of apocynin (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) also reduced several systemic inflammatory markers such as alkaline phosphatase, iron, pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein and myeloperoxidase. This study shows that apocynin protects rats from acetic acid-induced colonic inflammation and suggests that apocynin may have a promising beneficial effect in the prevention of ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kouki
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Inflammation Research Center, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, Xavier Bichat Faculty of Medicine, City University of Paris, Paris, F-75018, France
- Environment Biomonitoring Laboratory (LR01/ES14), Sciences Faculty of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Ferjani
- Environment Biomonitoring Laboratory (LR01/ES14), Sciences Faculty of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Pham My-Chan Dang
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Inflammation Research Center, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, Xavier Bichat Faculty of Medicine, City University of Paris, Paris, F-75018, France
| | - Néziha Ghanem-Boughanmi
- Risks Related to Environmental Stress Unity (UR17/ES20), Department of Life Sciences, Bizerta Faculty of Sciences, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Abdelaziz Souli
- Environment Biomonitoring Laboratory (LR01/ES14), Sciences Faculty of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Mossadok Ben-Attia
- Environment Biomonitoring Laboratory (LR01/ES14), Sciences Faculty of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Bizerte, Tunisia
| | - Jamel El-Benna
- INSERM-U1149, CNRS-ERL8252, Inflammation Research Center, Inflamex Excellence Laboratory, Xavier Bichat Faculty of Medicine, City University of Paris, Paris, F-75018, France.
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Sahakian L, Robinson AM, Sahakian L, Stavely R, Kelley MR, Nurgali K. APE1/Ref-1 as a Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1569. [PMID: 38002251 PMCID: PMC10669584 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The prevalence of IBD is increasing with approximately 4.9 million cases reported worldwide. Current therapies are limited due to the severity of side effects and long-term toxicity, therefore, the development of novel IBD treatments is necessitated. Recent findings support apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/reduction-oxidation factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) as a target in many pathological conditions, including inflammatory diseases, where APE1/Ref-1 regulation of crucial transcription factors impacts significant pathways. Thus, a potential target for a novel IBD therapy is the redox activity of the multifunctional protein APE1/Ref-1. This review elaborates on the status of conventional IBD treatments, the role of an APE1/Ref-1 in intestinal inflammation, and the potential of a small molecule inhibitor of APE1/Ref-1 redox activity to modulate inflammation, oxidative stress response, and enteric neuronal damage in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Sahakian
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (L.S.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Ainsley M. Robinson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (L.S.); (A.M.R.)
| | - Linda Sahakian
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (L.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Rhian Stavely
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (L.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mark R. Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kulmira Nurgali
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia; (L.S.); (A.M.R.)
- Department of Medicine Western Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; (L.S.); (R.S.)
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cells Program, Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
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Dharshini LCP, Rasmi RR, Kathirvelan C, Kumar KM, Saradhadevi KM, Sakthivel KM. Regulatory Components of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Their Complex Interplay in Carcinogenesis. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 195:2893-2916. [PMID: 36441404 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is closely linked to oxidative stress (OS) inflammation. OS is caused by an imbalance between the amount of reactive oxygen species produced and antioxidants present in the body. Excess ROS either oxidizes biomolecules or activates the signaling cascade, resulting in inflammation. Immune cells secrete cytokines and chemokines when inflammation is activated. These signaling molecules attract a wide range of immune cells to the site of infection or oxidative stress. Similarly, increased ROS production by immune cells at the inflamed site causes oxidative stress in the affected area. A review on the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in cancer-related literature was conducted to obtain data. All of the information gathered was focused on the current state of oxidative stress and inflammation in various cancers. After gathering all relevant information, a narrative review was created to provide a detailed note on oxidative stress and inflammation in cancer. Proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, metabolic changes, and evasion of programmed cell death are all aided by OS and inflammation in cancer. Imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants lead to oxidative stress that damages macromolecules (nucleic acids, lipids and proteins). It causes breakdown of the biological signaling cascade. Prolonged oxidative stress causes inflammation by activating transcription factors (NF-κB, p53, HIF-1α, PPAR-γ, Nrf2, AP-1) that alter the expression of many other genes and proteins, including growth factors, tumor-suppressor genes, oncogenes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in cancer cell survival. The present review article examines the complex relationship between OS and inflammation in certain types of cancer (colorectal, breast, lung, bladder, and gastric cancer).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajan Radha Rasmi
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore, 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chinnadurai Kathirvelan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Namakkal, 637 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalavathi Murugan Kumar
- School of Lifescience, Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, 605014, India
| | - K M Saradhadevi
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kunnathur Murugesan Sakthivel
- Department of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore, 641 014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Tian R, Li Y, Wang X, Li J, Li Y, Bei S, Li H. A Pharmacoinformatics Analysis of Artemisinin Targets and de novo Design of Hits for Treating Ulcerative Colitis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:843043. [PMID: 35370688 PMCID: PMC8971781 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.843043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC), as an intractably treated disease, seriously affects the quality of life of patients and has an increase in terms of incidence and prevalence annually. However, due to the lack of a direct etiology and drug-induced side effects, the medical treatment of UC falls into a bottleneck. There are many natural phytochemicals with the potential to regulate immune function in nature. Herein, a potential mechanism of artemisinin in the treatment of UC and potential druggability compounds with an artemisinin peroxide bond were discussed and predicted based on computer-aided drug design (CADD) technology by using the methods of network pharmacology, molecular docking, de novo drug structure design and molecular dynamics through the integration of artemisinin related targets from TCMSP, ChEMBL and HERB databases. The networks were constructed based on 50 artemisinin-disease intersection targets related to inflammation, cytokines, proliferation and apoptosis, showing the importance of GALNT2, BMP7 and TGFBR2 in the treatment of disease, which may be due to the occupation of the ricin B-type lectin domain of GALNT2 by artemisinin compounds or de novo designed candidates. This result could guide the direction of experiments and actual case studies in the future. This study provides a new route for the application of artemisinin and the development of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- Department of Anoenterology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yufei Li
- Department of Anoenterology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Anoenterology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Li
- Department of Anoenterology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingqian Li
- Department of Anoenterology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaosheng Bei
- Department of Anoenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shaosheng Bei, ; Huashan Li,
| | - Huashan Li
- Department of Anoenterology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shaosheng Bei, ; Huashan Li,
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Zhou X, Zhang D, Qi W, Hong T, Xiong T, Wu T, Geng F, Xie M, Nie S. Exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 Facilitate Intestinal Homeostasis by Modulating Intestinal Epithelial Regeneration and Microbiota. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7863-7873. [PMID: 34236844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of epithelia is crucial for maintaining the intestinal barrier and homeostasis. Our previous work showed that exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 (EPS116) regulated the barrier function and homeostasis of the intestine; however, the relevant mechanisms remain obscure. Therefore, we sought to explore the role of EPS116 in promoting intestinal epithelial regeneration. Our data showed that the administration of EPS116 markedly ameliorated inflammatory bowel disease-related phenotypes and promoted the regeneration of crypts in the colon of colitis mice. The results of immunofluorescence and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiments indicated that EPS116 strikingly increased the number of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and the expression of differentiation markers for goblet cells, enterocytes, and enteroendocrine cells in the mouse colon. Intestinal microbiota analysis showed that EPS116 increased microbial populations associated with intestinal regeneration and glycan metabolism. Therefore, the present study revealed a novel model that EPS116 promoted the intestinal homeostasis through modulating the proliferation and differentiation of ISCs and altering the gut microbiota profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingtao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Duoduo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Wucheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Tao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Tingqin Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Fang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
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Zhen Y, Zhang H. NLRP3 Inflammasome and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2019; 10:276. [PMID: 30873162 PMCID: PMC6403142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome can be widely found in epithelial cells and immune cells. The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) family member NLRP3 contains a central nucleotide-binding and oligomerization (NACHT) domain which facilitates self-oligomerization and has ATPase activity. The C-terminal conserves a leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) domain which can modulate NLRP3 activity and sense endogenous alarmins and microbial ligands. In contrast, the N-terminal pyrin domain (PYD) can account for homotypic interactions with the adaptor protein-ASC of NLRP3 inflammasome. These characters enable it function in innate immunity. Its downstream effector proteins include caspase-1 and IL-1β etc. which exhibit protective or detrimental roles in mucosal immunity in different studies. Here, we comprehensively review the current literature regarding the physiology of NLRP3 inflammasome and its potential roles in the pathogenesis of IBD. We also discuss about the complex interactions among the NLRP3 inflammasome, mucosal immune response, and gut homeostasis as found in experimental models and IBD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhen
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,The Centre of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,The Centre of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Lasitschka F, Giese T, Paparella M, Kurzhals SR, Wabnitz G, Jacob K, Gras J, Bode KA, Heninger AK, Sziskzai T, Samstag Y, Leszinski C, Jocher B, Al-Saeedi M, Meuer SC, Schröder-Braunstein J. Human monocytes downregulate innate response receptors following exposure to the microbial metabolite n-butyrate. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2017; 5:480-492. [PMID: 28681454 PMCID: PMC5691313 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hyporesponsiveness of human lamina propria immune cells to microbial and nutritional antigens represents one important feature of intestinal homeostasis. It is at least partially mediated by low expression of the innate response receptors CD11b, CD14, CD16 as well as the cystine‐glutamate transporter xCT on these cells. Milieu‐specific mechanisms leading to the down‐regulation of these receptors on circulating monocytes, the precursor cells of resident macrophages, are mostly unknown. Methods Here, we addressed the question whether the short chain fatty acid n‐butyrate, a fermentation product of the mammalian gut microbiota exhibiting histone deacetylase inhibitory activity, is able to modulate expression of these receptors in human circulating monocytes. Results Exposure to n‐butyrate resulted in the downregulation of CD11b, CD14, as well as CD16 surface expression on circulating monocytes. XCT transcript levels in circulating monocytes were also reduced following exposure to n‐butyrate. Importantly, treatment resulted in the downregulation of protein and gene expression of the transcription factor PU.1, which was shown to be at least partially required for the expression of CD16 in circulating monocytes. PU.1 expression in resident macrophages in situ was observed to be substantially lower in healthy when compared to inflamed colonic mucosa. Conclusions In summary, the intestinal microbiota may support symbiosis with the human host organism by n‐butyrate mediated downregulation of protein and gene expression of innate response receptors as well as xCT on circulating monocytes following recruitment to the lamina propria. Downregulation of CD16 gene expression may at least partially be caused at the transcriptional level by the n‐butyrate mediated decrease in expression of the transcription factor PU.1 in circulating monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Giese
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Paparella
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan R Kurzhals
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Wabnitz
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Jacob
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Judith Gras
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Konrad A Bode
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne-Kristin Heninger
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timea Sziskzai
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Leszinski
- Department of Surgery, St. Vincentius Hospital, Holzstr. 4a, 67346, Speyer, Germany
| | - Bettina Jocher
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mohammed Al-Saeedi
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan C Meuer
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Schröder-Braunstein
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Oxidative Stress and Carbonyl Lesions in Ulcerative Colitis and Associated Colorectal Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:9875298. [PMID: 26823956 PMCID: PMC4707327 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9875298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has long been known as a pathogenic factor of ulcerative colitis (UC) and colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), but the effects of secondary carbonyl lesions receive less emphasis. In inflammatory conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion free radical (O2 (∙-)), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (HO(∙)), are produced at high levels and accumulated to cause oxidative stress (OS). In oxidative status, accumulated ROS can cause protein dysfunction and DNA damage, leading to gene mutations and cell death. Accumulated ROS could also act as chemical messengers to activate signaling pathways, such as NF-κB and p38 MAPK, to affect cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. More importantly, electrophilic carbonyl compounds produced by lipid peroxidation may function as secondary pathogenic factors, causing further protein and membrane lesions. This may in turn exaggerate oxidative stress, forming a vicious cycle. Electrophilic carbonyls could also cause DNA mutations and breaks, driving malignant progression of UC. The secondary lesions caused by carbonyl compounds may be exceptionally important in the case of host carbonyl defensive system deficit, such as aldo-keto reductase 1B10 deficiency. This review article updates the current understanding of oxidative stress and carbonyl lesions in the development and progression of UC and CAC.
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Králová A, Králová Lesná I, Froněk J, Čejková S, Sekerková A, Janoušek L, Thieme F, StříŽ I, Ždychová J, Poledne R. Macrophage phenotypes in the adipose tissue of postmenopausal women. Physiol Res 2015; 64:S427-33. [PMID: 26680677 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis pathology is the interplay between high intravascular LDL particle concentration and monocyte/macrophage presence within the sub-endothelial space of the artery. In this project, phenotypes of macrophages connected with subclinical inflammation in adipose tissue of living kidney donors were studied. Samples of subcutaneous adipose tissue of living kidney donors (n=36) were exposed to collagenase. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) was eluted from the samples, then labeled with monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD14 and anti-calprotectin), conjugated with fluorochromes and analyzed by flow cytometry. The positive correlation between the number of total macrophages and calprotectin-positive macrophages with BMI in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of postmenopausal women was demonstrated (p<0.05; R=0.43 and p<0.01; R=0.60), whereas no positive correlation in premenopausal women and men was shown. In conclusion, we documented a significant effect of BMI increase on the presence of total macrophages in adipose tissue of postmenopausal women, in contrast to premenopausal women. This difference was much more pronounced when proinflammatory macrophages with membrane-bound calprotectin were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Králová
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine (IKEM), Prague, Czech Republic.
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Hinden S, Klukowska-Rötzler J, Janda J, Marti EI, Gerber V, Roosje PJ. Characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate and cytokine expression in the skin of horses with recurrent urticaria. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:503-e99. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Oxytocin inhibits NADPH oxidase and P38 MAPK in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65:474-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Vainer B. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in ulcerative colitis: presence, visualization, and significance. APMIS 2010:1-43. [PMID: 20653648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Çetinel Ş, Hancıoğlu S, Şener E, Üner C, Kılıç M, Şener G, Yeğen BÇ. Oxytocin treatment alleviates stress-aggravated colitis by a receptor-dependent mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 160:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Detection of calprotectin and its correlation to the accumulation of neutrophils within equine large colon during ischaemia and reperfusion. Equine Vet J 2010; 40:393-9. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x302500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Leon F, Smythies LE, Smith PD, Kelsall BL. Involvement of dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 579:117-32. [PMID: 16620015 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-33778-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In conclusion, during inflammation, DCs are likely activated by inflammatory signals and induced to migrate to T cell zones of organized lymphoid tissues where the cells induce T cell responses. In addition to their established role in T cell priming and the induction of tolerance, DCs may act to enhance (or possibly suppress) T cell responses at sites of mucosal inflammation. Determining the importance of DCs in this regard, as well as establishing a potential role for DCs in continuous activation of naive or central memory cells in lymph nodes draining inflammatory sites, will elucidate the role of DCs as a potential therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases, like IBD. Resident intestinal macrophages are noninflammatory and do not efficiently present antigens to intestinal T cells, yet are avidly phagocytic and able to kill internalized organisms. During intestinal inflammation, monocytes are recruited from the blood, become inflammatory macrophages in the inflamed tissue, and are major contributors to tissue destruction and perpetuation of inflammation via their production of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Macrophages may also contribute directly to DC activation and maturation, which would drive DCs to present antigens from the bacterial flora to T cells locally within tissue or to more efficiently traffic to T cell zones of lymphoid tissue. Thus, DCs and macrophages have evolved functional niches that promote cooperation in the prevention of untoward intestinal inflammation in the steady state and in the eradication of invasive microorganisms during infection. The balance between suppressing inflammation and promoting host defense is altered in humans with IBD allowing a persistent inflammatory response to commensal bacteria. Based on studies from animal models, the pathogenesis of IBD likely involves either the lack of appropriate regulation from T cells, or an over-production of effector T cells. The end result of these potential mechanisms is the abnormal induction and/or survival of effector T cells and the production of factors such as cytokines by inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils that result in tissue destruction. The destructive process likely involves normally tolerizing DCs, which in the microenvironment of the inflamed mucosa activate T cell responses to normal flora in both draining lymphoid tissues and at sites of inflammation, with macrophages and neutrophils contributing the bulk of inflammatory and destructive cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Leon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intestinal dendritic cells have emerged as key regulators of immunity to pathogens, oral tolerance and intestinal inflammation. Studies have begun to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms responsible for defining region- and compartment-specific phenotypes and functions of dendritic cells in mucosal tissues. RECENT FINDINGS Specific subsets of dendritic cells appear to be associated with the various routes for antigen acquisition in the intestine. The constant sampling of intestinal antigenic content ensures establishment of tolerance to commensal bacteria and food antigens. Tolerance development to oral antigens is restricted to the mucosal immune system. Other advances have provided insight into the molecular basis of microbial recognition and innate immune responses by intestinal dendritic cells. Differences in the involvement of dendritic cells have begun to emerge in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and link gene regulation in dendritic cells to therapeutic responses. SUMMARY A major focus of mucosal immunology will be to understand how diverse dendritic cell subsets cooperate in regulating homeostasis and host defense in the different intestinal immune compartments. This will be pivotal to understanding how the mucosal immune system makes the distinction between commensal microbiota, pathogens and self antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Niess
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Kelsall BL, Leon F. Involvement of intestinal dendritic cells in oral tolerance, immunity to pathogens, and inflammatory bowel disease. Immunol Rev 2005; 206:132-48. [PMID: 16048546 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are composed of a family of cells, now recognized to be essential for innate and acquired immunity. DCs at mucosal surfaces have a particular capacity to induce the differentiation of regulatory T cells producing interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the steady state (non-infected, non-immunized), yet they retain the capacity to induce effector T cells in response to invasive pathogens. This decision between the induction of active immunity and tolerance will depend on the subpopulation of DC involved and the surface receptors engaged during DC activation and T-cell priming. The local microenvironment will likely play an important role both in defining the DC phenotype and in providing direct signals to responding T cells. Furthermore, DCs in organized mucosal lymphoid tissues preferentially induce the expression of CCR9 and alpha4beta7 on T cells, which results in T-cell homing to the intestinal lamina propria. Finally, DCs may play an important role in the maintenance of abnormal intestinal inflammation either by driving pathogenic T-cell responses in mesenteric lymph nodes or by acting to expand or maintain pathogenic T cells locally at sites of inflammation. In this review, a brief discussion of general issues of DC biology that are pertinent to mucosal immunity is followed by a more in-depth discussion of the phenotype and function of DC populations in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Kelsall
- Mucosal Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Shichijo K, Makiyama K, Wen CY, Matsuu M, Nakayama T, Nakashima M, Ihara M, Sekine I. Antibody to eosinophil cationic protein suppresses dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4505-10. [PMID: 16052679 PMCID: PMC4398699 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i29.4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To produce an antibody against rat eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and to examine the effects of the antibody in rats with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis.
METHODS: An antibody was raised against rat ECP. Rats were treated with 3% DSS in drinking water for 7 d and received the antibody or normal serum. The colons were examined histologically and correlated with clinical symptoms. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were estimated as a grade of inflammation.
RESULTS: The ECP antibody stained the activated eosinophils around the injured crypts in the colonic mucosa. Antibody treatment reduced the severity of colonic ulceration and acute clinical symptoms (diarrhea and/or blood-stained stool). Body weight gain was significantly greater and the colon length was significantly longer in anti-ECP-treated rats than in normal serum-treated rats. Expression of ECP in activated eosinophils was associated with the presence of erosions and inflammation. The number of Ki-67-positive cells in the regenerated surface epithelium increased in anti-ECP-treated rats compared with normal serum-treated rats. Western blot analysis revealed reduced expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in anti-ECP-treated rats.
CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that treatment with ECP antibody, improved DSS-induced colitis in rats, possibly by increasing the regenerative activity of the colonic epithelium and downregulation of the immune response, and suggest that anti-ECP may promote intestinal wound healing in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Shichijo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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Zhong YQ, Huang HR, Zhu ZH, Chen QK, Zhan J, Xing LC. Effects of sulfasalazine on biopsy mucosal pathologies and histological grading of patients with active ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4435-8. [PMID: 16038049 PMCID: PMC4434677 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i28.4435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the mechanisms of sulfasalazine (SASP) in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC).
METHODS: Changes of pathological signs and histological grading of 106 patients with active UC were observed before and after the treatment with SASP, 1 g, thrice daily for 6 wk.
RESULTS: The effect of SASP on the vasculitis in lamina propria was 48.2% and 17.4% in the mild active UC (P < 0.001) and 68% and 26.7% in the moderate active UC (P < 0.001) before and after treatment. Fibroid necrosis of vessel wall was found in one case of mild UC and two cases of moderate UC before treatment and was not found after treatment. No thrombosis was found in mild UC before and after treatment, while thrombosis was found in one case of moderate UC before treatment. The effect on mucosal glandular abnormality was 30.4% and 13.0% in mild UC (P < 0.05), and 42% and 40% in moderate UC (P > 0.05) before and after treatment. The rate of eosinophil infiltration was 98.2% and 80.4% in mild UC (P < 0.01), and 100% and 91.1% in moderate UC (P < 0.05) before and after treatment. The effect on crypt abscess was 21.4% and 4.4% in mild UC (P < 0.05), and 48% and 13.3% in moderate UC (P < 0.001) before and after treatment. The effect on mucosal pathohistological grading was 2.00 ± 0.84 and 0.91 ± 0.46 in mild UC (P < 0.001), and 2.49 ± 0.84 and 1.31 ± 0.75 in moderate UC (P < 0.001) before and after treatment.
CONCLUSION: SASP can improve small vessel lesions and crypt abscesses and reduce neutrophilic and eosinophilic leukocyte infiltration in inflammatory mucosa of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Qiang Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, Guangdong Province, China.
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Abstract
Calprotectin is a calcium and zinc binding protein of the S100 family derived predominantly from neutrophils and monocytes. It is detectable in body fluids and tissue samples and is emerging as a valuable marker in the diagnosis, and the monitoring and determining of the prognosis of commonly encountered gastroenterological conditions. Fecal calprotectin, in particular, has for a long time been regarded as a promising marker of gastrointestinal pathology and has now been established as a routine test in Norway and at several centers in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Poullis
- Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, St George's Hospital Medical School, London and Mayday University Hospital, Surrey, UK.
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Peterson CGB, Eklund E, Taha Y, Raab Y, Carlson M. A new method for the quantification of neutrophil and eosinophil cationic proteins in feces: establishment of normal levels and clinical application in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97:1755-62. [PMID: 12135031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were 1) to develop a valid method for the measurement of the eosinophil proteins eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil protein X (EPX) and neutrophil proteins myeloperoxidase and human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) in feces and 2) to investigate their potential role as disease activity markers in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS Feces samples were obtained from 44 apparently healthy individuals (HIs), 18 patients with IBD (11 with ulcerative colitis [UC] and seven with Crohn's disease [CD]), and three with collagen colitis. The granulocyte markers were measured using immunoassays in supernatants from processed feces. RESULTS ECP, myeloperoxidase, and, to a lesser degree, EPX and HNL were bound to the solid part of feces. However, feces homogenized in an extraction buffer containing the cationic detergent N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide allowed an efficient recovery of the proteins (i.e., up to 100-fold increased levels compared to homogenization in saline). All four proteins were stable for at least 7 days at +6 degrees C and at least 3 days at +22 degrees C. The normal fecal geometric mean (95th percentile) levels of ECP, EPX, myeloperoxidase, and HNL were estimated to be, respectively, 1.69 microg/g (6.41), 0.57 microg/g (1.72), 3.54 microg/g (8.77), and 1.97 microg/g (4.91). Markedly increased feces levels of all markers (p < 0.0002), compared to HIs and CD patients, were observed in UC. However, the marker levels in CD patients were significantly increased relative to HIs (p < 0.05 to p < 0.0002). Increased levels of HNL and myeloperoxidase were also observed in the three collagen colitis patients. The discriminative capability between UC patients and HIs was somewhat superior for EPX and myeloperoxidase. CONCLUSIONS The method described here takes into account the molecular properties of the granule proteins and the heterogeneity in feces consistency, which is a prerequisite for a valid and reproducible measurement of cationic granule proteins. We suggest that EPX and myeloperoxidase, when applied in IBD, are the best eosinophil and neutrophil markers for studying GI inflammation.
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Vainer B, Nielsen OH, Horn T. Comparative studies of the colonic in situ expression of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, -2, and -3), beta2 integrins (LFA-1, Mac-1, and p150,95), and PECAM-1 in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24:1115-24. [PMID: 10935652 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200008000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A dysregulated local immune defense with a constant influx of leukocytes provides a basis for continuous intestinal inflammation in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Cell adhesion molecules are pivotal for the migration of leukocytes from the circulation toward the colonic epithelium. A study quantifying the cells expressing intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs), beta2 integrins, and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) in the colon was performed to illustrate the leukocyte migration pathway in inflammatory bowel disease. Serial colonic sections (10 UC, 10 CD, and 10 controls) were stained immunohistochemically for ICAM-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3, CD11a, CD11b, CD18, and PECAM-1. Cell adhesion molecule expression was evaluated quantitatively with reference to topographic localization. In UC, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in contact with the crypt epithelium and in crypt abscesses expressed CD11b. CD tissue was characterized by CD11a-, CD11c-, and ICAM-1-expressing cells. ICAM-1 was detected on endothelial cells, leukocytes, and apical parts of epithelial membranes, whereas ICAM-2 was expressed on basal epithelial membranes. Most infiltrating leukocytes expressed ICAM-3, whereas perivascular mononuclear cells expressed PECAM-1. Interestingly, the epithelial basement membrane in UC stained for CD18. In conclusion, CD11b, CD18, and ICAM-2 seem to be important for PMN transepithelial migration in UC, whereas CD11a, CD11c, ICAM-1, and ICAM-3 seem central in leukocyte locomotion and aggregation in CD. Differentiated upregulation of cell adhesion molecules is suggested to be essential for the diversities between UC and CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vainer
- Department of Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, Denmark.
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