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Xu Y, Bai Z, Lan T, Fu C, Cheng P. CD44 and its implication in neoplastic diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e554. [PMID: 38783892 PMCID: PMC11112461 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
CD44, a nonkinase single span transmembrane glycoprotein, is a major cell surface receptor for many other extracellular matrix components as well as classic markers of cancer stem cells and immune cells. Through alternative splicing of CD44 gene, CD44 is divided into two isoforms, the standard isoform of CD44 (CD44s) and the variant isoform of CD44 (CD44v). Different isoforms of CD44 participate in regulating various signaling pathways, modulating cancer proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance, with its aberrant expression and dysregulation contributing to tumor initiation and progression. However, CD44s and CD44v play overlapping or contradictory roles in tumor initiation and progression, which is not fully understood. Herein, we discuss the present understanding of the functional and structural roles of CD44 in the pathogenic mechanism of multiple cancers. The regulation functions of CD44 in cancers-associated signaling pathways is summarized. Moreover, we provide an overview of the anticancer therapeutic strategies that targeting CD44 and preclinical and clinical trials evaluating the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and drug-related toxicity about CD44-targeted therapies. This review provides up-to-date information about the roles of CD44 in neoplastic diseases, which may open new perspectives in the field of cancer treatment through targeting CD44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Xu
- Department of BiotherapyLaboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ziyi Bai
- Department of BiotherapyLaboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Tianxia Lan
- Department of BiotherapyLaboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Chenying Fu
- Laboratory of Aging and Geriatric Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Ping Cheng
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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García P, Bizama C, Rosa L, Espinoza JA, Weber H, Cerda-Infante J, Sánchez M, Montecinos VP, Lorenzo-Bermejo J, Boekstegers F, Dávila-López M, Alfaro F, Leiva-Acevedo C, Parra Z, Romero D, Kato S, Leal P, Lagos M, Roa JC. Functional and genomic characterization of three novel cell lines derived from a metastatic gallbladder cancer tumor. Biol Res 2020; 53:13. [PMID: 32293552 PMCID: PMC7158131 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common tumor of the biliary tract. The incidence of GBC shows a large geographic variability, being particularly frequent in Native American populations. In Chile, GBC represents the second cause of cancer-related death among women. We describe here the establishment of three novel cell lines derived from the ascitic fluid of a Chilean GBC patient, who presented 46% European, 36% Mapuche, 12% Aymara and 6% African ancestry. Results After immunocytochemical staining of the primary cell culture, we isolated and comprehensively characterized three independent clones (PUC-GBC1, PUC-GBC2 and PUC-GBC3) by short tandem repeat DNA profiling and RNA sequencing as well as karyotype, doubling time, chemosensitivity, in vitro migration capability and in vivo tumorigenicity assay. Primary culture cells showed high expression of CK7, CK19, CA 19-9, MUC1 and MUC16, and negative expression of mesothelial markers. The three isolated clones displayed an epithelial phenotype and an abnormal structure and number of chromosomes. RNA sequencing confirmed the increased expression of cytokeratin and mucin genes, and also of TP53 and ERBB2 with some differences among the three cells lines, and revealed a novel exonic mutation in NF1. The PUC-GBC3 clone was the most aggressive according to histopathological features and the tumorigenic capacity in NSG mice. Conclusions The first cell lines established from a Chilean GBC patient represent a new model for studying GBC in patients of Native American descent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Rosa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Applied Molecular and Cellular Biology PhD Program, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jaime A Espinoza
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helga Weber
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Javier Cerda-Infante
- Department of Hematology Oncology; Cellular and Molecular Biology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marianela Sánchez
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Viviana P Montecinos
- Department of Hematology Oncology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Justo Lorenzo-Bermejo
- Statistical Genetics Research Group, Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Boekstegers
- Statistical Genetics Research Group, Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcela Dávila-López
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francisca Alfaro
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Leiva-Acevedo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Zasha Parra
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Complejo Asistencial Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Romero
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sumie Kato
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Leal
- Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT) and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Marcela Lagos
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Oh DY, Bang YJ. HER2-targeted therapies - a role beyond breast cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019; 17:33-48. [PMID: 31548601 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-019-0268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HER2 is an established therapeutic target in a large subset of women with breast cancer; a variety of agents including trastuzumab, pertuzumab, lapatinib, neratinib and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) have been approved for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. HER2 is also overexpressed in subsets of patients with other solid tumours. Notably, the addition of trastuzumab to first-line chemotherapy has improved the overall survival of patients with HER2-positive gastric cancer, and has become the standard-of-care treatment for this group of patients. However, trials involving pertuzumab, lapatinib and T-DM1 have failed to provide significant improvements in the outcomes of patients with HER2-positive gastric cancer. HER2-targeted therapies are also being tested in patients with other solid tumours harbouring HER2 overexpression, and/or amplifications or other mutations of the gene encoding HER2 (ERBB2), including biliary tract, colorectal, non-small-cell lung and bladder cancers. The experience with gastric cancer suggests that the successes observed in HER2-positive breast cancer might not be replicated in these other tumour types, owing to differences in the level of HER2 overexpression and other aspects of disease biology. In this Review, we describe the current role of HER2-targeted therapies beyond breast cancer and also highlight the potential of novel HER2-targeted agents that are currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Youn Oh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Pretreatment with Gemcitabine/5-Fluorouracil Enhances the Cytotoxicity of Trastuzumab to HER2-Negative Human Gallbladder Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:9205851. [PMID: 31019975 PMCID: PMC6452559 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9205851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of standard clinical therapies including surgery and chemotherapy are poor in advanced gallbladder cancer (GBC). There are a few reported cases of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive GBC that responded well to trastuzumab. But trastuzumab has not yet been used to treat HER2-negative GBC. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of different combined therapies with trastuzumab and gemcitabine and/or 5-fluorouracil on HER2-negative GBC cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Trastuzumab alone showed almost no cytotoxicity to GBC cells with originally low HER2 gene amplification. Sequential therapy with chemotherapy followed by trastuzumab showed superiority over reverse sequential chemotherapy (P<0.05), concurrent combined chemotherapy (P<0.05), chemotherapy alone (P<0.05), and trastuzumab alone (P<0.05) in terms of cytotoxicity. Sequential therapy with chemotherapy followed by trastuzumab nearly completely inhibited cell viability in HER2-negative GBC cells. Similar results were observed with regard to apoptosis. Western blot analysis showed that gemcitabine/5-fluorouracil increased the expressions of total and phosphorylated forms of HER2, thus enhancing the cytotoxicity of trastuzumab. In vivo study verified the results of in vitro study by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay and immunohistochemical analysis. Moreover, not only the lightest tumor bearing but also the best survival state was detected in sequential therapy with chemotherapy followed by trastuzumab group compared with other groups. Our in vivo and in vitro data suggest that sequential therapy with gemcitabine/5-fluorouracil followed by trastuzumab represents a novel and promising therapeutic strategy against HER2-negative GBC. The upregulation of phosphorylated HER2 and phosphorylated-AKT induced by gemcitabine/5-fluorouracil treatment shows that HER2/AKT pathway is triggered.
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Neyaz A, Husain N, Gupta S, Kumari S, Arora A, Awasthi NP, Malhotra KP, Misra S. Investigation of targetable predictive and prognostic markers in gallbladder carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 9:111-125. [PMID: 29564177 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2017.10.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gallbladder carcinoma, uncommon in most of the world, is frequent in South East Asia. It presents in advanced stages with limited therapeutic options. We investigated targetable predictive and prognostic Markers in 268 cases including 233 primary site lesions and 35 metastatic gallbladder carcinoma. Methods EGFR, VEGF, HER2/Neu and p53 were assessed using immunohistochemistry. HER2/Neu was validated in a subset by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using tissue microarray (TMA). Broader spectrum of gene variation was screened in NGS in representative FFPE tissue using the Ion AmpliSeq cancer hotspot panel V2. Results Mean age was 49.5 years with female predominance (77.6%). Histological types included 221 cases of adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS), 23 invasive papillary carcinoma, 11 mucinous adenocarcinoma, 8 adenosquamous, 1 signet ring, 3 neuroendocrine and 1 undifferentiated carcinoma. Majority (76.1%) presented with stage 3/4 disease. Overall positive expression of p53 was 44.8%, VEGF 79.4%, HER2/Neu 27.3% and EGFR 34.6%. Intratumoral heterogeneity was evident in HER2/Neu. Marker expression was not significantly associated with stage, grade, type and metastasis except VEGF which correlated with histological type (P=0.018) and tumor grade (P=0.027). NGS using Ion AmpliSeq cancer hotspot panel V2 revealed multiple non synonymous mutations, most frequent being TP53 and CDKN2A mutations and mutations in MET, KDR, PIK3CA, VHL, MPL, HER2 and SMARCB1 genes. Conclusions Predictive targetable markers like HER2/Neu, VEGF and EGFR are expressed in high proportion of gallbladder carcinoma. Significant expression of RAS pathway molecules suggests that interactions take place among the different members of the ErbB family during tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azfar Neyaz
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Nuzhat Husain
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sameer Gupta
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Swati Kumari
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditi Arora
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Namrata Puneet Awasthi
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Kiran Preet Malhotra
- Department of Pathology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Department of Surgical Oncology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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HER2/HER3 pathway in biliary tract malignancies; systematic review and meta-analysis: a potential therapeutic target? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 36:141-157. [PMID: 27981460 PMCID: PMC5385197 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and amplification have been reported as predictive markers for HER2-targeted therapy in breast and gastric cancer, whereas human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) is emerging as a potential resistance factor. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the HER2 and HER3 overexpression and amplification in biliary tract cancers (BTCs). An electronic search of MEDLINE, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), European Society of Medical Oncology Congress (ESMO), and American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) was performed to identify studies reporting HER2 and/or HER3 membrane protein expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and/or gene amplification by in situ hybridization (ISH) in BTCs. Studies were classified as "high quality" (HQ) if IHC overexpression was defined as presence of moderate/strong staining or "low quality" (LQ) where "any" expression was considered positive. Of 440 studies screened, 40 met the inclusion criteria. Globally, HER2 expression rate was 26.5 % (95 % CI 18.9-34.1 %). When HQ studies were analyzed (n = 27 studies), extrahepatic BTCs showed a higher HER2 overexpression rate compared to intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: 19.9 % (95 % CI 12.8-27.1 %) vs. 4.8 % (95 % CI 0-14.5 %), respectively, p value 0.0049. HER2 amplification rate was higher in patients selected by HER2 overexpression compared to "unselected" patients: 57.6 % (95 % CI 16.2-99 %) vs. 17.9 % (95 % CI 0.1-35.4 %), respectively, p value 0.0072. HER3 overexpression (4/4 HQ studies) and amplification rates were 27.9 % (95 % CI 9.7-46.1 %) and 26.5 % (one study), respectively. Up to 20 % of extrahepatic BTCs appear to be HER2 overexpressed; of these, close to 60 % appear to be HER2 amplified, while HER3 is overexpressed or amplified in about 25 % of patients. Clinical relevance for targeted therapy should be tested in prospective clinical trials.
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Miwa T, Nagata T, Kojima H, Sekine S, Okumura T. Isoform switch of CD44 induces different chemotactic and tumorigenic ability in gallbladder cancer. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:771-780. [PMID: 28677740 PMCID: PMC5564409 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the most unfavorable prognostic tumor, and immediate growth and distant metastasis are important factors associated with the poor prognosis of patients with this disease. Standard and variant isoforms of CD44 are associated with tumor growth, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), although their roles in GBC are unclear. We investigated the relationship between the CD44 isoforms with EMT, chemotaxis, and tumorigenicity. We analyzed CD44 expression in the GBC cell line NOZ and found that it comprises a major population that expressed CD44std+/CD44v9− (CD44s) and the minor population that expressed CD44std−/CD44v9+ (CD44v). CD44s cells exhibited increased chemotaxis and invasiveness compared with CD44v cells in in vitro cell migration and invasion assays. CD44s cells expressed higher and lower levels of mRNAs that encode vimentin and E-cadherin, respectively, compared with those of CD44v cells. CD44s cells expressed high levels of the transcription factors ZEB1 and ZEB2 that mediate EMT, and low levels of a splicing factor ESRP1 that controls the CD44 isoform switch. We performed in vivo mouse xenotransplantation analyses of CD44s and CD44v cells and found that CD44v cells exhibited relatively increased tumorigenicity. Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays revealed that high levels of CD44v9 and CD44std were associated with poorer prognosis. The expression of CD44std was also associated with poorly differentiated tumors and distant metastasis. In conclusion, CD44s was associated with a mesenchymal phenotype, increased chemotaxis and invasiveness, and decreased tumorigenicity. In contrast, CD44v cells exhibited an epithelial phenotype, decreased chemotaxis, decreased invasiveness, and increased tumorigenicity. These findings suggest that CD44v and CD44s cells play differently important roles in the progression and metastasis of GBC and the isoform switch triggers EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Miwa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagata
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kojima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shinichi Sekine
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama City, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Sohal DP, Shrotriya S, Abazeed M, Cruise M, Khorana A. Molecular characteristics of biliary tract cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 107:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Yoshida H, Shimada K, Kosuge T, Hiraoka N. A significant subgroup of resectable gallbladder cancer patients has an HER2 positive status. Virchows Arch 2016; 468:431-9. [PMID: 26758058 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) has a poor prognosis, and new targeted therapeutic options are needed. We investigated the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status and its clinicopathological significance in a large cohort of GBC patients. We assessed HER2 expression in a consecutive series of 211 GBC cases by immunohistochemistry (IHC), paying particular attention to intratumoral heterogeneity. HER2 gene amplification was analyzed by dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). An HER2 positive status was called when the IHC score was 3+ or when the IHC score was 2+, and FISH was positive. Correlations were analyzed between HER2 status and clinicopathological parameters including survival. The HER2 IHC score was 0 in 144 (68.2%), 1+ in 28 (13.3%), 2+ in 14 (6.6%), and 3+ in 25 cases (11.8%). In 20/39 (51%) of the IHC 2+ and 3+ cases, the staining pattern was heterogeneous. In HER2 IHC score 2+ and 3+ cases, HER2 FISH was positive in 83% (10/12) and 96% (24/25), respectively. Altogether, 35/211 cases (16.6%) were HER2 positive. There was no significant association between HER2 status and clinicopathological variables or survival. We identified a significant subgroup of HER2-positive GBC cases, for whom a clinical trial with anti-HER2 therapy might be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshida
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Shimada
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tomoo Kosuge
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hiraoka
- Division of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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p53 immunoexpression in stepwise progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and correlation with angiogenesis and cellular proliferation. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:782-8. [PMID: 26296918 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multistep carcinogenesis involves loss of function of tumor suppressor proteins such as p53 and induction of angiogenesis. Such mechanisms contribute to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression and may be interconnected. We aimed to explore p53 immunoexpression in spectral stages of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and correlate expression to both neovascularization and cellular proliferation. We estimated the percentages of immunostained cells for p53 and Ki67 (proliferation marker) in three groups: 23 solar keratoses, 28 superficially invasive squamous cell carcinomas and 28 invasive squamous cell carcinomas. The Chalkley method was used to quantify the microvascular area by neoangiogenesis (CD105) immunomarker in each group. There was no significant difference for rate of p53- and Ki67-positive cells between groups. Significant positive correlation was found between the CD105 microvascular area and the rate of p53 positive cells in superficially invasive squamous cell carcinoma as well as between the rate of p53- and Ki67-positive cells in invasive squamous cell carcinoma. p53 and Ki67 immunoexpression did not increase with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression. Neovascularization in the initial stage of invasion and proliferative activity in the frankly invasive stage were both associated with p53 immunoexpression. Loss of p53 tumor suppressor function through progressive steps may be directly involved in skin carcinogenesis.
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11
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Kawamoto T, Ishige K, Thomas M, Yamashita-Kashima Y, Shu S, Ishikura N, Ariizumi S, Yamamoto M, Kurosaki K, Shoda J. Overexpression and gene amplification of EGFR, HER2, and HER3 in biliary tract carcinomas, and the possibility for therapy with the HER2-targeting antibody pertuzumab. J Gastroenterol 2015; 50:467-79. [PMID: 25112701 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-014-0984-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pertuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to HER2 at an epitope that prevents HER2 from dimerizing with ligand-activated HER-family receptors. To assess the potential of pertuzumab as a new therapy, the expression status of HER family members was determined in biliary tract carcinoma (BTC), and the antitumor activity of pertuzumab was investigated by assessing the inhibition of BTC cell growth. METHODS The expression status of HER family members in 113 archival specimens of BTC was analyzed by using immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Using ten BTC cell lines, heregulin-alpha (HRG-α) stimulated cell proliferation and its inhibition by pertuzumab was tested in vitro. The phosphorylated HER family proteins and their respective downstream molecules were analyzed. In vivo antitumor activity of pertuzumab was evaluated in a xenograft model. RESULTS Protein overexpression of HER2 and/or HER3 was observed in 23-34 % of the specimens and gene amplification in 17-27 %. Seven of the ten cell lines showed HER2 and/or HER3 protein overexpression and gene amplification, and HRG-α stimulated cell proliferation was observed in four of the ten cell lines. In a BTC cell line co-overexpressing HER2 and HER3, pertuzumab potently inhibited the HRG-α stimulated cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, and completely blocked the phosphorylation of HER3. Suppression of downstream pathway molecules including p-AKT was also observed. Pertuzumab inhibited the in vivo growth of subcutaneous tumors, and increased the number of apoptotic cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Pertuzumab exerts potent antitumor activity in BTC cells co-overexpressing HER2 and HER3. Pertuzumab provides a new therapeutic option against BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kawamoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Bizama C, García P, Espinoza JA, Weber H, Leal P, Nervi B, Roa JC. Targeting specific molecular pathways holds promise for advanced gallbladder cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2015; 41:222-34. [PMID: 25639632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer is the most common and aggressive malignancy of the biliary tract. The complete surgical resection is the only potentially curative approach in early stage; however, most cases are diagnosed in advanced stages and the response to traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy is extremely limited, with modest impact in overall survival. The recent progress in understanding the molecular alterations of gallbladder cancer has shown great promise for the development of more effective treatment strategies. This has mainly resulted from the identification of molecular alterations in relevant intracellular signaling pathways-Hedgehog, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Notch, ErbB, MAPK and angiogenesis-which are potential tailored targets for gallbladder cancer patients. This review discusses the recent remarkable progress in understanding the molecular alterations that represent novel prognosis molecular markers and therapeutic targets for gallbladder cancer, which will provide opportunities for research and for developing innovative strategies that may enhance the benefit of conventional chemotherapy, or eventually modify the fatal natural history of this orphan disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bizama
- Department of Pathology, Center for Investigation in Translational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Patricia García
- Department of Pathology, Center for Investigation in Translational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Jaime A Espinoza
- Department of Pathology, Center for Investigation in Translational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Helga Weber
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, CEGIN-BIOREN, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Pamela Leal
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, CEGIN-BIOREN, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Bruno Nervi
- Department of Hematology Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 26767000, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Roa
- Department of Pathology, Center for Investigation in Translational Oncology (CITO), School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile.
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13
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Sharma KL, Yadav A, Gupta A, Tulsayan S, Kumar V, Misra S, Kumar A, Mittal B. Association of genetic variants of cancer stem cell gene CD44 haplotypes with gallbladder cancer susceptibility in North Indian population. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2583-9. [PMID: 24186075 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 is an important marker for cancer stem cells. Germline variants in CD44 gene have been associated with susceptibility to breast and nasopharyngeal carcinomas but no study in gallbladder cancer (GBC) has been done yet. The present study included 405 GBC patients and 200 healthy controls from North India. Tagger SNPs for CD44 were selected from the GIH population data. Genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP and Taqman probes. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS. Bonferroni correction was applied in subgroup analysis. Logistic regression analysis showed no individual association of CD44 polymorphisms with GBC risk. However, [CCAT] haplotype was associated with overall reduced risk of GBC [P = 0.04, odds ratios (OR) = 0.47]. Gender stratification revealed that [CCAT] and [TAGT] haplotypes were significantly associated with decreased risk in female GBC patients [P = 0.022, OR = 0.38; P = 0.011, OR = 0.17, respectively]. The CAAT haplotype was marginally associated with low GBC risk in patients with co-existing gallstones [P = 0.026, OR = 0.53]. The cancer risk was not further modified with tobacco usage or age of onset. In silico analysis showed change in transcriptional regulation of selected SNPs. This study reports an important role of CD44 haplotypes with reduced risk of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Lata Sharma
- Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India,
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14
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Ghosh M, Sakhuja P, Singh S, Agarwal AK. p53 and beta-catenin expression in gallbladder tissues and correlation with tumor progression in gallbladder cancer. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:34-9. [PMID: 23319036 PMCID: PMC3603488 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.105922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene and activation of the proto-oncogene are key steps in the development of human cancer. p53 and beta-catenin are examples of such genes, respectively. In the present study, our aim was to determine the role of these genes in the carcinogenesis of the gallbladder by immunohistochemistry. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sections from paraffin-embedded blocks of surgically resected specimens of gallbladder cancer (GBC) (80 cases), chronic cholecystitis (60 cases), and control gallbladders (10 cases) were stained with the monoclonal antibody p53, and polyclonal antibody beta-catenin. Results were scored semiquantitatively and statistical analysis performed. p53 expression was scored as percentage of the nuclei stained. Beta-catenin expression was scored as type of expression-membranous, cytoplasmic, and nuclear staining. Beta-catenin expression was correlated with tumor invasiveness, differentiation, and stage. RESULTS Over-expression of p53 was seen in 56.25% of GBC cases and was not seen in chronic cholecystitis or in control gallbladders. p53 expression in gallbladder cancer was significantly higher than in inflammatory or control gallbladders (P < 0.0001). p53 expression increased with increasing tumor grade (P = 0.039). Beta-catenin nuclear expression was seen in 75% cases of gallbladder cancer and in no case of chronic cholecystitis and control gallbladder. Beta-catenin nuclear expression increased with tumor depth invasiveness, and grade (P = 0.028 and P = 0.0152, respectively). CONCLUSION p53 and beta-catenin nuclear expression is significantly higher in GBC. p53 expression correlates with increasing tumor grade while beta-catenin nuclear expression correlates with tumor grade and depth of invasion, thus suggesting a role for these genes in tumor progression of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Ghosh
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, G. B. Pant Hospital and Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi, India
| | - Puja Sakhuja
- Department of Pathology, G. B. Pant Hospital and Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivendra Singh
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, G. B. Pant Hospital and Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil K. Agarwal
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, G. B. Pant Hospital and Maulana Azad Medical College, Delhi University, New Delhi, India,Address for correspondence: Dr. Anil K. Agarwal, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Room No 223, Academic Block, 2nd Floor, G. B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi - 110 002, India. E-mail:
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15
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Toledo C, Matus CE, Barraza X, Arroyo P, Ehrenfeld P, Figueroa CD, Bhoola KD, del Pozo M, Poblete MT. Expression of HER2 and bradykinin B 1 receptors in precursor lesions of gallbladder carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1208-15. [PMID: 22468084 PMCID: PMC3309910 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i11.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To determine the expression of HER2 and bradykinin B1 receptors (B1R) in the two pathogenic models of gallbladder cancer: the metaplasia-dysplasia-carcinoma and the adenoma-carcinoma pathways.
METHODS: Receptor proteins were visualized by immunohistochemistry on 5-μm sections of paraffin-embedded tissue. Expression of both receptors was studied in biopsy samples from 92 patients (6 males and 86 females; age ranging from 28 to 86 years, mean 56 years). High HER2 expression in specimens was additionally investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cell proliferation in each sample was assessed by using the Ki-67 proliferation marker.
RESULTS: HER2 receptor protein was absent in adenomas and in normal gallbladder epithelium. On the contrary, there was intense staining for HER2 on the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells of intestinal metaplasia (22/24; 91.7%) and carcinoma in situ (9/10; 90%), the lesions that displayed a significantly high proliferation index. Protein up-regulation of HER2 in the epithelium with metaplasia or carcinoma in situ was not accompanied by HER2 gene amplification. A similar result was observed in invasive carcinomas (0/12). The B1R distribution pattern mirrored that of HER2 except that B1R was additionally observed in the adenomas. The B1R appeared either as cytoplasmic dots or labeling on the apical cell membrane of the cells composing the epithelia with intestinal metaplasia (24/24; 100%) and carcinoma in situ (10/10; 100%) and in the epithelial cells of adenomas. In contrast, both HER2 (4/12; 33%) and B1R (1/12; 8.3%) showed a low expression in invasive gallbladder carcinomas.
CONCLUSION: The up-regulation of HER2 and B1R in precursor lesions of gallbladder carcinoma suggests cross-talk between these two receptors that may be of importance in the modulation of cell proliferation in gallbladder carcinogenesis.
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Rupesh P, Manoj P, Vijay Kumar S. Biomarkers in carcinoma of the gallbladder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2:511-26. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.5.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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17
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Lee SM, Lee KE, Chang HJ, Choi MY, Cho MS, Min SK, Lee HK, Mun YC, Nam EM, Seong CM, Lee SN. Prognostic significance of CD44s expression in biliary tract cancers. Ann Surg Oncol 2008; 15:1155-60. [PMID: 18214619 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD44 is an essential surface glycoprotein component of the hyaluronan receptor and is associated with adhesion and metastasis in many solid tumors. There are several isoforms of CD44, including CD44 standard (CD44s) and 10 CD44 variants (CD44v1 to CD44v10). We evaluated the clinical significance of CD44s and CD44v6 in biliary tract cancers. METHODS Patients who had been diagnosed with primary biliary tract cancers were enrolled onto the study, and tissue specimens were obtained during surgery. Paraffin-embedded tissue sections were evaluated for the presence of CD44s and CD44v6 by immunohistochemical staining. We decided CD44s and CD44v6 expression as overexpression, which shows an intensity grade of >10%. Clinical data of all patients were reviewed. RESULTS Ninety-five patients (35 men and 60 women; median age, 64 years; range, 37-86 years) were evaluated. The incidence of overexpression (>10%) of CD44s was 49%, and that of CD44v6 was 17%. The median postoperative follow-up duration was 34.3 months, and the median overall survival was 12.2 months. The Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) test identified CD44s overexpression (0% to 10% vs. 10% to 100%; HR, .420; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], .211-.837; P = .014) and cancer stage as prognostic factors. However, the expression of CD44v6 (0% to 10% vs. 10% to 100%; HR, 1.462; 95% CI, .630-3.393; P = .377) had no prognostic significance for survival. CONCLUSIONS CD44s overexpression is useful as a marker of a poor prognosis for biliary tract cancer. Aggressive postoperative therapy should be considered for such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Ewha Medical Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Mock-Dong 911-1, Yangchun-ku, Seoul, 158-710, Korea
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18
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Chaube A, Tewari M, Garbyal RS, Singh U, Shukla HS. Preliminary study of p53 and c-erbB-2 expression in gallbladder cancer in Indian patients manuscript id: 8962091628764582. BMC Cancer 2006; 6:126. [PMID: 16686942 PMCID: PMC1472691 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-6-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inactivation of the tumour suppressor gene and activation of the proto-oncogene are the key steps in the development of the human cancer. The p53 and c-erbB-2 are the best examples of it. In the present study, our aim was to determine the role of these genes in the carcinogenesis of gallbladder by immunohistochemistry. METHODS In all 78 consecutive patients of gall bladder diseases were studied for p53 and c-erbB-2 expression immunohistochemically and their expression was correlated with the age, grades and stages of the disease and presence of stone. An informed consent was obtained in each case. Chi square and z test were applied to see the association of p53 and c-erbB-2 over expression with other clinicopathological factors. RESULTS Eight (20%) patients of gall bladder cancer were positive for p53 expression and 10 (25%) patients for c-erbB-2. The p53 positivity increased with increasing grade while cerbB-2 positivity decreased with increasing grade of gall bladder cancer. Mean age in cerbB-2 positive cases were lesser as compared to negative cases while p53 did not show such association with age. CONCLUSION Only one case of gall bladder cancer co-expressed the p53 and c-erbB-2, thereby suggesting that p53 and c-erbB-2 may have independent role in carcinogenesis of gall bladder cancer. c-erbB-2 over expression in adenoma and younger age group indicates its role as an early event in carcinogenesis of gallbladder. However study of larger sample is required to further validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Chaube
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
| | - Mallika Tewari
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
| | - RS Garbyal
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
| | - Usha Singh
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
| | - Hari S Shukla
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi -221005, India
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Saetta AA. K-ras, p53 mutations, and microsatellite instability (MSI) in gallbladder cancer. J Surg Oncol 2006; 93:644-9. [PMID: 16724348 DOI: 10.1002/jso.20532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the considerable progress in understanding the molecular pathology of carcinogenesis, the genetic mechanisms underlying the development and progression of gallbladder cancer (GC) are poorly understood. The survival of GC patients is generally poor. Therefore, it is very useful to define valuable prognostic factors. The most extensively studied oncogenes in gallbladder carcinogenesis are ras, commonly mutated in neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. K-ras oncogene is altered in a subset of gallbladder patients and mainly in those having anomalous junction of the pancreaticobiliary tract. Most of the studies of genetic abnormalities in GC have focused on p53 gene. p53 mutation/overexpression and/or LOH is present in more than 50% of gallbladder carcinomas, suggesting an important role in their pathogenesis. However, these results have not any predictive value yet. Moreover, the involvement of an alternative molecular pathway, that of microsatellite instability (MSI), is found in a limited group of GC patients. Additional research is necessary to establish its possible relation to defects of the mismatch repair (MMR) system and its proposed prognostic significance. Further elucidation of the molecular events specific to GC will help to identify novel molecular targets for the diagnosis and clinical management of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica A Saetta
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.
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