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Grancini V, Cogliati I, Alicandro G, Gaglio A, Gatti S, Donato MF, Orsi E, Resi V. Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with non-invasive indices in subjects with diabetes before and after liver transplantation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1359960. [PMID: 38505744 PMCID: PMC10948411 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1359960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction One of the most common complications of cirrhosis is diabetes, which prevalence is strictly related to severity of hepatopathy. Actually, there are no data on the persistence of post-transplant glucose abnormalities and on a potential impact of diabetes on development of fibrosis in the transplanted liver. To this aim, we evaluated liver fibrosis in cirrhotic subjects before and after being transplanted. Methods The study included 111 individuals who had liver transplantation. The assessment was performed before and two years after surgery to investigate a potential impact of the persistence of diabetes on developing de novo fibrosis in the transplanted liver. The degree of fibrosis was assessed using the Fibrosis Index Based on 4 Factors (FIB-4) and the Aspartate to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI). Results At pre-transplant evaluation, 63 out of 111 (56.8%) subjects were diabetic. Diabetic subjects had higher FIB-4 (Geometric mean, 95% confidence interval: 9.74, 8.32-11.41 vs 5.93, 4.71-7.46, P<0.001) and APRI (2.04, 1.69-2.47 vs 1.18, 0.90-1.55, P<0.001) compared to non-diabetic subjects. Two years after transplantation, 39 out of 111 (35.1%) subjects remained with diabetes and continued to show significantly higher FIB-4 (3.14, 2.57-3.82 vs 1.87, 1.55-2.27, P<0.001) and APRI (0.52, 0.39-0.69 vs 0.26, 0.21-0.32, P<0.001) compared to subjects without diabetes. Discussion Thus, persistence of diabetes after surgery is a possible risk factor for an evolution to fibrosis in the transplanted liver, potentially leading to worsened long-term outcomes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Grancini
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Cogliati
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Alicandro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Gaglio
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Gatti
- Center for Preclinical Research, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Donato
- Hepatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Orsi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Resi
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Kang CM, Ku HJ, Moon HH, Kim SE, Jo JH, Choi YI, Shin DH. Predicting Safe Liver Resection Volume for Major Hepatectomy Using Artificial Intelligence. J Clin Med 2024; 13:381. [PMID: 38256518 PMCID: PMC10816299 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Advancements in the field of liver surgery have led to a critical need for precise estimations of preoperative liver function to prevent post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF), a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. This study introduces a novel application of artificial intelligence (AI) in determining safe resection volumes according to a patient's liver function in major hepatectomies. (2) Methods: We incorporated a deep learning approach, incorporating a unique liver-specific loss function, to analyze patient characteristics, laboratory data, and liver volumetry from computed tomography scans of 52 patients. Our approach was evaluated against existing machine and deep learning techniques. (3) Results: Our approach achieved 68.8% accuracy in predicting safe resection volumes, demonstrating superior performance over traditional models. Furthermore, it significantly reduced the mean absolute error in under-predicted volumes to 23.72, indicating a more precise estimation of safe resection limits. These findings highlight the potential of integrating AI into surgical planning for liver resections. (4) Conclusion: By providing more accurate predictions of safe resection volumes, our method aims to minimize the risk of PHLF, thereby improving clinical outcomes for patients undergoing hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chol Min Kang
- Department of Applied Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA;
| | - Hyung June Ku
- Chang Kee-Ryo Memorial Liver Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.H.J.); (Y.I.C.); (D.H.S.)
| | - Hyung Hwan Moon
- Chang Kee-Ryo Memorial Liver Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.H.J.); (Y.I.C.); (D.H.S.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreas and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Eun Kim
- Department of Applied Artificial Intelligence, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Hoon Jo
- Chang Kee-Ryo Memorial Liver Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.H.J.); (Y.I.C.); (D.H.S.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreas and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Il Choi
- Chang Kee-Ryo Memorial Liver Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.H.J.); (Y.I.C.); (D.H.S.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreas and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Chang Kee-Ryo Memorial Liver Institute, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea; (H.J.K.); (J.H.J.); (Y.I.C.); (D.H.S.)
- Division of Hepatobiliary-Pancreas and Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
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3
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Rabindranath M, Zaya R, Prayitno K, Orchanian-Cheff A, Patel K, Jaeckel E, Bhat M. A Comprehensive Review of Liver Allograft Fibrosis and Steatosis: From Cause to Diagnosis. Transplant Direct 2023; 9:e1547. [PMID: 37854023 PMCID: PMC10581596 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in posttransplant care, long-term outcomes for liver transplant recipients remain unchanged. Approximately 25% of recipients will advance to graft cirrhosis and require retransplantation. Graft fibrosis progresses in the context of de novo or recurrent disease. Recurrent hepatitis C virus infection was previously the most important cause of graft failure but is now curable in the majority of patients. However, with an increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as the most rapidly increasing indication for liver transplantation, metabolic dysfunction-associated liver injury is anticipated to become an important cause of graft fibrosis alongside alloimmune hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease. To better understand the landscape of the graft fibrosis literature, we summarize the associated epidemiology, cause, potential mechanisms, diagnosis, and complications. We additionally highlight the need for better noninvasive methods to ameliorate the management of graft fibrosis. Some examples include leveraging the microbiome, genetic, and machine learning methods to address these limitations. Overall, graft fibrosis is routinely seen by transplant clinicians, but it requires a better understanding of its underlying biology and contributors that can help inform diagnostic and therapeutic practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumitha Rabindranath
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rita Zaya
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khairunnadiya Prayitno
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ani Orchanian-Cheff
- Library and Information Services, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keyur Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mamatha Bhat
- Ajmera Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Ng CH, Tan DJH, Lim XC, Yong JN, Syn N, Soon GST, Huang DQ, Xiao J, Lim GEH, Lim WH, Tan EXX, Dan YY, Noureddin M, Siddiqui MS, Muthiah MD. A Diagnostic Test Meta-Analysis Evaluating Imaging-Based and Blood Biomarker-Based Assessment Tools for Fibrosis After Liver Transplantation. Liver Transpl 2022; 28:659-669. [PMID: 34714966 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of liver graft fibrosis is crucial for risk stratification to identify patients for liver biopsy and timely treatment. However, diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive tests (NITs) remains unclear. Thus, this study sought to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of NITs in assessing liver allograft fibrosis and compare the differences in specificities and sensitivities among NITs. Medline and Embase databases were searched to include articles on diagnostic tests in liver transplantation (LT) patients with fibrosis. A meta-analysis on diagnostic test accuracy was conducted in a random-effects model. Sensitivities and specificities among the diagnostic tests were compared, and threshold values were calculated where applicable. A total of 25 articles were included. Vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) met the minimum diagnostic accuracy requirements, yielding sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios of 0.9 (CI, 0.8-1.0), 0.9 (CI, 0.8-1.0), and 379.6 (CI, 45.8-1728.7), respectively. In the threshold assessment, the optimal cutoff was 9.30 kPa with a sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve of 0.7 (CI, 0.5-0.9), 0.9 (CI, 0.8-0.9), and 0.9 (CI, 0.8-0.9), respectively. For significant fibrosis, acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) was superior to FibroTest (LabCorp [Burlington, NC]) and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in sensitivity. VCTE was superior to FibroTest in specificity. For advanced fibrosis, ARFI was superior to the Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4) in sensitivity. VCTE was superior to the AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI), MRE, and FIB-4 in specificity. In cirrhosis, VCTE was superior to APRI in specificity (P = 0.004) with comparable sensitivity. This study demonstrates the potential of VCTE and ARFI as diagnostic tools for fibrosis in LT recipients compared with blood-based NITs, which were shown to be less optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Syn
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.,Biostatistics & Modelling Domain, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Q Huang
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.,National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Grace En Hui Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Eunice Xiang Xuan Tan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.,National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.,National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mazen Noureddin
- Cedars-Sinai Fatty Liver Program, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Comprehensive Transplant Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mohammad Shadab Siddiqui
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Mark D Muthiah
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore.,National University Centre for Organ Transplantation, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Mikolasevic I, Stojsavljevic S, Blazic F, Mijic M, Radic-Kristo D, Juric T, Skenderevic N, Klapan M, Lukic A, Filipec Kanizaj T. Noninvasive markers of liver steatosis and fibrosis after liver transplantation - Where do we stand? World J Transplant 2021; 11:37-53. [PMID: 33816145 PMCID: PMC8009059 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v11.i3.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, advances in immunosuppressive regimens have led to fewer complications of acute rejection crisis and consequently improved short-term graft and patient survival. In parallel with this great success, long-term post-transplantation complications have become a focus of interest of doctors engaged in transplant medicine. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its individual components, namely, obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension, often develop in the post-transplant setting and are associated with immuno-suppressive therapy. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related to MetS and its individual components and is the liver manifestation of MetS. Therefore, it is not surprising that MetS and its individual components are associated with recurrent or "de novo" NAFLD after liver transplantation (LT). Fibrosis of the graft is one of the main determinants of overall morbidity and mortality in the post-LT period. In the assessment of post-LT steatosis and fibrosis, we have biochemical markers, imaging methods and liver biopsy. Because of the significant economic burden of post-LT steatosis and fibrosis and its potential consequences, there is an unmet need for noninvasive methods that are efficient and cost-effective. Biochemical scores can overestimate fibrosis and are not a good method for fibrosis evaluation in liver transplant recipients due to frequent post-LT thrombocytopenia. Transient elastography with controlled attenuation parameter is a promising noninvasive method for steatosis and fibrosis. In this review, we will specifically focus on the evaluation of steatosis and fibrosis in the post-LT setting in the context of de novo or recurrent NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Mikolasevic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sanja Stojsavljevic
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Filip Blazic
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Maja Mijic
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Delfa Radic-Kristo
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Toni Juric
- School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Nadija Skenderevic
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mia Klapan
- School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Andjela Lukic
- School of Medicine, School of Medicine, Rijeka 51000, Croatia
| | - Tajana Filipec Kanizaj
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Merkur, Zagreb, Croatia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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6
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Shiha G, Mousa N. Noninvasive Biomarkers for Liver Fibrosis. LIVER DISEASES 2020:427-441. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24432-3_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
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7
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Futagawa Y, Yanaga K, Kosuge T, Suka M, Isaji S, Hirano S, Murakami Y, Yamamoto M, Yamaue H. Outcomes of pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with chronic hepatic dysfunction including liver cirrhosis: results of a retrospective multicenter study by the Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2019; 26:310-324. [DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuro Futagawa
- Department of Surgery The Jikei University School o f Medicine 3‐25‐8 Nishishimbashi, Minato‐ku Tokyo105‐8461Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Yanaga
- Department of Surgery The Jikei University School o f Medicine 3‐25‐8 Nishishimbashi, Minato‐ku Tokyo105‐8461Japan
| | - Tomoo Kosuge
- Department of Surgery Sangenjaya Daiichi Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Machi Suka
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine The Jikei University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuji Isaji
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery Mie University Graduate School of Medicine Mie Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II Hokkaido University Faculty of Medicine Hokkaido Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Murakami
- Department of Surgery Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences Hiroshima University Hiroshima Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery Institute of Gastroenterology Tokyo Women's Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamaue
- Second Department of Surgery Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine Wakayama Japan
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8
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Yoshino K, Taura K, Okuda Y, Ikeno Y, Uemoto Y, Nishio T, Yamamoto G, Tanabe K, Koyama Y, Seo S, Kaido T, Okajima H, Imai T, Tanaka S, Uemoto S. Efficiency of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for the staging of graft fibrosis after liver transplantation. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:394-403. [PMID: 30471140 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Liver biopsy is the gold standard for assessing liver fibrosis (LF) after liver transplantation (LT), but its invasiveness limits its utility. This study aimed to evaluate the usefulness of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging to assess LF after LT. METHODS Between September 2013 and January 2017, 278 patients who underwent liver biopsy after LT in Kyoto University Hospital (Kyoto, Japan) were prospectively enrolled. Liver stiffness measurement was carried out using ARFI imaging; its value was expressed as shear wave velocity (Vs) [m/s]. The LF was evaluated according to METAVIR score (F0-F4). The diagnostic performance of Vs for F2≤ and F3≤ was assessed and compared with that of laboratory tests using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. RESULTS The median Vs values increased according to the progression of LF (F0, 1.18 (0.78-1.92); F1, 1.35 (0.72-3.54); F2, 1.55 (1.05-3.37); F3, 1.84 (1.41-2.97)). The Vs had the highest area under the ROC curve (AUROC) for the prediction of both F2 ≤ and F3 ≤ fibrosis (F2, 0.77; and F3, 0.85). With the cut-off value of Vs >1.31, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 89.4%, 53.3%, 37.3%, and 94.2% in predicting F2≤, respectively. Shear wave velocity diagnosed LF better than any laboratory tests regardless of the type of primary disease. CONCLUSIONS Acoustic radiation force impulse helps to assess graft LF after LT. The high sensitivity suggested that ARFI might reduce the frequency of liver biopsies by detecting patients who are unlikely to have significant fibrosis after LT. (Unique trial no. UMIN R000028296.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yoshino
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kojiro Taura
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Okuda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ikeno
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yusuke Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nishio
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gen Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Tanabe
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukinori Koyama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoru Seo
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshimi Kaido
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Okajima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Imai
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics/Clinical Biostatistics Course, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shiro Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Biostatistics/Clinical Biostatistics Course, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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9
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Pereyra D, Rumpf B, Ammann M, Perrodin SF, Tamandl D, Haselmann C, Stift J, Brostjan C, Laengle F, Beldi G, Gruenberger T, Starlinger P. The Combination of APRI and ALBI Facilitates Preoperative Risk Stratification for Patients Undergoing Liver Surgery After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:791-799. [PMID: 30617869 PMCID: PMC6373283 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-018-07125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Background Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NeoCTx) is performed for most patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM). However, chemotherapy-associated liver injury (CALI) has been associated with poor postoperative outcome. To date, however, no clinically applicable and noninvasive tool exists to assess CALI before liver resection. Methods Routine blood parameters were assessed in 339 patients before and after completion of NeoCTx and before surgery. The study assessed the prognostic potential of the aspartate aminotransferase (AST)-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), the albumin-bilirubin grade (ALBI), and their combinations. Furthermore, an independent multi-center validation cohort (n = 161) was included to confirm the findings concerning the prediction of postoperative outcome. Results Higher ALBI, APRI, and APRI + ALBI were found in patients with postoperative morbidity (P = 0.001, P = 0.064, P = 0.001, respectively), liver dysfunction (LD) (P = 0.009, P = 0.012, P < 0.001), or mortality (P = 0.037, P = 0.045, P = 0.016), and APRI + ALBI had the highest predictive potential for LD (area under the curve [AUC], 0.695). An increase in APRI + ALBI was observed during NeoCTx (P < 0.001). Patients with longer periods between NeoCTx and surgery showed a greater decrease in APRI + ALBI (P = 0.006) and a trend for decreased CALI at surgery. A cutoff for APRI + ALBI at − 2.46 before surgery was found to identify patients with CALI (P = 0.002) and patients at risk for a prolonged hospital stay (P = 0.001), intensive care (P < 0.001), morbidity (P < 0.001), LD (P < 0.001), and mortality (P = 0.021). Importantly, the study was able to confirm the predictive potential of APRI + ALBI for postoperative LD and mortality in a multicenter validation cohort. Conclusion Determination of APRI + ALBI before surgery enables identification of high-risk patients for liver resection. The combined score seems to dynamically reflect CALI. Thus, APRI + ALBI could be a clinically relevant tool for optimizing timing of surgery in CRCLM patients after NeoCTx. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1245/s10434-018-07125-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pereyra
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - B Rumpf
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Ammann
- Department of Surgery, State Hospital Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - S F Perrodin
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - D Tamandl
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Haselmann
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Stift
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - C Brostjan
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - F Laengle
- Department of Surgery, State Hospital Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - G Beldi
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, University of Bern, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - T Gruenberger
- Department of Surgery, Rudolfstiftung Hospital, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Surgery, Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - P Starlinger
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Imai H, Kamei H, Onishi Y, Ishizu Y, Ishigami M, Goto H, Ogura Y. Diagnostic Usefulness of APRI and FIB-4 for the Prediction of Liver Fibrosis After Liver Transplantation in Patients Infected with Hepatitis C Virus. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:1431-1436. [PMID: 29705278 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aspartate transaminase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) are well known as representative indirect serum biomarkers related to liver fibrosis. The usefulness of these markers for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis after liver transplantation (LT) in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients and the influence of splenectomy were investigated. METHODS From June 2003 to May 2014, 31 HCV-infected patients who underwent LT and postoperative follow-up liver biopsies were included in this study. The association between liver fibrosis and serum biomarkers and the influence of splenectomy on APRI and FIB-4 were also investigated. RESULTS A total of 195 biopsy specimens were collected, and liver fibrosis was identified as: F0, 59.7%; F1, 34.1%; and F2, 6.3%. Both APRI and FIB-4 were significantly higher in patients who showed F1 and F2 in liver biopsy specimen than F0 (P values, .009 and .022, respectively); sensitivity and specificity of APRI were, respectively, 63.4% and 66.7%, and those of FIB-4 were 57.7% and 69.6%. In 11 patients (35.5%) who underwent splenectomy at the time of LT, the cutoff values for APRI and FIB-4 were 0.61 and 1.41, which were significantly lower than the corresponding values (1.00 and 3.64) of patients without splenectomy. CONCLUSIONS APRI and FIB-4 could effectively estimate liver fibrosis after LT for HCV-related liver disease. For LT patients with splenectomy, APRI and FIB-4 were also useful to estimate liver fibrosis, but the standard values should be adjusted lower than those for patients without splenectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Imai
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - H Kamei
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Onishi
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Ishizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Ishigami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - H Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Ogura
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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11
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Performance of transient elastography and serum fibrosis biomarkers for non-invasive evaluation of recurrent fibrosis after liver transplantation: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185192. [PMID: 28953939 PMCID: PMC5617176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent fibrosis after liver transplantation (LT) impacts on long-term graft and patient survival. We performed a meta-analysis to compare the accuracy of non-invasive methods to diagnose significant recurrent fibrosis (stage F2-F4) following LT. Studies comparing serum fibrosis biomarkers, namely AST-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis score 4 (FIB-4), or transient elastography (TE) with liver biopsy in LT recipients were systematically identified through electronic databases. In the meta-analysis, we calculated the weighted pooled odds ratio and used a fixed effect model, as there was no significant heterogeneity between studies. Eight studies were included for APRI, four for FIB-4, and twelve for TE. The mean prevalence of significant liver fibrosis was 37.4%. The summary odds ratio was significantly higher for TE (21.17, 95% CI confidence interval 14.10–31.77, p = 1X10-30) as compared to APRI (9.02, 95% CI 5.79–14.07; p = 1X10-30) and FIB-4 (7.08, 95% CI 4.00–12.55; p = 1.93X10-11). In conclusion, TE performs best to diagnose recurrent fibrosis in LT recipients. APRI and FIB-4 can be used as an estimate of significant fibrosis at centres where TE is not available. Longitudinal assessment of fibrosis by means of these non-invasive tests may reduce the need for liver biopsy.
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12
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Incidence and Predictors of Advanced Liver Fibrosis by a Validated Serum Biomarker in Liver Transplant Recipients. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 2017:4381864. [PMID: 28409147 PMCID: PMC5376470 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4381864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims. Serum fibrosis biomarkers have shown good accuracy in the liver transplant (LT) population. We employed a simple serum biomarker to elucidate incidence and predictors of advanced fibrosis after LT over a long follow-up period. Methods. We included 440 consecutive patients who underwent LT between 1991 and 2013. Advanced liver fibrosis was defined as FIB-4 > 3.25 beyond 12 months after LT. Results. Over 2030.5 person-years (PY) of follow-up, 189 (43%) developed FIB-4 > 3.25, accounting for an incidence of 9.3/100 PY (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1-10.7). Advanced fibrosis was predicted by chronic HCV infection (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 3.96, 95% CI 2.92-5.36, p < 0.001), hypoalbuminemia (aHR = 2.31, 95% CI 1.72-3.09; p < 0.001), and hyponatremia (aHR = 1.48, 95% CI 1.09-2.01; p = 0.01). LT recipients with more than 1 predictor had a higher incidence of advanced fibrosis, the highest being when all 3 predictors coexisted (log-rank: p < 0.001). Conclusions. Chronic HCV infection, hypoalbuminemia, and hyponatremia predict progression to advanced liver fibrosis following LT. Patients with these risk factors should be serially monitored using noninvasive fibrosis biomarkers and prioritized for interventions.
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13
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Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is a spectrum of conditions that include alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, and chronic alcoholic liver disease. The diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease remains founded in an accurate patient history and detailed physical examination. Concurrent with the physical examination, objective data from laboratory, imaging, and histologic studies are helpful to confirm a diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. Novel biomarkers, scoring systems, and imaging modalities are improving the ability to diagnose and manage alcoholic liver disease, but for most practicing clinicians, these have not been adopted widely because of their cost, but also because of limitations and uncertainty in their performance characteristics.
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14
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Kitajima T, Kaido T, Hamaguchi Y, Yagi S, Taura K, Fujimoto Y, Hatano E, Okajima H, Haga H, Uemoto S. Validation of the FIB-4 index for evaluation of fibrosis in patients with recurrent hepatitis C after living donor liver transplantation: A single center experience. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:752-7. [PMID: 26583748 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM The FIB-4 index has been proposed as a simple, non-invasive surrogate marker of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, the utility of FIB-4 in HCV positive patients after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of FIB-4 in the detection of significant liver graft fibrosis caused by recurrent HCV infection after LDLT compared with other simple fibrosis markers. METHODS A total of 259 liver biopsies (LB) with evidence of recurrent HCV were taken from 110 HCV positive LDLT patients who had undergone concomitant splenectomy before administration of antiviral therapy. In LB performed at 3 months or later after LT (n = 202, subject group), FIB-4 was compared between fibrosis stages and the accuracy of FIB-4 in predicting significant fibrosis (METAVIR, F ≥ 2) was assessed compared with aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio, age-platelet index, and AST to platelet ratio index (APRI). RESULTS FIB-4 was significantly different between all fibrosis stages (F0 and F1-F4, P = 0.022; F0/1 and F2-F4, P < 0.0005; and F0-F2 and F3F4, P = 0.034) and provided the best area under the receiver-operator curve (AUROC) compared with other markers (FIB-4, 0.711; APRI, 0.693; age-platelet index, 0.663; and AST to ALT ratio, 0.562). The optimal cut-off value to identify significant fibrosis was 2.20 with 65% sensitivity and 69% specificity. CONCLUSION FIB-4 is a more reliable marker for diagnosing significant liver fibrosis than APRI, age-platelet index, and AST to ALT ratio in LDLT patients with HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Kitajima
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshimi Kaido
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuhei Hamaguchi
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yagi
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kojiro Taura
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Fujimoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideaki Okajima
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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Goel A, Christudoss P, George R, Ramakrishna B, Amirtharaj GJ, Keshava SN, Ramachandran A, Balasubramanian KA, Mackie I, Fleming JJ, Elias E, Eapen CE. Arsenicosis, possibly from contaminated groundwater, associated with noncirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension. Indian J Gastroenterol 2016; 35:207-15. [PMID: 27225799 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-016-0660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Idiopathic noncirrhotic intrahepatic portal hypertension (NCIPH), a chronic microangiopathy of the liver caused by arsenicosis from use of contaminated groundwater, was reported from Asia. This study aimed to see, if in the twenty-first century, arsenicosis was present in NCIPH patients at our hospital and, if present, to look for groundwater contamination by arsenic in their residential locality. METHODS Twenty-seven liver biopsy proven NCIPH patients, 25 portal hypertensive controls with hepatitis B or C related cirrhosis and 25 healthy controls, matched for residential locality, were studied. Eighty-four percent to 96 % of study subjects belonged to middle or lower socioeconomic category. Arsenicosis was looked for by estimation of arsenic levels in finger/toe nails and by skin examination. Arsenic levels in nails and in ground water (in NCIPH patients with arsenicosis) was estimated by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Nail arsenic levels were raised in five (10 %) portal hypertensive study subjects [two NCIPH patients (both had skin arsenicosis) and three portal hypertensive controls]. All of these five patients were residents of West Bengal or Bangladesh. Skin arsenicosis was noted in three NCIPH patients (11 %) compared to none of disease/healthy controls. Ground water from residential locality of one NCIPH patient with arsenicosis (from Bangladesh) showed extremely high level of arsenic (79.5 μg/L). CONCLUSIONS Arsenicosis and microangiopathy of liver, possibly caused by environmental contamination continues in parts of Asia. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of such 'poverty-linked thrombophilia'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Goel
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Pamela Christudoss
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Renu George
- Department of Dermatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | | | | | | | - Anup Ramachandran
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - K A Balasubramanian
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Ian Mackie
- Haemostasis Research Unit, Haematology Department, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jude J Fleming
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Elwyn Elias
- Department of Hepatology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India.,University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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16
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Sheen V, Nguyen H, Jimenez M, Agopian V, Vangala S, Elashoff D, Saab S. Routine Laboratory Blood Tests May Diagnose Significant Fibrosis in Liver Transplant Recipients with Chronic Hepatitis C: A 10 Year Experience. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:20-5. [PMID: 27047768 PMCID: PMC4807139 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2015.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aims of our study were to determine whether routine blood tests, the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) and Fibrosis 4 (Fib-4) scores, were associated with advanced fibrosis and to create a novel model in liver transplant recipients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS We performed a cross sectional study of patients at The University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center who underwent liver transplantation for HCV. We used linear mixed effects models to analyze association between fibrosis severity and individual biochemical markers and mixed effects logistic regression to construct diagnostic models for advanced fibrosis (METAVIR F3-4). Cross-validation was used to estimate a receiving operator characteristic (ROC) curve for the prediction models and to estimate the area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) age of our cohort was 55 (±7.7) years, and almost three quarter were male. The mean (±SD) time from transplant to liver biopsy was 19.9 (±17.1) months. The mean (±SD) APRI and Fib-4 scores were 3 (±12) and 7 (±14), respectively. Increased fibrosis was associated with lower platelet count and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values and higher total bilirubin and Fib-4 scores. We developed a model that takes into account age, gender, platelet count, ALT, and total bilirubin, and this model outperformed APRI and Fib-4 with an AUC of 0.68 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our novel prediction model diagnosed the presence of advanced fibrosis more reliably than APRI and Fib-4 scores. This noninvasive calculation may be used clinically to identify liver transplant recipients with HCV with significant liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sheen
- Departments of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heajung Nguyen
- Departments of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Melissa Jimenez
- Departments of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vatche Agopian
- Departments of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sitaram Vangala
- Departments of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David Elashoff
- Departments of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sammy Saab
- Departments of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Departments of Surgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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D'Souza RS, Neves Souza L, Isted A, Fitzpatrick E, Vimalesvaran S, Cotoi C, Amin S, Heaton N, Quaglia A, Dhawan A. AST-to-platelet ratio index in non-invasive assessment of long-term graft fibrosis following pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2016; 20:222-6. [PMID: 26806646 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Long-term graft fibrosis occurs in the majority of pediatric liver transplant recipients. Serial biopsies to monitor graft health are impractical and invasive. The APRI has been evaluated in pediatric liver disease, but not in the context of post-transplantation fibrosis. We aimed to investigate the validity of APRI as a predictor of long-term graft fibrosis in pediatric liver transplant recipients. This was a retrospective, observational study of a cohort of children who underwent liver transplantation at King's College Hospital between 1989 and 2003, with a relevant dataset available. Protocol liver biopsies were performed at 10-yr follow-up and fibrosis was graded using the Ishak scoring system, with S3-6 denoting "significant fibrosis." APRI was calculated concurrently with biopsy. A total of 39 asymptomatic patients (20 males; median age at transplant, 1.43 yr) underwent protocol liver biopsies at a median of 10.39 yr post-transplantation. APRI was associated with significant fibrosis (p = 0.012). AUROC for APRI as a predictor of significant fibrosis was 0.74 (p = 0.013). The optimal cutoff APRI value for significant fibrosis was 0.45 (sensitivity = 0.67; specificity = 0.79; PPV = 0.67; NPV = 0.79). APRI appears to be a useful non-invasive adjunct in the assessment of significant graft fibrosis in the long-term follow-up of pediatric liver transplant survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara Neves Souza
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Emer Fitzpatrick
- King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK.,Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sunitha Vimalesvaran
- King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK.,Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Corina Cotoi
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Saista Amin
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nigel Heaton
- Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK.,Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anil Dhawan
- King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK.,Paediatric Liver, GI and Nutrition Centre, King's College Hospital, London, UK
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18
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Successful sofosbuvir-based therapy in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfected liver transplant recipients with recurrent hepatitis C virus infection. AIDS 2016; 30:93-8. [PMID: 26731756 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection contributes to unfavourable outcomes in HIV/HCV coinfected liver transplant recipients. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies for HCV offer an opportunity to improve patient and allograft survival in this patient population. We evaluated treatment outcomes with sofosbuvir (SOF)-based DAA therapy among HIV/HCV coinfected liver transplant recipients. DESIGN Single centre prospective cohort study. METHODS We identified eight HIV/HCV coinfected liver transplant recipients who were prospectively followed in the Northwestern University Viral Hepatitis Registry and who received SOF-based DAA therapy. We evaluated responses to therapy, including sustained HCV viral response 12 weeks after therapy completion (SVR12) and adverse effects. RESULTS Seven recipients (87.5%) completed 12 weeks of SOF-based therapy: SOF/simeprevir for genotype 1 (n = 6), SOF/ribavirin for genotype 2 (n = 1). Of persons who completed therapy, all achieved SVR12. Strategies for the management of expected and observed drug interactions consequent to the addition of simeprevir to preexisting complex medication regimens included modifications of HIV antiretroviral regimens (n = 4) and tacrolimus dosing (n = 4) and frequent monitoring of tacrolimus trough levels. Minor adverse effects were observed after DAA initiation. One episode of allograft rejection and one death occurred that were deemed unlikely related to HCV therapy. CONCLUSION High rates of HCV treatment success and no treatment-limiting adverse effects were observed in this HIV/HCV liver transplant cohort. Complex drug interactions were successfully managed in the context of multidisciplinary specialty care. Further studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of DAA therapy on patient and allograft survival among HIV/HCV coinfected liver transplant recipients.
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19
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Crossan C, Tsochatzis EA, Longworth L, Gurusamy K, Davidson B, Rodríguez-Perálvarez M, Mantzoukis K, O'Brien J, Thalassinos E, Papastergiou V, Burroughs A. Cost-effectiveness of non-invasive methods for assessment and monitoring of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver disease: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2015; 19:1-409, v-vi. [PMID: 25633908 DOI: 10.3310/hta19090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver biopsy is the reference standard for diagnosing the extent of fibrosis in chronic liver disease; however, it is invasive, with the potential for serious complications. Alternatives to biopsy include non-invasive liver tests (NILTs); however, the cost-effectiveness of these needs to be established. OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness of NILTs in patients with chronic liver disease. DATA SOURCES We searched various databases from 1998 to April 2012, recent conference proceedings and reference lists. METHODS We included studies that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of NILTs using liver biopsy as the reference standard. Diagnostic studies were assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using the bivariate random-effects model with correlation between sensitivity and specificity (whenever possible). Decision models were used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the NILTs. Expected costs were estimated using a NHS perspective and health outcomes were measured as quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Markov models were developed to estimate long-term costs and QALYs following testing, and antiviral treatment where indicated, for chronic hepatitis B (HBV) and chronic hepatitis C (HCV). NILTs were compared with each other, sequential testing strategies, biopsy and strategies including no testing. For alcoholic liver disease (ALD), we assessed the cost-effectiveness of NILTs in the context of potentially increasing abstinence from alcohol. Owing to a lack of data and treatments specifically for fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the analysis was limited to an incremental cost per correct diagnosis. An analysis of NILTs to identify patients with cirrhosis for increased monitoring was also conducted. RESULTS Given a cost-effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per QALY, treating everyone with HCV without prior testing was cost-effective with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £9204. This was robust in most sensitivity analyses but sensitive to the extent of treatment benefit for patients with mild fibrosis. For HBV [hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative)] this strategy had an ICER of £28,137, which was cost-effective only if the upper bound of the standard UK cost-effectiveness threshold range (£30,000) is acceptable. For HBeAg-positive disease, two NILTs applied sequentially (hyaluronic acid and magnetic resonance elastography) were cost-effective at a £20,000 threshold (ICER: £19,612); however, the results were highly uncertain, with several test strategies having similar expected outcomes and costs. For patients with ALD, liver biopsy was the cost-effective strategy, with an ICER of £822. LIMITATIONS A substantial number of tests had only one study from which diagnostic accuracy was derived; therefore, there is a high risk of bias. Most NILTs did not have validated cut-offs for diagnosis of specific fibrosis stages. The findings of the ALD model were dependent on assuptions about abstinence rates assumptions and the modelling approach for NAFLD was hindered by the lack of evidence on clinically effective treatments. CONCLUSIONS Treating everyone without NILTs is cost-effective for patients with HCV, but only for HBeAg-negative if the higher cost-effectiveness threshold is appropriate. For HBeAg-positive, two NILTs applied sequentially were cost-effective but highly uncertain. Further evidence for treatment effectiveness is required for ALD and NAFLD. STUDY REGISTRATION This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42011001561. FUNDING The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Crossan
- Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Emmanuel A Tsochatzis
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Louise Longworth
- Health Economics Research Group, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | | | | | - Manuel Rodríguez-Perálvarez
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Konstantinos Mantzoukis
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Julia O'Brien
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Evangelos Thalassinos
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Vassilios Papastergiou
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Andrew Burroughs
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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20
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Bhat M, Ghali P, Rollet-Kurhajec KC, Bhat A, Wong P, Deschenes M, Sebastiani G. Serum fibrosis biomarkers predict death and graft loss in liver transplantation recipients. Liver Transpl 2015; 21:1383-94. [PMID: 26194602 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive serum fibrosis biomarkers predict clinical outcomes in pretransplant patients with chronic liver disease. We investigated the role of serum fibrosis biomarkers and of changes in biomarkers in predicting death and graft loss after liver transplantation (LT). We included 547 patients who underwent LT between 1991 and 2012 and who met the following criteria: patient and graft survival > 12 months; serum fibrosis biomarkers aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis score 4 (FIB-4), and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fibrosis score available at 1 year after LT; and a minimum follow-up of 1 year. Delta of fibrosis biomarkers was defined as (end of follow-up score--baseline score)/follow-up duration. Baseline and delta fibrosis biomarkers were associated with death: APRI > 1.5 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-3.3; P < 0.001) and delta APRI > 0.5 (aHR, 5.3; 95% CI, 3.4-8.2; P < 0.001); FIB-4 > 3.3 (aHR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.8; P = 0.002) and delta FIB-4 > 1.4 (aHR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.4-4.1; P = 0.001); and NAFLD fibrosis score > 0.7 (aHR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3-2.9; P = 0.002) and delta NAFLD fibrosis score (aHR, 3.7; 95% CI, 2.6-5.4; P < 0.001). Baseline and delta fibrosis biomarkers were associated also with graft loss. In conclusion, serum fibrosis biomarkers 1 year after LT and changes in serum fibrosis biomarkers predict death and graft loss in LT recipients. They may help in risk stratification of LT recipients and identify patients requiring closer monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamatha Bhat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Peter Ghali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kathleen C Rollet-Kurhajec
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Aparna Bhat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Philip Wong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marc Deschenes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
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Abstract
Chronic HCV infection is the leading indication for liver transplantation. However, as a result of HCV recurrence, patient and graft survival after liver transplantation are inferior compared with other indications for transplantation. HCV recurrence after liver transplantation is associated with considerable mortality and morbidity. The development of HCV-related fibrosis is accelerated after liver transplantation, which is influenced by a combination of factors related to the virus, donor, recipient, surgery and immunosuppression. Successful antiviral therapy is the only treatment that can attenuate fibrosis. The advent of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) has changed the therapeutic landscape for the treatment of patients with HCV. DAAs have improved tolerability, and can potentially be used without PEG-IFN for a shorter time than previous therapies, which should result in better outcomes. In this Review, we describe the important risk factors that influence HCV recurrence after liver transplantation, highlighting the mechanisms of fibrosis and the integral role of hepatic stellate cells. Indirect and direct assessment of fibrosis, in addition to new antiviral therapies, are also discussed.
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Mariño Z, Mensa L, Crespo G, Miquel R, Bruguera M, Pérez-Del-Pulgar S, Bosch J, Forns X, Navasa M. Early periportal sinusoidal fibrosis is an accurate marker of accelerated HCV recurrence after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2014; 61:270-7. [PMID: 24703854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Significant liver fibrosis (F ⩾ 2) and portal hypertension (hepatic venous pressure gradient [HVPG] ⩾ 6 mmHg) 1 year after liver transplantation (LT) are predictors of severe hepatitis C recurrence. Periportal sinusoidal fibrosis (SF) is an early expression of the fibrogenic process in response to liver injury. We aimed to evaluate whether SF in early liver biopsies represents an early and accurate marker for identifying patients with severe HCV recurrence after LT. METHODS A total of 101 HCV LT patients with early biopsy (<6 months), and HVPG measurement and/or liver biopsy one year after LT were included. Early biopsies were stained with Sirius Red and SF was graded semi-quantitatively. Results were compared between groups (significant SF vs. non-significant SF) and correlated with the development of severe HCV recurrence one year after LT. RESULTS Patients with early significant SF had older donor age and higher necroinflammatory activity (NIA). The presence of early significant SF enabled identification of 78.9% and 90.6% of patients with F ⩾ 2 and HVPG ⩾ 6 mmHg, respectively, one year after LT. Donor age and NIA were independent predictors of significant fibrosis (F ⩾ 2) one year after LT, whereas donor age, ALT (3 months), NIA, and SF grade were independent predictors of portal hypertension (HVPG ⩾ 6). CONCLUSIONS Significant SF in early biopsies is a good predictor of severe hepatitis C recurrence. This histological finding, when combined with simple variables, may be useful to select the best candidates for early antiviral therapy after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Mariño
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Mensa
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Crespo
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Miquel
- Pathology Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Bruguera
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofía Pérez-Del-Pulgar
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bosch
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Forns
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Navasa
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Chronic liver diseases of differing etiologies are among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Establishing accurate staging of liver disease is very important for enabling both therapeutic decisions and prognostic evaluations. A liver biopsy is considered the gold standard for assessing the stage of hepatic fibrosis, but it has many limitations. During the last decade, several noninvasive markers for assessing the stage of hepatic fibrosis have been developed. Some have been well validated and are comparable to liver biopsy. This paper will focus on the various noninvasive biochemical markers used to stage liver fibrosis.
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Crespo G, Forns X, Navasa M. [Serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Prognostic value of noninvasive markers of fibrosis in liver transplantation]. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2013; 35 Suppl 2:17-22. [PMID: 23298655 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(12)70045-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis must be evaluated in patients with chronic hepatitis C, since its severity will affect prognosis and the indication of antiviral therapy. Combining serological markers of fibrosis in algorithms or scores can identify a substantial number of patients with significant fibrosis and most patients with liver cirrhosis, thus potentially avoiding a large number of biopsies. Although these algorithms should be interpreted with caution, due to their possible limitations, their high reproducibility, applicability and availability make them an essential tool in the current evaluation of patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. In contrast, serological markers have been found to be less effective in the diagnosis of fibrosis in the context of recurrent hepatitis C infection after liver transplantation. However, an algorithm for direct markers has shown excellent predictive ability in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C. Consequently, this algorithm seems to be an excellent tool to establish prognosis and indicate antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Crespo
- Servicio de Hepatología, Institut de Malalties Digestives, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, España
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Isgro G, Calvaruso V, Andreana L, Luong TV, Garcovich M, Manousou P, Alibrandi A, Maimone S, Marelli L, Davies N, Patch D, Dhillon AP, Burroughs AK. The relationship between transient elastography and histological collagen proportionate area for assessing fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:921-9. [PMID: 23124603 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-012-0694-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen proportionate area (CPA) has a better correlation with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) than with Ishak stage. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) is proposed as non invasive marker of portal hypertension/disease progression. Our aim was to compare LSM and CPA with Ishak staging in chronic viral hepatitis, and HVPG in HCV hepatitis after transplantation. METHODS One hundred and sixty-nine consecutive patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections pre/post liver transplantation (LT), had a liver biopsy combined with LSM (transient elastography), CPA (biopsies stained with Sirius Red and evaluated by digital image analysis and expressed as CPA) and HVPG (measured contemporaneously with transjugular biopsies in LT HCV patients). RESULTS LSM was dependent on CPA in HBV (r (2) = 0.61, p < 0.0001), HCV (r (2) = 0.59, p < 0.0001) and LT groups (r (2) = 0.64, p < 0.0001). In all three groups, CPA and Ishak were predictors of LSM, but multivariately CPA was better related to LSM (HBV: r (2) = 0.61, p < 0.0001; HCV: r (2) = 0.59, p < 0.0001; post-LT: r (2) = 0.68, p < 0.0001) than Ishak stage. In the LT group, multiple regression analysis including HVPG, LSM, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) and Ishak stage/grade, showed that only CPA was related to HVPG (r (2) = 0.41, p = 0.01), both for HVPG ≥6 mmHg (OR 1.34, 95 % CI 1.14-1.58; p < 0.0001) or ≥10 mmHg (OR 1.25, 95 % CI 1.06-1.47; p = 0.007). CONCLUSION CPA was related to LSM in HBV or HCV hepatitis pre/post-LT. CPA was better related to LSM than Ishak stage. In the LT HCV group, CPA was better related to HVPG than Ishak stage/grade, LSM or APRI. CPA may represent a better comparative histological index for LSM, rather than histological stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Isgro
- The Royal Free Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre and University Department of Surgery UCL, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK
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Crespo S, Bridges M, Nakhleh R, McPhail A, Pungpapong S, Keaveny AP. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis using magnetic resonance elastography in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C. Clin Transplant 2013; 27:652-8. [PMID: 23837611 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver biopsy has been the reference standard when evaluating fibrosis due to recurrent hepatitis after liver transplantation. Magnetic resonance elastography estimates liver stiffness, correlating to fibrosis. AIM To investigate the utility of elastography in staging liver fibrosis in transplant recipients with hepatitis C. METHODS Fifty-four patients, ≥12 months post-transplant, underwent elastography within three months of biopsy. Discriminatory capability for METAVIR fibrosis stages F0-2 vs. F3-4 and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were determined. RESULTS On biopsy, 27 patients had METAVIR fibrosis score 0-1; 12 had a 3 or 4. There was significant correlation between histologic fibrosis and shear stiffness (R² = 0.588, p < 0.0001). Using a cutoff value of 3.5 kPa, elastography was 91% sensitive and 72% specific in differentiating fibrosis scores of ≥3 from 0 to 1. The AUC of elastography in predicting a fibrosis score of ≥3 was 0.92. Multivariate analysis revealed no correlation between the grade of histologic inflammation and liver stiffness measured by magnetic resonance elastography (R² = 0.265, p = 0.47). CONCLUSION Magnetic resonance elastography is an accurate non-invasive technique for excluding stage ≥3 graft in recipients with hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Crespo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Abd El Rihim AY, Omar RF, Fathalah W, El Attar I, Hafez HA, Ibrahim W. Role of fibroscan and APRI in detection of liver fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arab J Gastroenterol 2013; 14:44-50. [PMID: 23820499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Fibroscan and APRI are promising noninvasive alternatives to liver biopsy for detecting hepatic fibrosis. However, their overall test performance in various settings remains questionable. The aim of our study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies comparing fibroscan and APRI with liver biopsy for hepatic fibrosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Electronic and manual bibliographic searches to identify potential studies were performed. Selection of studies was based on reported accuracy of fibroscan and APRI compared with liver biopsy. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Meta-analysis combined the sensitivities, specificities, and likelihood ratios of individual studies. Extent and reasons for heterogeneity were assessed. RESULTS 23 studies for fibroscan and 20 studies for APRI in full publication were identified. For patients with stage IV fibrosis (cirrhosis), the pooled estimates for sensitivity of fibroscan were 83.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71.7-95.0%) and specificity 92.4% (95% CI, 85.6-99.2%). For patients with stage IV fibrosis (cirrhosis), the pooled estimates for sensitivity of APRI at cutoff point of 1.5 were 66.5% (95% CI, 25.0-100%) and specificity 71.7% (95% CI, 35.0-100%). Diagnostic threshold bias was identified as an important cause of heterogeneity for pooled results in both patient groups. CONCLUSIONS Fibroscan and APRI appear to be clinically useful tests for detecting cirrhosis however not useful tools in early stages of fibrosis.
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Berenguer M, Schuppan D. Progression of liver fibrosis in post-transplant hepatitis C: mechanisms, assessment and treatment. J Hepatol 2013; 58:1028-41. [PMID: 23262248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from an excessive wound healing response in most chronic liver diseases, such as hepatitis C. Despite great advances in antiviral therapy in recent years, progressive liver fibrosis remains a major problem for patients with recurrent hepatitis C after liver transplantation. Liver biopsy remains a central tool in the management of HCV-positive liver transplant recipients, but reliable non-invasive methods for the assessment of liver fibrosis, such as ultrasound elastography, are increasingly being incorporated in the management of post-transplant patients, helping predict prognosis, guide treatment decisions, and stratify patients for emerging antifibrotic therapies. In this manuscript, we will review the natural history as well as tools to monitor fibrosis progression in the HCV-positive liver transplant recipient, the mechanisms underlying rapid fibrosis progression in up to 30% of these patients, the effect of antiviral therapies and highlight promising antifibrotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Berenguer
- University Valencia, Dept. of Medicine, Hepatology & Liver Transplantation Unit, La Fe Hospital and CIBEREHD, National Network Center for Hepatology and Gastroenterology Research, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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Gehrau RC, Mas VR, Villamil FG, Dumur CI, Mehta NK, Suh JL, Maluf DG. MicroRNA signature at the time of clinical HCV recurrence associates with aggressive fibrosis progression post-liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:729-37. [PMID: 23312020 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis and prediction of the severity of hepatitis C virus recurrence (HCVrec) after liver transplantation (LT) remain a challenge. MicroRNAs have been recently recognized as potential disease biomarkers. Archival liver biopsy samples from 43 HCV+ LT recipients were collected at clinical HCVrec time and at 3 years post-LT. Patients were classified as progressors (P = F0/F1) or nonprogressors (NP = F3/F4) according to the severity of fibrosis on the 3-year biopsy. Training (n = 27) and validation (n = 16) sets were defined. RNA was isolated from all biopsies at clinical HCVrec time, labeled and hybridized to miRNA-arrays. Progressors versus nonprogressors were compared using the two-sample t-test. A p-value ≤0.01 was considered significant. The ingenuity pathway analysis tool was used for microRNA and miRNA:mRNA ontology data integration. Nine microRNAs were differentially expressed between groups. A supervised cluster analysis separated samples in two well-defined groups (progressors vs. nonprogressors). Pathway analysis associated those microRNAs with hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and T cell-related immune response. Data integration identified 17 genes from a previous genomic study as 9-microRNAs signature targets. Seven microRNAs were successfully validated in the validation set using QPCR. We have identified a 9-microRNA signature able to identify early post-LT patients at high risk of severe HCVrec during long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Gehrau
- Transplant Division, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Fernández-Varo G. Marcadores serológicos de fibrosis. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2012; 35 Suppl 2:10-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5705(12)70044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jin W, Lin Z, Xin Y, Jiang X, Dong Q, Xuan S. Diagnostic accuracy of the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index for the prediction of hepatitis B-related fibrosis: a leading meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2012; 12:14. [PMID: 22333407 PMCID: PMC3306191 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), a tool with limited expense and widespread availability, is a promising noninvasive alternative to liver biopsy for detecting hepatic fibrosis. The objective of this study was to systematically review the performance of the APRI in predicting significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in hepatitis B-related fibrosis. Methods Areas under summary receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC), sensitivity and specificity were used to examine the accuracy of the APRI for the diagnosis of hepatitis B-related significant fibrosis and cirrhosis. Heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression. Results Nine studies were included in this meta-analysis (n = 1,798). Prevalence of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis were 53.1% and 13.5%, respectively. The summary AUCs of the APRI for significant fibrosis and cirrhosis were 0.79 and 0.75, respectively. For significant fibrosis, an APRI threshold of 0.5 was 84% sensitive and 41% specific. At the cutoff of 1.5, the summary sensitivity and specificity were 49% and 84%, respectively. For cirrhosis, an APRI threshold of 1.0-1.5 was 54% sensitive and 78% specific. At the cutoff of 2.0, the summary sensitivity and specificity were 28% and 87%, respectively. Meta-regression analysis indicated that the APRI accuracy for both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis was affected by histological classification systems, but not influenced by the interval between Biopsy & APRI or blind biopsy. Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggests that APRI show limited value in identifying hepatitis B-related significant fibrosis and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Jin
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao 266021, Shandong Province, China
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Abstract
Hepatitis-C-virus- (HCV-) related end-stage cirrhosis is the primary indication for liver transplantation in many countries. Unfortunately, however, HCV is not eliminated by transplantation and graft reinfection is universal, resulting in fibrosis, cirrhosis, and finally graft decompensation. The use of poor quality organs, particularly from older donors, has a highly negative impact on the severity of recurrence and patient/graft survival. Although immunosuppressive regimens have a considerable impact on the outcome, the optimal regimen after liver transplantation for HCV-infected patients remains unclear. Disease progression monitoring with protocol biopsy and new noninvasive methods is essential for predicting patient/graft outcome and starting antiviral treatment with the appropriate timing. Antiviral treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin is currently considered the most promising regimen with a sustained viral response rate of around 30% to 35%, although the survival benefit of this regimen remains to be investigated. Living-donor liver transplantation is now widely accepted as an established treatment for HCV cirrhosis and the results are equivalent to those of deceased donor liver transplantation.
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Brühl J, Schirren M, Wei C, Antoni C, Böcker U. Prospective noninvasive analysis of hepatic fibrosis in patients with Crohn's disease: correlation of transient elastography and laboratory-based markers. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23:923-30. [PMID: 21814142 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0b013e3283499252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatobiliary disorders, associated either with extraintestinal manifestations or with consequences of treatment, are prevalent among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aimed to prospectively assess the potential of noninvasive markers for the evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS A total of 114 patients were recruited. Established markers of fibrosis, namely, aspartate transaminase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrotest, Forns, sonography, and transient elastography were performed and correlated with disease parameters. In addition to descriptive statistical analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficients were determined. The t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test were applied and univariate and multivariate data analyses were performed. RESULTS Ultrasound indicated hepatic steatosis in 33 patients, hepatomegaly in 10, and cirrhosis in two. Liver stiffness as quantified by transient elastography was determined to be 5.06±2.33 kPa (2.6-21.5). Results of noninvasive liver fibrosis markers were as follows: fibrotest,-1.65±0.94; APRI, 0.33±0.22; and Forns, 3.11±2.00. Correlation coefficients were found to be fibrotest/transient elastography: r=0.35291; APRI/transient elastography: r=0.38442; Forns/transient elastography: r=0.33949; fibrotest/APRI: r=0.52937; fibrotest/Forns: r=0.42413; and APRI/Forns: r=0.56491. Correlation of inflammatory markers and noninvasive liver fibrosis tests, respectively, was generally negative, whereas correlation of parameters indicating liver damage and liver fibrosis tests, respectively, was generally positive. CONCLUSION In a center-based, unselected cohort of patients with Crohn's disease, the positive correlations between laboratory-based markers of fibrosis and transient elastography were highly significant. A study correlating noninvasive and invasive tools for the assessment of liver fibrosis in IBD is reasonable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Brühl
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Magnetic Resonance Elastography and Biomarkers to Assess Fibrosis From Recurrent Hepatitis C in Liver Transplant Recipients. Transplantation 2011; 92:581-6. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31822805fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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J.S. Cross T, Jothimani D, Heneghan MA, Harrison PM. Non-invasive assessment of fibrosis in liver grafts due to hepatitis C virus recurrence. Clin Transplant 2011; 25:345-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Lin ZH, Xin YN, Dong QJ, Wang Q, Jiang XJ, Zhan SH, Sun Y, Xuan SY. Performance of the aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index for the staging of hepatitis C-related fibrosis: an updated meta-analysis. Hepatology 2011; 53:726-36. [PMID: 21319189 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 716] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), a tool with limited expense and widespread availability, is a promising noninvasive alternative to liver biopsy for detecting hepatic fibrosis. The objective of this study was to update the 2007 meta-analysis to systematically assess the accuracy of APRI in predicting significant fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis stage in hepatitis C virus (HCV) monoinfected and HCV / human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfected individuals. Studies comparing APRI versus biopsy in HCV patients were identified via a thorough literature search. Areas under summary receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were used to examine the APRI accuracy for the diagnosis of significant fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Heterogeneity was explored using meta-regression. Twenty-one additional studies were eligible for the update and, in total, 40 studies were included in this review (n = 8,739). The summary AUROC of the APRI for the diagnosis of significant fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis were 0.77, 0.80, and 0.83, respectively. For significant fibrosis, an APRI threshold of 0.7 was 77% sensitive and 72% specific. For severe fibrosis, a threshold of 1.0 was 61% sensitive and 64% specific. For cirrhosis, a threshold of 1.0 was 76% sensitive and 72% specific. Moreover, we found that the APRI was less accurate for the identification of significant fibrosis, severe fibrosis, and cirrhosis in HIV/HCV coinfected patients. CONCLUSION Our large meta-analysis suggests that APRI can identify hepatitis C-related fibrosis with a moderate degree of accuracy. Application of this index may decrease the need for staging liver biopsy specimens among chronic hepatitis C patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Lin
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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Cholongitas E, Tsochatzis E, Goulis J, Burroughs AK. Noninvasive tests for evaluation of fibrosis in HCV recurrence after liver transplantation: a systematic review. Transpl Int 2010; 23:861-70. [PMID: 20704691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive tests (NIT) for evaluation of hepatic fibrosis have not been evaluated extensively in liver transplantation. We systematically reviewed the literature regarding NIT after liver transplantation. We identified 14 studies evaluating NIT based on serum markers and/or liver imaging techniques: 10 studies assessed NIT in recipients with recurrent HCV infection for fibrosis and four studies evaluated predictors of progression of fibrosis in recurrent HCV. Transient Elastography (TE) had good discrimination for significant fibrosis (median AUROC: 0.88). Among the serum NIT, APRI had good performance (median AUROC: 0.75). TE performed better than serum (direct and indirect) NIT for significant fibrosis with median AUROC 0.88 (vs. 0.66, P < 0.001), median sensitivity 0.86 (vs. 0.56, P = 0.002), median NPV 0.90 (vs. 0.74, P = 0.05) and median PPV 0.80 (vs. 0.63, P = 0.02). TE compared to indirect serum NIT, had better performance, but was not superior to APRI score. Finally, direct, compared to indirect NIT, were not significantly different except for specificity: median: 0.83 vs. 0.69, respectively, P = 0.04. In conclusion, NIT could become an important tool in clinical management of liver transplant recipients, but whether they can improve clinical practice needs further evidence. Their optimal combination with liver biopsy and assessment of collagen content requires investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Cholongitas
- The 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School of Aristotle University, Greece. Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Germani G, Burroughs AK, Dhillon AP. The relationship between liver disease stage and liver fibrosis: a tangled web. Histopathology 2010; 57:773-84. [PMID: 20812954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The structural consequences of chronic liver disease are described as a series of liver disease 'stages' with scarring and architectural change that eventually destroys and replaces the normal lobular structure of the liver. Fibrosis ('excess collagen') and stage have been confused in histological staging systems. Fibrosis is part of increasing liver disease stage, but fibrosis and stage are different. Staging liver disease is important in routine histopathological assessment. Measurement of liver fibrosis is another process. The collagenous proportion of a liver biopsy [collagen proportionate area (CPA)] correlates with hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG), which is of recognized prognostic value. CPA at 1 year post-transplantation in hepatitis C virus-infected patients predicts subsequent clinical decompensation. CPA in cirrhotic patients predicts decompensation more accurately than staging or HVPG. The 'cirrhosis' stage category has poor prognostic power, and CPA effectively substages cirrhosis. CPA improves the description of liver disease stage. Proper validation of antifibrotic treatments and 'non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis' requires measurement of liver fibrosis (and not liver biopsy stage scores). It is unacceptable for the words 'fibrosis' and 'score' to remain next to each other. There are benefits to properly understanding liver fibrosis and liver disease stage and properly assessing each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Germani
- The Royal Free Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre and University Department of Surgery UCL, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
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Maluf DG, Archer KJ, Villamil F, Stravitz RT, Mas V. Hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation: biomarkers of disease and fibrosis progression. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 4:445-58. [PMID: 20678018 DOI: 10.1586/egh.10.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
End-stage liver disease due to hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) is the principal indication for liver transplantation. In the USA, over a third of available liver allografts are transplanted into recipients with chronic HCV infection. Reinfection of the graft is universal, but the impact of reinfection on short- and long-term liver function is highly variable. HCV infection in liver transplantation recipients is characterized by an accelerated fibrogenesis, with approximately a third of patients developing cirrhosis within 5 years of follow-up. HCV is associated with decreased patient and graft survival when compared with other indications of orthotopic liver transplantation. The mechanisms responsible for the accelerated liver damage in HCV-infected orthotopic liver transplantation recipients remain largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Maluf
- Transplant Division, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Medical College of Virginia Hospitals, 1200 East Broad Street, West Hospital, 9th Fl, South Wing, PO Box 980254, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Assessment of Allograft Fibrosis by Transient Elastography and Noninvasive Biomarker Scoring Systems in Liver Transplant Patients. Transplantation 2010; 89:983-93. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181cc66ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Carrión JA, Torres F, Crespo G, Miquel R, García-Valdecasas JC, Navasa M, Forns X. Liver stiffness identifies two different patterns of fibrosis progression in patients with hepatitis C virus recurrence after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2010; 51:23-34. [PMID: 19839063 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Significant liver fibrosis (F >or= 2) and portal hypertension (hepatic venous pressure gradient [HVPG] >or= 6 mmHg) at 1 year after liver transplantation (LT) identify patients with severe hepatitis C recurrence. We evaluated whether repeated liver stiffness measurements (LSM) following LT can discriminate between slow and rapid "fibrosers" (fibrosis stage F2-F4 at 1 year after LT). Eighty-four patients who had undergone LT and who were infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 19 LT controls who were not infected with HCV underwent LSM at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after LT. All HCV-infected patients underwent liver biopsy 12 months after LT (paired HVPG measurements in 74); 31 (37%) were rapid fibrosers. Median LSM (in kilopascal) at months 6, 9, and 12 were significantly higher in rapid fibrosers (9.9, 9.5, 12.1) than in slow fibrosers (6.9, 7.5, 6.6) (P < 0.01 all time points). The slope of liver stiffness progression (kPa x month) in rapid fibrosers (0.42) was significantly greater than in slow fibrosers (0.05) (P < 0.001), suggesting two different speeds of liver fibrosis progression. Figures were almost identical for patients with HVPG >or= 6 mmHg or HVPG < 6 mmHg at 1 year after LT. Multivariate analysis identified donor age, bilirubin level, and LSM as independent predictors of fibrosis progression and portal hypertension in the estimation group (n = 50) and were validated in a second group of 34 patients. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve that could identify rapid fibrosers and patients with portal hypertension as early as 6 months after LT were 0.83 and 0.87, respectively, in the estimation group and 0.75 and 0.80, respectively, in the validation group. CONCLUSION Early and repeated LSM following hepatitis C recurrence in combination with clinical variables discriminates between rapid and slow fibrosers after LT.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Carrión
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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Carrión JA, Fernández-Varo G, Bruguera M, García-Pagán JC, García-Valdecasas JC, Pérez-Del-Pulgar S, Forns X, Jiménez W, Navasa M. Serum fibrosis markers identify patients with mild and progressive hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:147-58.e1. [PMID: 19786026 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Significant fibrosis (fibrosis stage [F] >or= 2) and portal hypertension (hepatic venous pressure gradient [HVPG] >or= 6 mm Hg) in patients 1 year after liver transplantation indicate progressive hepatitis C recurrence. This study evaluated whether serum fibrosis markers can predict hepatitis C recurrence during the first year after liver transplantation. METHODS Hyaluronic acid, amino-terminal propeptide of type-III-procollagen, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase type-1 concentrations were measured in serum samples from 133 patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) at 3, 6, and 12 months after liver transplantation; routine laboratory tests were also performed. Liver biopsy samples (n = 133) and HVPGs (n = 94) were analyzed 1 year after transplantation. Sixteen patients who were not infected with HCV served as controls. RESULTS An algorithm, including the 3 markers (3-M-ALG) and 3 published scores (aspartate aminotransferase [AST]-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio, AST-to-platelet ratio index, and Benlloch) were analyzed. One year after liver transplantation, 50 patients (38%) had significant fibrosis (F >or= 2) and 31 (32%) had an HVPG >or= 6 mm Hg. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of the 3-M-ALG used to identify F >or= 2 at 3, 6, and 12 months after transplantation (0.67, 0.77, and 0.78) and of those with HVPG >or= 6 at the same time points (0.75, 0.87, and 0.90) were significantly higher than values obtained with the 3 published scores. At 12 months, a 3-M-ALG >or= 2 identified most patients at risk of decompensation/death. CONCLUSIONS Serum markers can accurately discriminate between patients with mild and progressive hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Carrión
- Liver Unit, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
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Noninvasive procedures to evaluate liver involvement in HIV-1 vertically infected children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2009; 49:599-606. [PMID: 19668009 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181a15b72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES : Progressive liver injury is a concern in HIV-infected children exposed to long-term antiretroviral drugs and to the cytopathic effect of HIV. Yet liver biopsy is usually considered too invasive to be repeated in these patients. The aims of this study are to evaluate the feasibility of noninvasive hepatic investigations in HIV-1-infected children, assess the prevalence of signs of liver affection, and analyse the influence of the HIV disease severity and the exposure to antiretroviral therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS : A cross-sectional study conducted in 26 HIV-1 vertically infected children ages 8 to 18 years old. Liver function was assessed with standard serum biochemical markers, FibroTest, ActiTest, SteatoTest, Forns index, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index, ultrasound, and Fibroscan. RESULTS : Nineteen (>60%) children had signs of liver affection on at least 1 of the test results: 13 (50%) had elevated liver enzymes, 15 (63%), 8 (33%), 5 (21%), and 5 (21%) had abnormal FibroTest, ActiTest, Forns index, and aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index results, respectively. Four children (17%) had mild liver steatosis on ultrasound. Fibroscan measures were significantly higher in patients than in age-matched healthy children. Patients with elevated Fibroscan measures also had significantly higher FibroTest results. Age, HIV stage N in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification and exposure duration to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs were the main risk factors for hepatotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS : More than half of our population of HIV-infected children had biological and/or radiological signs of liver affection. Regular follow-up of liver function is necessary in these patients, which is now possible with noninvasive procedures.
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Natural course of HCV infection in childhood cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2009; 18:1413-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-009-0763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Systemic abnormalities often occur in patients with liver disease. In particular, cardiopulmonary or renal diseases accompanied by advanced liver disease can be serious and may determine the quality of life and prognosis of patients. Therefore, both hepatologists and non-hepatologists should pay attention to such abnormalities in the management of patients with liver diseases.
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Liver stiffness measurement in combination with noninvasive markers for the improved diagnosis of B-viral liver cirrhosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009; 43:267-71. [PMID: 18987556 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0b013e31816f212e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
GOAL To investigate the performance of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) in combination with available noninvasive markers in hepatitis B virus-related chronic liver disease. BACKGROUND Few noninvasive methods are available for predicting liver cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). STUDY Between January 2006 and June 2007, we studied 130 consecutive treatment-naive CHB patients who underwent liver biopsy (LB) and LSM. The aspartate to alanine aminotransferase ratio, age-platelet index (API), aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), LSM, and their combinations were compared with liver histology. RESULTS The API, APRI, and LSM, but not the aspartate to alanine aminotransferase ratio, correlated significantly with liver cirrhosis (all P<0.001). The diagnostic accuracy of LSM and API exceed that of the other diagnostic methods for predicting liver cirrhosis (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve=0.840 and 0.818). When LSM was combined with API and APRI, the diagnostic accuracy was improved markedly (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve =0.871, and 0.846). When both LSM and API results were in agreement, LB confirmed them in 89.1% (41/46) of cases for liver cirrhosis. LB could have been avoided in 41 (31.5%) of the 130 patients who were examined for the potential diagnosis of liver cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS The combination of LSM and API can avoid unnecessary invasive LB procedures in CHB patients.
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Non-invasive biomarkers of liver fibrosis in liver transplant patients with hepatitis C: can we avoid liver biopsies? Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:226-8. [PMID: 19138576 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Corradi F, Piscaglia F, Flori S, D'Errico-Grigioni A, Vasuri F, Tamé MR, Andreone P, Boni P, Gianstefani A, Bolondi L. Assessment of liver fibrosis in transplant recipients with recurrent HCV infection: usefulness of transient elastography. Dig Liver Dis 2009; 41:217-25. [PMID: 18672413 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progression of recurrent hepatitis C is accelerated in liver transplant recipients, leading to special need of non-invasive validated methods to estimate liver fibrosis. AIM To assess the efficacy of liver stiffness measurement by transient elastography (Fibroscan) and serum parameters in predicting fibrosis stage in HCV-infected transplant recipients. METHODS The correlation between liver fibrosis, assessed at liver histology on bioptic specimens obtained for clinical indications, and stiffness or clinico-serological indexes (Benlloch, APRI, Forns, Fibrotest and Doppler resistance index), was investigated in transplant recipients with recurrence of HCV chronic hepatitis. A total of 56 patients (of which 36 with all clinico-serological indexes), presenting with the following METAVIR fibrosis stage F1=38, F2=9, F3=8, F4=1, were enrolled in the study population. Differences between fibrosis stages were calculated by non-parametric analysis. The best cut-off for identifying significant fibrosis (F2-F4) was assessed by ROC curve analysis. RESULTS Stiffness (median and range) was 7.7 KPa (range 4.2-13.9) in F1 and 17.0KPa (range 6.8-36.3) in >or=F2 (p<0.001). A stiffness cut-off of 10.1 KPa revealed 94% Sensitivity, 89% Specificity, 81% PPV and 94% NPV in differentiating F1 from F2-F4. The area under the receiver operator curve in the assessment of fibrosis was significantly higher for Liver stiffness (AUROC 0.943) than for any of the other non-invasive indexes (AUROCs ranging 0.591-0.815). CONCLUSIONS Transient elastography of the liver provides good accuracy in identifying patients with significant fibrosis and performs better than non-invasive indexes based on clinico-serological parameters in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Corradi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Division of Internal Medicine - Bolondi, Italy
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Abstract
Protocol liver allograft biopsies are liver biopsies carried out at specific time points according to predetermined guidelines, rather than in response to specific indications such as change in the patient's clinical status or biochemical tests. Use of protocol liver allograft biopsy has been declining over the last decade: an informal survey of 35 transplant units showed that whereas 65% of units undertake protocol biopsies for those grafted for Hepatitis C virus infection, only 25% do so for patients grafted for other indications. In this overview, we consider the arguments against and those in favor of liver biopsies in adult liver allograft recipients. Arguments against the use of protocol liver biopsies are that they biopsies put the patient are associated with a small risk of morbidity and mortality, are expensive, do not provide useful information and do not alter clinical practice. The estimated rate of major complications is 0.6% and the estimated mortality rate 0.02%. However, the argument in favor of protocol biopsies is that even when standard liver tests are normal, there is on-going inflammation in the graft which, if immunosuppression is not altered, will lead to progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis and even graft loss. Conversely, normal liver histology may allow for reduction in the immunosuppression and so lower the risk of the complications associated with immunosuppression. Currently available diagnostic techniques are not yet sufficiently sensitive or specific to provide an accurate reflection of the state of the graft and the presence or absence of graft damage. We conclude that, while there are no clear data showing that protocol liver allograft biopsies are cost effective and lead to improved patient and graft outcome, such biopsies still have a role in the management of the liver transplant recipient.
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