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Huang F, Chen C. Investigation of Bucillamine as anti-COVID-19 drug: DFT study, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation and ADMET analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:34-42. [PMID: 36995042 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2192791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a global health pandemic beginning in early December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. The effective drug target among coronaviruses is the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), because of its crucial role in processing viral polyproteins translated from the viral RNA. In this study, the bioactivity of the selected thiol drug named Bucillamine (BUC) was evaluated as a potential drug for COVID-19 treatment by using computational modeling strategies. First, the molecular electrostatic potential density (ESP) calculation was performed to estimate the chemically active atoms of BUC. Additionally, BUC was docked to the Mpro (PDB: 6LU7) to evaluate the protein-ligand binding affinities. Besides, the estimated ESP results by density functional theory (DFT) were used to illustrate the molecular docking findings. Moreover, the frontier orbitals analysis was calculated to determine the charge transfer between the Mpro and BUC. Then, the stability of protein-ligand complex was subjected to the molecular dynamic simulations. Finally, an in silico study was performed to predict drug-likeness and absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity profiles (ADMET) of BUC. These results propose that BUC can be a potential drug candidate against the COVID-19 disease progression.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical Science, City University of HongKong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Mahmoud HM, Elsayed Abouzed DE, Abo-Youssef AM, Hemeida RAM. Zafirlukast protects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats via modulating Bcl-2/Bax and NF-κB/SMAD-4 pathways. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110498. [PMID: 37418987 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a clinical problem commonly during liver transplantation and other liver surgery. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of zafirlukast (ZFK) on IR-induced hepatic injury and investigate its relevant protective mechanism. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated to four groups: sham, IRI, ZFK, and ZFK + IR groups. ZFK was administered orally in a dose of 80 mg/kg/day for 10 consecutive days. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBL) levels, and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity were estimated. Liver tissues were used to assess oxidative stress biomarkers including malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NOx), and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents. Inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-33 (IL-33), in addition to apoptosis biomarkers, BCL2 associated X protein (Bax), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) and galactine-9 (GAL9) proteins were also assessed. Western blot analysis was performed for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibrinogen expressions. Immunohistochemical analysis for hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and SMAD-4 was done in addition to histopathological examination. Our study revealed that ZFK pre-treatment resulted in liver function restoration and oxidative stress correction. Moreover, inflammatory cytokines were significantly reduced and a remarkable reduction of apoptosis, angiogenesis, and clotting formation has been indicated. Additionally, a significant reduction in SMAD-4 and NF-kB protein expressions was observed. These results were supported by hepatic architecture improvement. Our findings revealed that ZFK possesses a potential protective effect against liver IR possibly through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba M Mahmoud
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Deiaa E Elsayed Abouzed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt.
| | - Amira M Abo-Youssef
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62514, Egypt.
| | - Ramadan A M Hemeida
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut, 71524, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minya, 61519, Egypt.
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Xie T, Li K, Gong X, Jiang R, Huang W, Chen X, Tie H, Zhou Q, Wu S, Wan J, Wang B. Paeoniflorin protects against liver ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice via inhibiting HMGB1-TLR4 signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2018; 32:2247-2255. [PMID: 30047580 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianjun Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Xia Gong
- Department of Anatomy; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Rong Jiang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Wenya Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Xiahong Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Hongtao Tie
- Cardiothoracic Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Shengwang Wu
- Department of Anatomy; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Jingyuan Wan
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
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4
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Zhang S, Jiang S, Wang H, Di W, Deng C, Jin Z, Yi W, Xiao X, Nie Y, Yang Y. SIRT6 protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy related cell death. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 115:18-30. [PMID: 29129519 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Silent information regulator 6 (SIRT6), a class III histone deacetylase, has been revealed to participate in multiple metabolic processes in the liver, and it plays important roles in protecting against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in multiple organs. In this study, we explored whether SIRT6 is protective against hepatic I/R injury and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. The expression of SIRT6 was significantly decreased during reperfusion compared with the control group. SIRT6-LKO mice exhibited significantly aggravated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling activation, and apoptosis and autophagy related hepatocyte death compared with control mice. In vitro studies in SIRT6-KO hepatocytes exhibited similar results. In contrast, SIRT6 upregulation alleviated liver damage during hepatic I/R injury. Our study demonstrated for the first time that SIRT6 upregulation effectively protects against hepatic I/R injury. The underlying mechanisms involve the maintenance of oxidative homeostasis and mitochondrial function, which subsequently inhibit the inflammatory responses and MAPK signaling, and finally attenuate apoptosis and autophagy related hepatocyte death. These results suggest that the activation of SIRT6 exerts multifaceted protective effects during hepatic I/R injury, which can provide a novel therapeutic target for hepatic I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 Changan South Road, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Wencheng Di
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhenxiao Jin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yongzhan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education. Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an 710069, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Prostaglandin E1 Preconditioning Attenuates Liver Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model of Extrahepatic Cholestasis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3812424. [PMID: 29511679 PMCID: PMC5817361 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3812424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to explore the hepatoprotective effect of intraportal prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) on liver ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury using an extrahepatic cholestatic model, observing oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory factors, apoptotic marker proteins, and an adhesion molecule. The extrahepatic cholestatic model was induced by common bile duct ligation. After seven days, rats were subjected to ischemia by Pringle maneuver for 15 min, followed by 1, 6, or 24 h of reperfusion. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE group) or normal saline (NS group) was continuously infused from 15 min before liver ischemia to 1 h after reperfusion. After reperfusion, histopathological evaluation of the liver was performed, as were measurements of bilirubin, biochemical enzymes, oxidative stress markers (GSH and MDA), proinflammatory factors (MPO, TNF-α, and IL-1β), apoptotic marker proteins (Bcl-2 and Bax), and the adhesion molecule (ICAM-1). PGE1 pretreatment attenuated IR injury in extrahepatic cholestatic liver probably by suppressing MDA, MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, ICAM-1, and Bax levels and improving GSH and Bcl-2 levels. In conclusion, PGE1 protects extrahepatic cholestatic liver from IR injury by improving hepatic microcirculation and reducing oxidative stress damage, intrahepatic neutrophil infiltration, and hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Wang J, Koh H, Zhou L, Bae U, Lee H, Bang IH, Ka S, Oh S, Bae EJ, Park B. Sirtuin 2 aggravates postischemic liver injury by deacetylating mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1. Hepatology 2017; 65:225-236. [PMID: 27532371 PMCID: PMC5215544 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sirtuin 2 (Sirt2) is known to negatively regulate anoxia-reoxygenation injury in myoblasts. Because protein levels of Sirt2 are increased in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-injured liver tissues, we examined whether Sirt2 is protective or detrimental against hepatic I/R injury. We overexpressed Sirt2 in the liver of C57BL/6 mice using a Sirt2 adenovirus. Wild-type and Sirt2 knockout mice were subjected to a partial (70%) hepatic ischemia for 45 minutes, followed by various periods of reperfusion. In another set of experiments, wild-type mice were pretreated intraperitoneally with AGK2, a Sirt2 inhibitor. Isolated hepatocytes and Kupffer cells from wild-type and Sirt2 knockout mice were subjected to hypoxia-reoxygenation injury to determine the in vitro effects of Sirt2. Mice subjected to I/R injury showed typical patterns of hepatocellular damage. Prior injection with Sirt2 adenovirus aggravated liver injury, as demonstrated by increases in serum aminotransferases, prothrombin time, proinflammatory cytokines, hepatocellular necrosis and apoptosis, and neutrophil infiltration relative to control virus-injected mice. Pretreatment with AGK2 resulted in significant improvements in serum aminotransferase levels and histopathologic findings. Similarly, experiments with Sirt2 knockout mice also revealed reduced hepatocellular injury. The molecular mechanism of Sirt2's involvement in this aggravation of hepatic I/R injury includes the deacetylation and inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and consequent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. CONCLUSION Sirt2 is an aggravating factor during hepatic I/R injury. (Hepatology 2017;65:225-236).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of BiochemistryChonbuk National University Medical SchoolJeonjuJeonbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyoung‐Won Koh
- Department of BiochemistryChonbuk National University Medical SchoolJeonjuJeonbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Sports MedicineTaishan Medical UniversityTaianShandongChina
| | - Ui‐Jin Bae
- Department of BiochemistryChonbuk National University Medical SchoolJeonjuJeonbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Hwa‐Suk Lee
- Department of BiochemistryChonbuk National University Medical SchoolJeonjuJeonbukRepublic of Korea
| | - In Hyuk Bang
- Department of BiochemistryChonbuk National University Medical SchoolJeonjuJeonbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Sun‐O Ka
- Department of BiochemistryChonbuk National University Medical SchoolJeonjuJeonbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Seon‐Hee Oh
- Department of Premedics, School of MedicineChosun UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Bae
- College of PharmacyWoosuk UniversityWanjuJeonbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Byung‐Hyun Park
- Department of BiochemistryChonbuk National University Medical SchoolJeonjuJeonbukRepublic of Korea
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7
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Vaczy A, Reglodi D, Somoskeoy T, Kovacs K, Lokos E, Szabo E, Tamas A, Atlasz T. The Protective Role of PAC1-Receptor Agonist Maxadilan in BCCAO-Induced Retinal Degeneration. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 60:186-94. [PMID: 27566170 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of studies have proven that pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is protective in neurodegenerative diseases. Permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) causes severe degeneration in the rat retina. In our previous studies, protective effects were observed with PACAP1-38, PACAP1-27, and VIP but not with their related peptides, glucagon, or secretin in BCCAO. All three PACAP receptors (PAC1, VPAC1, VPAC2) appear in the retina. Molecular and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the retinoprotective effects are most probably mainly mediated by the PAC1 receptor. The aim of the present study was to investigate the retinoprotective effects of a selective PAC1-receptor agonist maxadilan in BCCAO-induced retinopathy. Wistar rats were used in the experiment. After performing BCCAO, the right eye was treated with intravitreal maxadilan (0.1 or 1 μM), while the left eye was injected with vehicle. Sham-operated rats received the same treatment. Two weeks after the operation, retinas were processed for standard morphometric and molecular analysis. Intravitreal injection of 0.1 or 1 μM maxadilan caused significant protection in the thickness of most retinal layers and the number of cells in the GCL compared to the BCCAO-operated eyes. In addition, 1 μM maxadilan application was more effective than 0.1 μM maxadilan treatment in the ONL, INL, IPL, and the entire retina (OLM-ILM). Maxadilan treatment significantly decreased cytokine expression (CINC-1, IL-1α, and L-selectin) in ischemia. In summary, our histological and molecular analysis showed that maxadilan, a selective PAC1 receptor agonist, has a protective role in BCCAO-induced retinal degeneration, further supporting the role of PAC1 receptor conveying the retinoprotective effects of PACAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - D Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - T Somoskeoy
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - K Kovacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Lokos
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - T Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary. .,Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Ifjusag Street 6, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary. .,Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary.
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Cannistrà M, Ruggiero M, Zullo A, Gallelli G, Serafini S, Maria M, Naso A, Grande R, Serra R, Nardo B. Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury: A systematic review of literature and the role of current drugs and biomarkers. Int J Surg 2016; 33 Suppl 1:S57-70. [PMID: 27255130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is not only a pathophysiological process involving the liver, but also a complex systemic process affecting multiple tissues and organs. Hepatic IRI can seriously impair liver function, even producing irreversible damage, which causes a cascade of multiple organ dysfunction. Many factors, including anaerobic metabolism, mitochondrial damage, oxidative stress and secretion of ROS, intracellular Ca(2+) overload, cytokines and chemokines produced by KCs and neutrophils, and NO, are involved in the regulation of hepatic IRI processes. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) can be an important mediator of early leukocyte recruitment and target in acute and chronic liver injury associated to ischemia. MMPs and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) could be used as markers of I-R injury severity stages. This review explores the relationship between factors and inflammatory pathways that characterize hepatic IRI, MMPs and current pharmacological approaches to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cannistrà
- Department of Surgery, Annunziata Hospital of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Michele Ruggiero
- Department of Surgery, Annunziata Hospital of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Zullo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gallelli
- Department of Emergency, Pugliese-Ciaccio Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Simone Serafini
- Department of Surgery, Annunziata Hospital of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Mazzitelli Maria
- Department of Primary Care, Provincial Health Authority of Vibo Valentia, 89900 Vibo Valentia, Italy.
| | - Agostino Naso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Grande
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Serra
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Bruno Nardo
- Department of Surgery, Annunziata Hospital of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Weiskirchen R. Hepatoprotective and Anti-fibrotic Agents: It's Time to Take the Next Step. Front Pharmacol 2016; 6:303. [PMID: 26779021 PMCID: PMC4703795 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis cause strong human suffering and necessitate a monetary burden worldwide. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of therapies. Pre-clinical animal models are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new anti-fibrotic compounds and are immensely valuable for understanding and proofing the mode of their proposed action. In fibrosis research, inbreed mice and rats are by far the most used species for testing drug efficacy. During the last decades, several hundred or even a thousand different drugs that reproducibly evolve beneficial effects on liver health in respective disease models were identified. However, there are only a few compounds (e.g., GR-MD-02, GM-CT-01) that were translated from bench to bedside. In contrast, the large number of drugs successfully tested in animal studies is repeatedly tested over and over engender findings with similar or identical outcome. This circumstance undermines the 3R (Replacement, Refinement, Reduction) principle of Russell and Burch that was introduced to minimize the suffering of laboratory animals. This ethical framework, however, represents the basis of the new animal welfare regulations in the member states of the European Union. Consequently, the legal authorities in the different countries are halted to foreclose testing of drugs in animals that were successfully tested before. This review provides a synopsis on anti-fibrotic compounds that were tested in classical rodent models. Their mode of action, potential sources and the observed beneficial effects on liver health are discussed. This review attempts to provide a reference compilation for all those involved in the testing of drugs or in the design of new clinical trials targeting hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy, and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
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Inflammatory genes in rat livers from cardiac- and brain death donors. J Surg Res 2015; 198:217-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Bank J, Song DH. Curcumin Protects Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Skeletal Muscle. J Surg Res 2013; 179:49-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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12
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Szabo A, Danyadi B, Bognar E, Szabadfi K, Fabian E, Kiss P, Mester L, Manavalan S, Atlasz T, Gabriel R, Toth G, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Kovacs K. Effect of PACAP on MAP kinases, Akt and cytokine expressions in rat retinal hypoperfusion. Neurosci Lett 2012; 523:93-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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