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PERINATAL CENTRILOBULAR HEPATIC NECROSIS IN GIANT PANDAS ( AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA): A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY. J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 52:926-938. [PMID: 34687509 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Between 1983 and 2012, six giant panda cubs (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) born at a zoological institution were stillborn or died between the ages of 3 and 200 h. Two of the six cubs had panhepatic centrilobular hepatic necrosis (CHN), granulocytic extramedullary hematopoiesis (GEM), positive liver culture for Staphylococcus species, and terminal liver failure. Another low-weight cub was administered oxygen therapy immediately after birth and developed hyaline membranes in air spaces and hepatic necrosis restricted to the hilar region. A retrospective analysis of liver and lung lesions, pulmonary microanatomy, blood-gas barrier ultrastructure, and hepatic myofibroblast proliferation was conducted on the six cubs. Neonates with CHN had concurrent severe periportal GEM accompanied by severe myofibroblast proliferation. The pulmonary blood-gas barrier was markedly increased in one cub with CHN. Developmentally, the lungs of all but one cub were at the late saccular stage, and the lowest-weight cub was in early saccular stage, consistent with immaturity, and had pneumonia comparable to neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Stage of lung development was eliminated as the primary factor leading to CHN. The pathogenesis of CHN in these neonates is proposed to be transformation of hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblasts initiating blockage and microvascular constriction of hepatic sinusoids, resulting in insufficient perfusion and cellular hypoxia of hepatocytes surrounding central veins in acinar zone 3.
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Chowdhury E, Roberts J, Walz H, Hauck R, Morey A, Morgan S, Joiner K, Cattley R, Sengupta S, Wilson F, Hoerr F. Hepatic Perisinusoidal Myofibroblast Proliferation and Systemic Inflammatory Response Precedes Sep/Tox Hepatitis in Broilers. Avian Dis 2020; 65:10-17. [PMID: 34339116 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Septicemia-toxemia (sep/tox) falls under U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) food safety Category 1 and is the most common and economically significant cause of broiler carcass condemnations. Hepatic lesions are considered a possible consequence of septicemia and associated bacterial contamination of the carcass. Thus, these lesions are considered an indicator of sep/tox (sep/tox hepatitis). This study was undertaken to analyze the histologic lesions preceding grossly visible liver lesions leading to condemnation because of sep/tox at the processing plant. Livers from carcasses of broilers condemned by USDA inspectors for sep/tox were used to establish microscopic and gross criteria of end-stage sep/tox hepatitis. Following the characterization of sep/tox hepatitis, broilers from a farm with a history of sep/tox condemnations were submitted for postmortem examination and bacteriologic investigation at four intervals during the final 20 days of production. Five healthy and five clinically ill chickens were submitted from four houses at 18, 25, 32, and 38 days of production (160 total). Microscopic lesions representing hepatic perisinusoidal myofibroblast proliferation (HPMP), periportal extramedullary granulopoiesis (PEMG), splenic follicular histiocytosis, and bone marrow cellularity (BMC) were graded subjectively for each bird, and subjective grading was evaluated with digital quantitative techniques. Perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cell morphology and progressive transformation of these cells into myofibroblasts was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for smooth muscle actin and desmin. Aerobic cultures of livers and gall bladders from sep/tox birds yielded no growth of bacteria associated with septicemia. Mild to severe HPMP was observed in all age groups, representing 28% of examined birds. Increases in inflammatory cells observed by PEMG and BMC were positively correlated with progressive HPMP and end-stage sep/tox hepatitis in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Chowdhury
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849.,Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Auburn, AL 36832
| | - John Roberts
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849, .,Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Auburn, AL 36832.,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Heather Walz
- Alabama Department of Agriculture and Industries, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory System, Auburn, AL 36832
| | - Rüdiger Hauck
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849.,Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | - Amit Morey
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | | | - Kellye Joiner
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | - Russell Cattley
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849
| | | | - Floyd Wilson
- MVRDL & PVRDL, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Pearl, MS 39288
| | - Frederic Hoerr
- Veterinary Diagnostic Pathology LLC, Fort Valley, VA 22652
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Hessheimer AJ, Escobar B, Muñoz J, Flores E, Gracia-Sancho J, Taurá P, Fuster J, Rimola A, García-Valdecasas JC, Fondevila C. Somatostatin therapy protects porcine livers in small-for-size liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:1806-16. [PMID: 24935350 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Small-for-size (SFS) injury occurs in partial liver transplantation due to several factors, including excessive portal inflow and insufficient intragraft responses. We aim to determine the role somatostatin plays in reducing portal hyperperfusion and preventing the cascade of deleterious events produced in small grafts. A porcine model of 20% liver transplantation is performed. Perioperatively treated recipients receive somatostatin and untreated controls standard intravenous fluids. Recipients are followed for up to 5 days. In vitro studies are also performed to determine direct protective effects of somatostatin on hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and sinusoidal endothelial cells (SEC). At reperfusion, portal vein flow (PVF) per gram of tissue increased fourfold in untreated animals versus approximately threefold among treated recipients (p = 0.033). Postoperatively, markers of hepatocellular, SEC and HSC injury were improved among treated animals. Hepatic regeneration occurred in a slower but more orderly fashion among treated grafts; functional recovery was also significantly better. In vitro studies revealed that somatostatin directly reduces HSC activation, though no direct effect on SEC was found. In SFS transplantation, somatostatin reduces PVF and protects SEC in the critical postreperfusion period. Somatostatin also exerts a direct cytoprotective effect on HSC, independent of changes in PVF.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Hessheimer
- Department of Surgery, Institut de Malalties Digestives I Metabòliques (IMDiM), Hospital Clínic, CIBERehd, IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Yoichi T, Takayashiki T, Shimizu H, Yoshidome H, Ohtsuka M, Kato A, Yoshitomi H, Furukawa K, Kuboki S, Okamura D, Suzuki D, Nakajima M, Miyazaki M. Protective effects of simultaneous splenectomy on small-for-size liver graft injury in rat liver transplantation. Transpl Int 2013; 27:106-13. [DOI: 10.1111/tri.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yoichi
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Tsukasa Takayashiki
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimizu
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshidome
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Masayuki Ohtsuka
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Hideyuki Yoshitomi
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Katsunori Furukawa
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Satoshi Kuboki
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Daiki Okamura
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Daisuke Suzuki
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakajima
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
| | - Masaru Miyazaki
- Department of General Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Chiba University; Chiba Japan
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