Frequent somatic mutations of mitochondrial DNA in traditional serrated adenomas but not in sessile serrated adenomas of the colorectum

Can Mitochondria DNA Provide a Novel Biomarker for Evaluating the Risk and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer?

Colorectal cancer (CRC) was one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Accurate risk and prognosis evaluation could obtain better quality of life and longer survival time for the patients. Current research hotspot was focus on the gene biomarker to evaluate the risk and prognosis. Mitochondrion contains its own DNA and regulates self-replicating so that it can be as a candidate biomarker for evaluating the risk and prognosis of colorectal cancer. But there were already huge controversies on this issue. The review was to summarize current viewpoints of the controversial issues and described our understanding from the four aspects including mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial displacement loop, mtDNA variation, and mtDNA microsatellite instability, wishing the summary of the mtDNA in colorectal cancer could provide a meaningful reference or a valuable direction in the future studies.

Mitochondrial microsatellite instability in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer

Mitochondrial microsatellite instability (mtMSI), a change in length in mtDNA microsatellite sequences between normal and tumor tissue, has been described as a frequent occurrence in colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated the prevalence and prognostic value of mtMSI and its relation to nuclear microsatellite instability (MSI) in patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). At six loci (D310, D514, D16184, ND1, ND5, and COX1), the mitochondrial DNA sequence was analyzed in normal and tumor tissue, and the mtMSI status was determined. We evaluated the prevalence and outcome in terms of overall survival (OS) in 83 CRC patients with a MSI tumor (including 39 patients with Lynch syndrome) and in 99 mCRC patients with a microsatellite stable (MSS) tumor. A meta-analysis was performed to compare our findings with existing data. mtMSI at the D-loop region was found in 54.4 % (99 out of 182) of all patients. Prevalence of mtMSI was most pronounced at the D310 locus (50.5 %). Prevalence of mtMSI at the D-loop region was not different among patients with MSI compared to MSS tumors. There was no effect of mtMSI on prognosis in patients with MSI or MSS tumors. Prevalence of mtMSI was high in mCRC patients with both MSI and MSS tumors, but there was no correlation with prognosis. mtMSI was particularly present at the D310 locus.

Differences in K-ras and mitochondrial DNA mutations and microsatellite instability between colorectal cancers of Vietnamese and Japanese patients

Background

The incidence of early-onset (under 50 years of age) colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Vietnamese has been reported to be quite higher than that in the Japanese. To clarify the differences in genetic alterations between Vietnamese and Japanese CRCs, we investigated mutations in K-ras and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H) in the CRCs of Vietnamese and Japanese patients.

Methods

We enrolled 60 Vietnamese and 233 Japanese patients with invasive CRCs. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. K-ras mutations were examined with PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. mtDNA mutations and MSI-H were examined with microsatellite analysis using D310 and BAT-26, respectively.

Results

K-ras mutations were examined in 60 Vietnamese and 45 Japanese CRCs. The frequency of the mutations in the Vietnamese CRCs was significantly higher than that in the Japanese CRCs (8 of 24 [33%] vs 5 of 45 [11%], p =0.048). MSI-H was examined in 60 Vietnamese and 130 Japanese CRCs. The frequency of MSI-H in the Vietnamese CRCs was also significantly higher than that in the Japanese CRCs (6 of 27 [22%] vs 10 of 130 [8%], p =0.030). mtDNA mutations were examined in 60 Vietnamese and 138 Japanese CRCs. The frequency of mtDNA mutations in the Vietnamese CRCs was significantly higher than that in the Japanese CRCs (19 of 44 [43%] vs 11 of 133 [9%], p <0.001). There were no significant differences in clinicopathologic characteristics, such as age, sex, tumour location, and depth, in terms of tumours with/without each genetic alteration in the CRCs of the Vietnamese and Japanese patients.

Conclusions

These results indicate that the developmental pathways of CRCs in the Vietnamese may differ from those of CRCs in the Japanese.

Serrated pathway in colorectal carcinogenesis

Serrated adenocarcinoma is a recently described subset of colorectal cancer (CRC), which account for about 10% of all CRCs and follows an alternative pathway in which serrated polyps replace the traditional adenoma as the precursor lesion to CRC. Serrated polyps form a heterogeneous group of colorectal lesions that includes hyperplastic polyps (HPs), sessile serrated adenoma (SSA), traditional serrated adenoma (TSA) and mixed polyps. HPs are the most common serrated polyp followed by SSA and TSA. This distinct histogenesis is believed to have a major influence in prevention strategies, patient prognosis and therapeutic impact. Genetically, serrated polyps exhibited also a distinct pattern, with KRAS and BRAF having an important contribution to its development. Two other molecular changes that have been implicated in the serrated pathway include microsatellite instability and the CpG island methylator phenotype. In the present review we will address the current knowledge of serrated polyps, clinical pathological features and will update the most recent findings of its molecular pathways. The understanding of their biology and malignancy potential is imperative to implement a surveillance approach in order to prevent colorectal cancer development.

CDX2 upstream promoter methylation status in serrated lesions

AIM: To detect CDX2 gene methylation status and CDX2 protein expression in serrated lesions to explore their clinical significance and role in carcinogenesis.

METHODS: Taqman probe qPCR (MethyLight) was used to detect CDX2 gene CpG island methylation status in 225 cases of serrated lesions (including 96 cases of hyperplastic polyps, 61 cases of sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and 68 cases of traditional serrated adenomas), 54 cases of tubular adenomas, 69 cases of colorectal cancer, and 42 cases of normal colorectal mucosa tissue. The amplified sequences were verified by direct sequencing. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect CDX2 protein expression in 116 cases of serrated lesions (including 52 cases of hyperplastic polyps, 41 cases of sessile serrated adenomas/polyps, and 23 cases of traditional serrated adenomas), 20 cases of tubular adenomas, 24 cases of colorectal cancer, and 24 cases of normal colorectal mucosa tissue.

RESULTS: The rates of CDX2 promoter methylation differed significantly between normal colorectal mucosa tissue and hyperplastic polyps (P = 0.019), sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (P = 0.015), and traditional serrated adenomas (P = 0.002), between colorectal cancer and hyperplastic polyps (P = 0.000), sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (P = 0.000) and traditional serrated adenomas (P = 0.000), and between tubular adenomas and traditional serrated adenomas (P = 0.027). The positive rates of CDX2 protein differed significantly between colorectal cancer and hyperplastic polyps (P = 0.001), between tubular adenomas and hyperplastic polyps (P = 0.005), and between hyperplastic polyps and traditional serrated adenomas (P = 0.038). The rate of CDX2 promoter methylation and CDX2 protein expression had weak negative correlations among hyperplastic polyps (P = 0.652, r = -0.064), sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (P = 0.238, r = -0.182) and traditional serrated adenomas (P = 0.519, r = -0.142). The rate of CDX2 gene promoter methylation was positively correlated with age in hyperplastic polyps (P = 0.002, r = 0.312), sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (P = 0.000, r = 0.473), traditional serrated adenomas (P = 0.001, r = 0.392), and tubular adenoma (P = 0.001, r = 0.440).

CONCLUSION: CDX2 upstream promoter methylation status is complicated, and CDX2 protein expression is little affected by CDX2 upstream promoter methylation in serrated lesions. The rate of CDX2 upstream promoter methylation in serrated lesions gradually increases as the age increases.