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Bartoli E, Wadji DL, Oe M, Cheng P, Martin-Soelch C, Pfaltz MC, Langevin R. Perceived Acceptability of Child Maltreatment as a Moderator of the Association Between Experiences of Child Maltreatment and Post-Traumatic Symptoms: A Cross-Cultural Study. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:3764-3790. [PMID: 38450674 PMCID: PMC11283730 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241234348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite the well-documented link between child maltreatment (CM) and mental health, evidence suggests substantial variability in the post-traumatic sequelae of CM across cultures. The perceived acceptability of CM in one's community might moderate the association between CM and mental health, but little research has been conducted on it so far. This study examined how the perceived acceptability of CM may influence the relationship between CM experiences and post-traumatic symptoms in individuals from four different continents and if the pattern of associations is the same across countries. We recruited a sample of 478 adults from Cameroon (n = 111), Canada (n = 137), Japan (n = 108), and Germany (n = 122). We administered online questionnaires and performed multiple group moderation analyses for total CM, neglect, physical abuse, emotional maltreatment, sexual abuse, and exposure to domestic violence (DV). A significant positive main effect of CM on post-traumatic symptoms was found in the overall sample and in Cameroon; in Germany, only neglect and emotional maltreatment were positively associated to post-traumatic symptoms. Moderation effects were identified; the perceived acceptability of neglect in Cameroon and Germany and of exposure to DV in Cameroon had a dampening effect on the relationship between CM experiences and post-traumatic symptoms. Our findings confirm that CM experiences entail long-term post-traumatic sequelae that can vary across cultures and CM subtypes and further our understanding of this issue by showing that the perceived acceptability of CM may be an understudied moderator.
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Alcaraz M, Pierce H, Eggum ND, Nuño-Gutiérrez BL, Ghimire D. A cross-cultural examination of adverse childhood experiences in low-and middle-income countries and their relation with adolescent educational aspirations. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 152:106756. [PMID: 38531287 PMCID: PMC11175623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are potentially traumatic events that occur before the age of 18. Researchers have examined the negative associations between adversity and adolescent and adult outcomes, such as education and physical health. However, research on ACEs, and their association with other outcomes in non-western contexts is sparse. OBJECTIVE The present study aims to increase our understanding of the prevalence of ACEs - and their association with educational aspirations - in low- and middle-income country contexts. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING We utilize data from the Family Migration and Early Life Outcomes (FAMELO) project, a multi-site survey project that collected data from families in historically high-migration contexts. ACEs and educational aspirations were measured in children aged 11 to17 years in Mexico (n = 853), Mozambique (n = 651), and Nepal (n = 1180). METHODS We use Poisson regressions to examine the prevalence of ACEs in multiple cultures, and then use multinomial logistic regressions to examine whether ACEs are associated with educational aspirations, as a practical application of the utility of the ACEs framework in cross-cultural contexts. RESULTS Our results suggest that adolescents in Mozambique have a higher average number of ACEs (2.7) than adolescents in Mexico (1.4) and Nepal (1.3). Female adolescents reported fewer ACEs, while socioeconomic vulnerabilities (low-income and low parental education) were associated with higher exposure to ACEs, with differences by country. Lastly, ACEs were associated with lower educational aspirations in Mexico and Nepal. CONCLUSIONS Our study attempted to heed the call of many scholars who have pushed for an expansion of research on ACEs in non-western, low- and middle-income country contexts.
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McTavish JR, McHolm A, Niec A, Pietrantonio AM, McKee C, MacMillan HL. Case conceptualization in child welfare: an underused resource to improve child, family, and provider outcomes. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1292690. [PMID: 38274420 PMCID: PMC10808490 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1292690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Case conceptualization, formally known as case formulation, is one tool that assists in determining the best course of action for children and families experiencing family violence that has been under-utilized in child welfare. In this article we present a step-by-step case conceptualization process that considers the child welfare context. We then present a hypothetical case example of a 10-year-old child referred by a child welfare worker to evidence-based treatment for mental health and behavioural concerns. Mental health services are not helpful for the child and further consultation is enlisted. To more effectively guide intervention and treatment planning and ultimately improve outcomes for the child, we present case conceptualization as a process that incorporates relevant aspects of the child and family's history and circumstance. We conclude with a succinct case conceptualization and treatment plan to show how the prognosis of the child can be improved when case conceptualization is employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R. McTavish
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Angela McHolm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anne Niec
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Marie Pietrantonio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christine McKee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Harriet L. MacMillan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Laajasalo T, Cowley LE, Otterman G, Lamela D, Rodrigues LB, Jud A, Kemp A, Naughton A, Hurt L, Soldino V, Ntinapogias A, Nurmatov U. Current issues and challenges in the definition and operationalization of child maltreatment: A scoping review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 140:106187. [PMID: 37030235 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies show considerable variability in the definitions and operationalization of child maltreatment (CM), which limits research, policy formation, surveillance, and cross-country and cross-sector comparisons. OBJECTIVE To review the recent literature (2011-2021) to understand current issues and challenges in defining CM, to assist in the planning, testing and implementing of CM conceptualizations. METHODS We searched eight international databases. Articles were included if the substantive content was related to issues, challenges, and debates in defining CM, and the article was an original study, review, commentary, report, or guideline. The review followed methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews and was reported in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR checklist. Four experts in CM conducted a thematic analysis to summarize findings. Methodological rigor of the included studies was not formally assessed. RESULTS We identified 7372 potentially relevant articles; 55 full-text studies were assessed for eligibility, 25 satisfied the inclusion criteria. We identified three themes: 1) strategies to define CM, including the integration of child and victim perspectives; 2) difficulties in defining specific CM types; and 3) real-world implications for research, prevention and policy. CONCLUSIONS Despite longstanding concerns, challenges regarding the definitions of CM persist. A small minority of studies have tested and implemented CM definitions and operationalizations in practice. The findings will inform international multi-sectoral processes to develop uniform definitions of CM, for example by highlighting the need to acknowledge challenges in defining some CM types and emphasizing the importance of considering the perspectives of children and CM survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Laajasalo
- Competence Cluster for Violence Prevention Work, Special Services Unit, Finnish Institute of Health and Welfare, Finland; Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Diogo Lamela
- Lusophone University of Humanities and Technologies, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Andreas Jud
- Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychotherapy, University Clinics Ulm, Germany
| | - Alison Kemp
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Aideen Naughton
- National Safeguarding Team (NHS Wales), Public Health Wales, Wales, UK
| | - Lisa Hurt
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
| | - Virginia Soldino
- University Research Institute of Criminology and Criminal Science, University of Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Ulugbek Nurmatov
- Division of Population Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, UK
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McTavish JR, Chandra PS, Stewart DE, Herrman H, MacMillan HL. Child Maltreatment and Intimate Partner Violence in Mental Health Settings. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315672. [PMID: 36497747 PMCID: PMC9735990 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) and child maltreatment (physical, emotional, sexual abuse, neglect, and children's exposure to IPV) are two of the most common types of family violence; they are associated with a broad range of health consequences. We summarize evidence addressing the need for safe and culturally-informed clinical responses to child maltreatment and IPV, focusing on mental health settings. This considers clinical features of child maltreatment and IPV; applications of rights-based and trauma- and violence-informed care; how to ask about potential experiences of violence; safe responses to disclosures; assessment and interventions that include referral networks and resources developed in partnership with multidisciplinary and community actors; and the need for policy and practice frameworks, appropriate training and continuing professional development provisions and resources for mental health providers. Principles for a common approach to recognizing and safely responding to child maltreatment and IPV are discussed, recognizing the needs in well-resourced and scarce resource settings, and for marginalized groups in any setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R. McTavish
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St. North, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7, Canada
| | - Prabha S. Chandra
- NIMHANS Hospital, Hosur Rd, near Bangalore Milk Dairy, Hombegowda Nagar, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Donna E. Stewart
- Centre for Mental Health, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St, 7EN229, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Helen Herrman
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- Orygen, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Harriet L. MacMillan
- Offord Centre for Child Studies, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 293 Wellington St. North, Hamilton, ON L8L 8E7, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Health Sciences Centre 3A, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
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Portilla-Saavedra D, Pinto-Cortez C, Guerra C, Cárdenas FP. Victimization by Caregivers: Prevalence and Risk Factors in Chilean Children and Adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2022; 16:74. [PMID: 36071482 PMCID: PMC9454106 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-022-00509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the prevalence and risk factors associated to victimization by caregivers in a national large sample of Chilean children and adolescents. 19,687 children and adolescents aged 12-17, selected by random probability sampling of 699 public schools in Chile who were surveyed by trained interviewers. Victimization by Caregivers was evaluated through a module of the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ). The prevalence (12 months) for physical abuse were (12.9%), for emotional abuse (27.9%), neglect (5.3%) and parental interference (3.5%). The results suggest as risk factors, sex, age, migration status, disability, geographical location, and type of school. The findings highlight the urgent need to address the issue of child maltreatment and victimization by caregivers in Chilean society and minimize its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristián Pinto-Cortez
- Escuela de Psicología Y Filosofía, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Juridicas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avenida 18 de Septiembre 2222, Casilla 7-D, Arica, Chile.
| | - Cristóbal Guerra
- grid.441783.d0000 0004 0487 9411Centro Cielo, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales Y Comunicaciones, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabiola Peña Cárdenas
- grid.441241.60000 0001 2187 037XUniversidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros, México
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Ganapathy SS, Sooryanarayana R, Mohammad NM, Abdul Manaf R. Practice of Disciplinary Methods and Factors Associated With Belief for Physical Punishment Among Malaysian Parents: Findings From NHMS 2016. Glob Pediatr Health 2022; 9:2333794X221113820. [PMID: 35859886 PMCID: PMC9289915 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x221113820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The belief in the effectiveness of physical punishment is an important predictor for its use. The objectives of this study was to describe the factors associated with the belief for physical punishment toward children 1 to 5 years of age among Malaysian parents. Data was collected as part of the Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2016. The respondents were asked if they believed that physical punishment is needed to raise a child properly. A total of 60.0% of Malaysian parents believed in the need for physical punishment, with 54.3% practising it. Parents who believed in physical punishment had more than 2 times a higher likelihood of practising it (odds ratio 2.57) than those who did not. Parents need to be taught to respond positively to children's behavior and anger management strategies in difficult parenting situations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nik Mazlina Mohammad
- Kelana Jaya Health Clinic, Selangor
Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Adverse childhood experiences and adulthood mental health: a cross-cultural examination among university students in seven countries. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mandatory Reporting “will Paralyze People” or “Without it, People Would not Report”: Understanding Perspectives from Within the Child Protection System. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-022-09676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Professionals' Digital Training for Child Maltreatment Prevention in the COVID-19 Era: A Pan-European Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19020885. [PMID: 35055708 PMCID: PMC8796023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The responsiveness of professionals working with children and families is of key importance for child maltreatment early identification. However, this might be undermined when multifaceted circumstances, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, reduce interdisciplinary educational activities. Thanks to technological developments, digital platforms seem promising in dealing with new challenges for professionals’ training. We examined a digital approach to child maltreatment training through the ERICA project experience (Stopping Child Maltreatment through Pan-European Multiprofessional Training Programme). ERICA has been piloted during the pandemic in seven European centers involving interconnected sectors of professionals working with children and families. The training consisted of interactive modules embedded in a digital learning framework. Different aspects (technology, interaction, and organization) were evaluated and trainers’ feedback on digital features was sought. Technical issues were the main barrier, however, these did not significantly disrupt the training. The trainers perceived reduced interaction between participants, although distinct factors were uncovered as potential favorable mediators. Based on participants’ subjective experiences and perspectives, digital learning frameworks for professionals working with children and families (such as the ERICA model nested in its indispensable adaptation to an e-learning mode) can represent a novel interactive approach to empower trainers and trainees to tackle child maltreatment during critical times such as a pandemic, and as an alternative to more traditional learning frameworks.
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Farahat S, Micallef R. The influence of pharmacist training on the safeguarding of children: A city-based study. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2021; 13:213-219. [PMID: 33641730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community pharmacists are in a unique position to encounter children visiting the pharmacy, which means they are potentially able to catch signs or instances of child abuse and neglect. The aim of this study is to establish the influence of training programs that pharmacists undergo on their understanding and knowledge regarding safeguarding issues and referral processes, to better manage the situation if it were to arise. METHODS A 15 question survey was used to collect data from community pharmacists around the area of Cardiff, United Kingdom, regarding the safeguarding of children. The questionnaire explored community pharmacists' judgement on various aspects of the maltreatment of children, including the influence their training has on their outlook and behavior towards child safeguarding. RESULTS Overall 72.8% (91 of 125) deemed their training adequate enough to aid them in safeguarding children. An average score of 8/10 for pharmacist knowledge and 7.7/10 for confidence was recorded for knowing when to refer suspision of a safeguarding issues. The correlation of knowledge and confidence was statistically significant (P ˂ 0.01). However, knowledge and confidence of where to refer a safeguarding issue were only 7/10 and 6.9/10, respectively. Only 20/125 pharmacists had referred a safeguarding concern. CONCLUSION It is apparent that the training for pharmacists regarding the safeguarding of children needs to be improved. The application of advanced pharmacist training and the opportunity to include the teaching of safeguarding issues into universities offers positive benefits regarding pharmacists' knowledge and confidence towards the handling, management and reporting of child maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Farahat
- Kingston University, Department of Pharmacy, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Ricarda Micallef
- Kingston University, Department of Pharmacy, Penrhyn Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK.
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Cama SF, Sehgal P. Racial and Ethnic Considerations Across Child and Adolescent Development. ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF DIRECTORS OF PSYCHIATRIC RESIDENCY TRAINING AND THE ASSOCIATION FOR ACADEMIC PSYCHIATRY 2021; 45:106-109. [PMID: 33170483 DOI: 10.1007/s40596-020-01354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
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Mesman J, Branger M, Woudstra ML, Emmen R, Asanjarani F, Carcamo R, Hsiao C, Mels C, Selcuk B, Soares I, van Ginkel J, Wang L, Yavuz M, Alink L. Crossing boundaries: A pilot study of maternal attitudes about child maltreatment in nine countries. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104257. [PMID: 31743808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Definitions of child maltreatment vary widely between studies, and even more so between different cultural contexts. OBJECTIVE In this pilot study, we examine between-country variations in maternal notions about what constitutes child maltreatment. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The sample consisted of 466 mothers recruited in Chile, China, Greece, Iran, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa, Turkey, and Uruguay. METHODS All mothers completed a new Q-sort measure, ranking 90 parenting behaviors linked to subtypes of maltreatment (emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical neglect, and physical abuse) from least to most detrimental to child development. RESULTS Between-country agreement regarding the harmfulness of the parenting behaviors was high (r = .45), but there were different patterns of reported harmfulness of subtypes of maltreatment (although driven mostly by deviating patterns in the South African sample). Further, there were significant country effects on the number and type of behaviors labeled as maltreatment (pƞ2 = .15), and the number of items labeled as requiring intervention (pƞ2 = .19). CONCLUSIONS Variations in conceptions of maltreatment need to be studied in larger more representative samples and taken into account in the assessment and treatment of child maltreatment across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi Mesman
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein Branger
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Mi-Lan Woudstra
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Rosanneke Emmen
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Faramarz Asanjarani
- Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Celia Hsiao
- Department of Paediatrics, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Cindy Mels
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bilge Selcuk
- Department of Psychology, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Isabel Soares
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Lamei Wang
- College of Psychology and Sociology, Shenzhen University, China
| | - Melis Yavuz
- Department of Psychology, MEF University, Turkey
| | - Lenneke Alink
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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Spies G, Kidd M, Seedat S. A factor analytic study of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form in an all-female South African sample with and without HIV infection. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 92:157-166. [PMID: 30981158 PMCID: PMC8853848 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) is widely used around the world but no norms have been established for South African users of the CTQ. The CTQ has been employed in South Africa but not yet validated. The present study aims to address this gap. There is great need in both clinical and research settings for an assessment tool that adequately measures childhood trauma, a sensitive and challenging construct to measure. OBJECTIVE This study explores the psychometric properties of the CTQ-SF in an all-female cohort living with and without HIV infection in South Africa, the first study of its kind in this population. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The CTQ-SF was administered to 314 women (170 HIV uninfected; 144 HIV infected) in Cape Town, South Africa. METHOD Internal consistency of the CTQ-SF was determined by Cronbach alpha coefficients. Using Lisrel, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed, followed by an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to explore an alternative factor structure model in this cohort. RESULTS For the group as a whole, the model fit was acceptable but not good. However, for the sub-sample of women living with HIV, the CFA revealed poor model fit. The EFA revealed a three-factor model, with mostly stable factor loadings for four of the five subscales. However, the Physical Neglect (PN) subscale cross loaded on two of the three factors. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed an alternative factor structure from the original model in this study cohort. The PN subscale does not have stable factor loadings and is not homogenous. The original instrument may therefore benefit from revision for use in this population. Measures such as the CTQ can be informative for preventative strategies in HIV-infected or at-risk youth and for clinical interventions aimed at mitigating the negative psychological sequelae of childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Spies
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), PTSD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Martin Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI), PTSD Program, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Measuring the Prevalence of Adverse Childhood Experiences by Survey Research Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061048. [PMID: 30909523 PMCID: PMC6466446 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Child maltreatment has been firmly established as a fundamental risk factor for adult health. However, its quantification poses many questions methodologically, psychologically, and culturally alike. We carried out the first nationally representative survey research in Hungary and in Central⁻Eastern Europe to assess the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among adults. Methods: Data were collected by an opinion research company using a screening tool of the Adverse Childhood Experiences study. Results: 25% (n = 293) of adults reported any childhood adversity; 5% (n = 59) of them had four or more ACEs. The most prevalent forms of child maltreatment were emotional (5%, n = 59) and physical abuse (5%, n = 59), sexual abuse (1%, n = 12) being the least prevalent. The most frequent dysfunctional household condition was parental divorce or separation (13%, n = 153), followed by household substance abuse (11%, n = 129). Conclusions: Nationally representative surveys on ACEs found a range of overall prevalence of various forms of child maltreatment between 14.1 and 35.2% into which our results fall. Nevertheless, our survey most likely underestimates the prevalence of child maltreatment in Hungary, reflecting the impact of a host of factors influencing awareness. Survey research methods are appropriate to obtain nationally representative data on child maltreatment that not only contribute to designing interventions but can also be used to monitor the effectiveness of interventions to improve child and adult health in the long run.
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Häuser W, Brähler E, Schmutzer G, Glaesmer H. The association of adverse childhood experiences and of resilience with chronic noncancer pain in the German adult population - A cross-sectional survey. Eur J Pain 2018; 23:555-564. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Häuser
- Department Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; Technische Universität München; Munich Germany
- Department Internal Medicine 1; Klinikum Saarbrücken; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Elmar Brähler
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy; University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Gabriele Schmutzer
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Heide Glaesmer
- Department of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Wang Y, Chen P. Comparison of Ion Mobility Fuzzy Chromatography Mass Spectrometric (imFCMS) Fingerprinting and FCMS Fingerprinting for Differentiation of American Cranberry Cultivars. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s41664-018-0059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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The Impact of Acculturation and Cultural Values on Hispanic Immigrants’ Parenting. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-017-9428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hotton PR, Raman S. Analysis of acute presentations for child protection medical assessments in a large, culturally diverse metropolitan setting. BMJ Paediatr Open 2017; 1:e000120. [PMID: 29637143 PMCID: PMC5862233 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE South Western Sydney has a large culturally diverse population with many vulnerable subgroups; little is known about the health and social outcomes following acute child maltreatment assessments. We aimed to describe acute presentations of maltreatment in South Western Sydney-including examination findings of the assessment, determine health and social outcomes for children following medical assessment, to inform service development. DESIGN We gathered data from the acute child protection database on all children <16 years referred for physical abuse and neglect and/or sexual abuse assessment between 2013 and 2015 to one hospital service. We reviewed clinical records of the children assessed, using the reports to classify findings of the examination. We performed simple descriptive analysis on the data. RESULTS There were 304 children referred, 279 seen for acute assessment. Most (72%) were female, 204 (73%) referrals were for sexual abuse, 75 (27%) were for physical abuse and neglect. There were age, gender and ethnicity differentials depending on type of maltreatment presentation. Twelve per cent of sexual and 19% of physical abuse cases were found not to be abuse related. Unmet medical, developmental and behavioural concerns were identified in the majority (54%) assessed. Just under half (48%) of all children went home with families with no statutory agency support; those seen for physical abuse were more likely to be placed in care (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Children assessed for child maltreatment had a range of health and social concerns identified, needing further intervention. Comprehensive medical assessments have a critical role to play in child protection assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Rex Hotton
- Department of Community Paediatrics, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shanti Raman
- Department of Community Paediatrics, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Kolhatkar G, Berkowitz C. Cultural considerations and child maltreatment: in search of universal principles. Pediatr Clin North Am 2014; 61:1007-22. [PMID: 25242712 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cultural diversity poses challenges within the health care setting, particularly regarding the question of how health professionals can resolve the tension between respecting cultural norms or child-rearing practices and the importance of determining what constitutes harm and child maltreatment. Cultural competency and respect for cultural diversity does not imply universal tolerance of all practices. The United Nations provides a standard of universal child rights, protecting them from harmful practices. Pediatric providers must respect cross-cultural differences while maintaining legal and ethical standards of safety and wellbeing for children, promoting evidence-based prevention of maltreatment, and advocating for child wellness across all cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Kolhatkar
- Child Abuse Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Box 437, Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
| | - Carol Berkowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 1000 West Carson Street, Box 437, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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Cyr C, Michel G, Dumais M. Child maltreatment as a global phenomenon: From trauma to prevention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2013; 48:141-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00207594.2012.705435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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