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Zheng HC, Xue H, Zhang CY. REG4 promotes the proliferation and anti-apoptosis of cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1012193. [PMID: 36172286 PMCID: PMC9511136 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1012193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived 4 (REG4) gene was discovered by high-throughput sequencing of ulcerative colitis cDNA libraries. REG4 is involved in infection and inflammation by enhancing macrophage polarization to M2, via activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Akt/cAMP-responsive element binding and the killing inflammatory Escherichia coli, and closely linked to tumorigenesis. Its expression was transcriptionally activated by caudal type homeobox 2, GATA binding protein 6, GLI family zinc finger 1, SRY-box transcription factor 9, CD44 intracytoplasmic domain, activating transcription factor 2, and specificity protein 1, and translationally activated by miR-24. REG4 can interact with transmembrane CD44, G protein-coupled receptor 37, mannan and heparin on cancer cells. Its overexpression was observed in gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, gallbladder, ovarian and urothelial cancers, and is closely linked to their aggressive behaviors and a poor prognosis. Additionally, REG4 expression and recombinant REG4 aggravated such cellular phenotypes as tumorigenesis, proliferation, anti-apoptosis, chemoradioresistance, migration, invasion, peritoneal dissemination, tumor growth, and cancer stemness via EGFR/Akt/activator protein-1 and Akt/glycogen synthase kinase three β/β-catenin/transcription factor 4 pathways. Sorted REG4-positive deep crypt secretory cells promote organoid formation of single Lgr5 (+) colon stem cells by Notch inhibition and Wnt activation. Histologically, REG4 protein is specifically expressed in neuroendocrine tumors and signet ring cell carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, ovary, and lung. It might support the histogenesis of gastric intestinal–metaplasia–globoid dysplasia–signet ring cell carcinoma. In this review, we summarized the structure, biological functions, and effects of REG4 on inflammation and cancer. We conclude that REG4 may be employed as a biomarker of tumorigenesis, subsequent progression and poor prognosis of cancer, and may be a useful target for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
- *Correspondence: Hua-Chuan Zheng,
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Cong-Yu Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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2
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Holik AK, Schweiger K, Stoeger V, Lieder B, Reiner A, Zopun M, Hoi JK, Kretschy N, Somoza MM, Kriwanek S, Pignitter M, Somoza V. Gastric Serotonin Biosynthesis and Its Functional Role in L-Arginine-Induced Gastric Proton Secretion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5881. [PMID: 34070942 PMCID: PMC8199169 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among mammals, serotonin is predominantly found in the gastrointestinal tract, where it has been shown to participate in pathway-regulating satiation. For the stomach, vascular serotonin release induced by gastric distension is thought to chiefly contribute to satiation after food intake. However, little information is available on the capability of gastric cells to synthesize, release and respond to serotonin by functional changes of mechanisms regulating gastric acid secretion. We investigated whether human gastric cells are capable of serotonin synthesis and release. First, HGT-1 cells, derived from a human adenocarcinoma of the stomach, and human stomach specimens were immunostained positive for serotonin. In HGT-1 cells, incubation with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine reduced the mean serotonin-induced fluorescence signal intensity by 27%. Serotonin release of 147 ± 18%, compared to control HGT-1 cells (set to 100%) was demonstrated after treatment with 30 mM of the satiating amino acid L-Arg. Granisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, reduced this L-Arg-induced serotonin release, as well as L-Arg-induced proton secretion. Similarly to the in vitro experiment, human antrum samples released serotonin upon incubation with 10 mM L-Arg. Overall, our data suggest that human parietal cells in culture, as well as from the gastric antrum, synthesize serotonin and release it after treatment with L-Arg via an HTR3-related mechanism. Moreover, we suggest not only gastric distension but also gastric acid secretion to result in peripheral serotonin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Katrin Holik
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Kerstin Schweiger
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Verena Stoeger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Barbara Lieder
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Angelika Reiner
- Pathologisch-Bakteriologisches Institut, Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost- Donauspital, Langobardenstraße 122, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Muhammet Zopun
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Julia K. Hoi
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
| | - Nicole Kretschy
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (M.M.S.)
| | - Mark M. Somoza
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.K.); (M.M.S.)
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85345 Freising, Germany
| | - Stephan Kriwanek
- Chirurgische Abteilung, Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost- Donauspital, Langobardenstraße 122, 1220 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Marc Pignitter
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.-K.H.); (K.S.); (B.L.); (M.Z.); (M.P.)
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Bioactive Aroma Compounds, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (V.S.); (J.K.H.)
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85345 Freising, Germany
- Nutritional Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85345 Freising, Germany
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3
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Zhang J, Zhu Z, Miao Z, Huang X, Sun Z, Xu H, Wang Z. The Clinical Significance and Mechanisms of REG4 in Human Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 10:559230. [PMID: 33489872 PMCID: PMC7819868 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.559230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived type 4 (REG4), a member of the calcium-dependent lectin gene superfamily, is abnormally expressed in various cancers, such as colorectal, gastric, gallbladder, pancreatic, ovarian, prostate, and lung cancer. REG4 is associated with a relatively unfavorable prognosis and clinicopathologic features in cancers, including advanced tumor and nodal stage, histological differentiation, and liver and peritoneal metastasis. Moreover, REG4-positive cancer cells show more frequent resistance to chemoradiotherapy, especially 5-FU-based chemotherapy. REG4 participates in many aspects of carcinogenesis, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. The underlying mechanisms are complex and involve a series of signaling mediators and multiple pathways. Thus, REG4 may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker as well as a candidate therapeutic target in cancer patients. In this review, we systematically summarize the advances about the clinical significance, biological functions, and mechanisms underlying REG4 in cancer to provide new directions for future cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhifeng Miao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuanzhang Huang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huimian Xu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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4
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Zou Y, Chen L, Wang X, Chen Y, Hu L, Zeng S, Wang P, Li G, Huang M, Wang L, He S, Li S, Jian L, Zhang S. Prognostic Threshold of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in Gastric Carcinoma: a Clinicopathological Study of 945 Cases. J Gastric Cancer 2019; 19:121-131. [PMID: 30944765 PMCID: PMC6441775 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2019.19.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The significance of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) in gastric carcinoma (GC) is controversial, leading to ambiguous concepts in traditional classifications. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold of meaningful NED in GC and clarify its unclear features in existing classifications. Materials and Methods Immunohistochemical staining for synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and neural cell adhesion molecule was performed for 945 GC specimens. Survival analysis was performed using the log-rank test and univariate/multivariate models with percentages of NED (PNED) and demographic and clinicopathological parameters. Results In total, 275 (29.1%) cases were immunoreactive to at least 1 neuroendocrine (NE) marker. GC-NED was more common in the upper third of the stomach. PNED, and Borrmann's classification and tumor, lymph node, metastasis stages were independent prognostic factors. The cutoff PNED was 10%, beyond which patients had significantly worse outcomes, although the risk did not increase with higher PNED. Tumors with ≥10% NED tended to manifest as Borrmann type III lesion with mixed/diffuse morphology and poorer histological differentiation; the NE components in this population mainly grew in insulae/nests, which differed from the predominant growth pattern (glandular/acinar) in GC with <10% NED. Conclusions GC with ≥10% NED should be classified as a distinct subtype because of its worse prognosis, and more attention should be paid to the necessity of additional therapeutics for NE components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linying Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xingfu Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liwen Hu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Saifan Zeng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ming Huang
- Public Security Bureau of Changle City, Changle, China
| | - Liting Wang
- Department of Pathology, No. 2 Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Shi He
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sanyan Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lihui Jian
- Maternity and Child Care Hospital of Huli District, Xiamen, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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5
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Shimizu A, Takahashi T, Kushima R, Sentani K, Yasui W, Matsuno Y. An extremely rare case of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma with differentiation to neuroendocrine carcinoma. Pathol Int 2017; 68:41-46. [PMID: 29244230 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVGC) is defined as a neoplasm comprising monoclonal proliferation of EBV-infected gastric epithelial cells. Although the typical histology is gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (GCLS), the histologic features of the tumor vary. We report herein the case of a 78-year-old man with multiple simultaneous EBVGCs revealing different histopathologic morphologies; one was mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC), and the other was GCLS. Both tumor types exhibited positive results for EBV in situ hybridization. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first report of EBVGC showing neuroendocrine differentiation. Immunohistochemistry also revealed a loss of gastrointestinal features, including CDX2, MUC5AC, and MUC6 expression, among tumor cells from the neuroendocrine component of the MANEC. We describe the pathologic features of this rare neoplasm and discuss the mechanisms underlying the neuroendocrine differentiation of EBVGC cells, along with providing a brief review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Shimizu
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido Gastroenterology Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Ryoji Kushima
- Division of Diagnostic Pathology, Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsuno
- Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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6
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Three Molecular Subtypes of Gastric Adenocarcinoma Have Distinct Histochemical Features Reflecting Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Status and Neuroendocrine Differentiation. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 23:633-45. [PMID: 25517873 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current histopathologic classification schemes for gastric adenocarcinoma have limited clinical utility and are difficult to apply due to tumor heterogeneity. Elucidation of molecular subtypes of gastric cancer may contribute to our understanding of gastric cancer biology and to the development of new molecular markers that may lead to improved diagnosis, therapy, or prognosis. We previously demonstrated that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected gastric cancers have a distinct human gene expression profile compared with uninfected cancers. We now examine the histopathologic features characterizing infected (n=14) and uninfected (n=89) cancers; the latter of which are now further divided into 2 major molecular subtypes based on expression patterns of 93 RNAs. One uninfected gastric cancer subtype was distinguished by upregulation of 3 genes with neuroendocrine (NE) function (CHGA, GAST, and REG4 encoding chromogranin, gastrin, and the secreted peptide REG4 involved in epithelial cell regeneration), implicating hormonal factors in the pathogenesis of a major class of gastric adenocarcinomas. Evidence of NE differentiation (molecular, immunohistochemical, or morphologic) was mutually exclusive of EBV infection. EBV-infected tumors tended to have solid-type morphology with lymphoid stroma. This study reveals novel molecular subtypes of gastric cancer and their associated morphologies that demonstrate divergent NE features.
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7
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Re-Punching Tissue Microarrays Is Possible: Why Can This Be Useful and How to Do It. MICROARRAYS 2015; 4:245-54. [PMID: 27600223 PMCID: PMC4996397 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays4020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue microarray (TMA) methodology allows the concomitant analysis of hundreds of tissue specimens arrayed in the same manner on a recipient block. Subsequently, all samples can be processed under identical conditions, such as antigen retrieval procedure, reagent concentrations, incubation times with antibodies/probes, and escaping the inter-assays variability. Therefore, the use of TMA has revolutionized histopathology translational research projects and has become a tool very often used for putative biomarker investigations. TMAs are particularly relevant for large scale analysis of a defined disease entity. In the course of these exploratory studies, rare subpopulations can be discovered or identified. This can refer to subsets of patients with more particular phenotypic or genotypic disease with low incidence or to patients receiving a particular treatment. Such rare cohorts should be collected for more specific investigations at a later time, when, possibly, more samples of a rare identity will be available as well as more knowledge derived from concomitant, e.g., genetic, investigations will have been acquired. In this article we analyze for the first time the limits and opportunities to construct new TMA blocks using tissues from older available arrays and supplementary donor blocks. In summary, we describe the reasons and technical details for the construction of rare disease entities arrays.
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8
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Martins SN, Giannotti MA, Siqueira SAC. Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid metastatic to the breast: a case report and literature review. AUTOPSY AND CASE REPORTS 2014; 4:53-57. [PMID: 28652993 PMCID: PMC5470565 DOI: 10.4322/acr.2014.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast malignancies, apart from skin cancer, are the leading cause of cancer from cancer among the female population. Unlike the high prevalence of primary mammary malignancies, metastases to the breast are uncommon, and account for only 0.2-2.7% of all malignancies affecting this organ. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman who sought medical care because of a breast lump. A mammogram suggested a breast tumor, which was biopsied. The histopathological workup resulted in the diagnosis of a metastasis from a medullary thyroid cancer. The authors review the most useful clinical, radiological, histological, and immunohistochemical features concerning extramammary malignancy to the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastião Nunes Martins
- Department of Pathology- Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP - Brazil
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9
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Abstract
The regenerating gene (Reg) family is a group of small molecules that includes four members found in various species, although only three are found in human tissues. Their expression is stimulated by certain growth factors or cytokines. The Reg family plays different roles in proliferation, migration, and anti-apoptosis through activating different signaling pathways. Their dysexpression is closely associated with a number of human conditions and diseases such as inflammation and cancer, especially in the human digestive system. Clinically, upregulation of Reg proteins is usually demonstrated in histological sections and sera from cancer patients. Therefore, Reg proteins can predict the progression and prognosis of cancers, especially those of the digestive tract, and can also act as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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10
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Heiskala K, Andersson LC. Reg IV is differently expressed in enteroendocrine cells of human small intestine and colon. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 183:27-34. [PMID: 23499801 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Reg IV is a 17 kD secreted C-type lectin physiologically found in selected enteroendocrine cells (EEC). It is thought be involved in the regulation of normal and pathological intestinal and/or neuroendocrine differentiation and proliferation but its ultimate functional role(s) is still unclear. We used immunostaining and compared the cellular expression of Reg IV with a panel of neuroendocrine markers in human GI-tract tissue samples. Reg IV showed cellular co-distribution with serotonin and chromogranin A in all parts of GI-tract. Co-localization of Reg IV with somatostatin was seen in colon and with substance P in ileum. Subpopulations of cells expressing Reg IV overlapped with EECs containing GLP-1, GLP-2, secretin, PYY, and ghrelin, depending on the anatomical localization of the samples. The results further underscore the high degree of diversity among EECs and suggest that Reg IV may be involved in the finetuning of functions exerted by the neuroendocrine cells in the GI-tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kukka Heiskala
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, Haartmaninkatu 3 (P.O. Box 21), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif C Andersson
- Department of Pathology, Haartman Institute, Haartmaninkatu 3 (P.O. Box 21), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; HUSLAB, Haartmaninkatu 3 (P.O. Box 21), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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11
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Naito Y, Oue N, Hinoi T, Sakamoto N, Sentani K, Ohdan H, Yanagihara K, Sasaki H, Yasui W. Reg IV is a direct target of intestinal transcriptional factor CDX2 in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47545. [PMID: 23133598 PMCID: PMC3487720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
REG4, which encodes Reg IV protein, is a member of the calcium-dependent lectin superfamily and potent activator of the epidermal growth factor receptor/Akt/activator protein-1 signaling pathway. Several human cancers overexpress Reg IV, and Reg IV expression is associated with intestinal phenotype differentiation. However, regulation of REG4 transcription remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether CDX2 regulates Reg IV expression in gastric cancer (GC) cells. Expression of Reg IV and CDX2 was analyzed by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in 9 GC cell lines and 2 colon cancer cell lines. The function of the 5′-flanking region of the REG4 gene was characterized by luciferase assay. In 9 GC cell lines, endogenous Reg IV and CDX2 expression were well correlated. Using an estrogen receptor-regulated form of CDX2, rapid induction of Reg IV expression was observed in HT-29 cells. Reporter gene assays revealed an important role in transcription for consensus CDX2 DNA binding elements in the 5′-flanking region of the REG4 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that CDX2 binds directly to the 5′-flanking region of REG4. These results indicate that CDX2 protein directly regulates Reg IV expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Naito
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takao Hinoi
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Surgery, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Sasaki
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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12
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Canzonieri V, Colarossi C, Del Col L, Perin T, Talamini R, Sigon R, Cannizzaro R, Aiello E, Buonadonna A, Italia F, Massi D, Carbone A, Memeo L. Exocrine and endocrine modulation in common gastric carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2012; 137:712-21. [PMID: 22523208 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpm13kvnczqbuv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic and prognostic implications of endocrine differentiation were evaluated in 103 common gastric adenocarcinomas and undifferentiated carcinomas. Maturely differentiated exocrine and endocrine phenotypes were evaluated by using gastric exocrine and endocrine markers along with intestinal exocrine and endocrine markers. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that 66 tumors (64%) were positive for generic endocrine markers such as chromogranin A and/or synaptophysin. The 14 patients with more than 20% tumor cells positive for at least 1 endocrine marker experienced a poorer prognosis than patients with no (n = 37) or 1% to 20% (n = 52) positivity. The 16 carcinomas expressing the maturely differentiated exocrine gastric phenotype significantly correlated with poorer outcome compared with carcinomas with mature exocrine intestinal (n = 22) or mixed/gastrointestinal (n = 64) phenotypes. Among tumors expressing chromogranin A and/or synaptophysin, the maturely differentiated endocrine gastric phenotype (n = 26) was a negative prognostic factor compared with mature endocrine intestinal (n = 21) and mixed/gastrointestinal (n = 5) phenotypes. Endocrine differentiation and maturely exocrine/endocrine gastric phenotypes are associated with an unfavorable prognosis and may identify subsets of patients for tailored therapy.
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13
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Oue N, Noguchi T, Anami K, Sentani K, Sakamoto N, Uraoka N, Wakamatsu Y, Sasaki H, Yasui W. Serum concentration and expression of Reg IV in patients with esophageal cancer: Age-related elevation of serum Reg IV concentration. Oncol Lett 2011; 2:235-239. [PMID: 22866070 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet-derived family, member 4 (REG4, which encodes Reg IV) is a marker for cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic utility of Reg IV measurement in sera from esophageal cancer patients. Reg IV expression was examined in 269 esophageal cancer samples by immunostaining and the Reg IV levels in sera were measured from 65 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No Reg IV staining was detected in 255 SCC and 4 small cell carcinoma samples, whereas Reg IV was stained in 4 of 10 (40%) adenocarcinoma samples. Serum Reg IV concentration in esophageal SCC patients was significantly higher compared to that of the control subjects (P=0.0003). A significant correlation between serum Reg IV concentration and age was found in control subjects (P<0.0001). When serum Reg IV concentration was analyzed according to age, the distribution of serum Reg IV concentration in patients with esophageal SCC was similar to that of the control subjects. These results suggest that Reg IV expression is highly specific for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Further investigation is required to clarify whether Reg IV serves as a serum tumor marker for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima
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