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Savad S, Ashrafi MR, Samadaian N, Heidari M, Modarressi MH, Zamani G, Amidi S, Younesi S, Amin MMT, Saadati P, Ronagh A, Ardakani HS, Eslami S, Ghafouri-Fard S. A comprehensive overview of SMN and NAIP copy numbers in Iranian SMA patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3202. [PMID: 36828874 PMCID: PMC9957985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30449-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is among the most common autosomal recessive disorders with different incidence rates in different ethnic groups. In the current study, we have determined SMN1, SMN2 and NAIP copy numbers in an Iranian population using MLPA assay. Cases were recruited from Genome-Nilou Laboratory, Tehran, Iran and Pars-Genome Laboratory, Karaj, Iran during 2012-2022. All enrolled cases had a homozygous deletion of exon 7 of SMN1. Moreover, except for 11 cases, all other cases had a homozygous deletion of exon 8 of SMN1. Out of 186 patients, 177 (95.16%) patients showed the same copy numbers of exons 7 and 8 of SMN2 gene. In addition, 53 patients (28.49%) showed 2 copies, 71 (38.17%) showed 3 copies and 53 patients (28.49%) showed 4 copies of SMN2 gene exons 7 and 8. The remaining 9 patients showed different copy numbers of exons 7 and 8 of SMN2 gene. The proportions of SMA patients with different numbers of normal NAIP were 0 copy in 73 patients (39.24%), 1 copy in 59 patients (31.72%), 2 copies in 53 patients (28.49%) and 4 copies in one patient (0.5%). These values are different from values reported in other populations. Integration of the data of the SMN1/2 and NAIP genes showed 17 genotypes. Patients with genotype 0-0-3-3-1 (0 copies of SMN1 (E7,8), 3 copies of SMN2 (E7,8) and 1 copy of NAIP (E5)) were the most common genotype in this study. Patients with 0-0-2-2-0 genotype were more likely to have type I SMA. The results of the current study have practical significance, particularly in the genetic counseling of at-risk families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Reza Ashrafi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Pediatric Neurology Division, Children’s Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Ataxia Clinic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Pediatrics Center, Growth and Development Research Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Morteza Heidari
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Pediatric Neurology Division, Children’s Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Ataxia Clinic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Pediatric Neurology Division, Children’s Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Myelin Disorders Clinic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Modarressi
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Zamani
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Pediatric Neurology Division, Children’s Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Myelin Disorders Clinic, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sarang Younesi
- Prenatal Screening Department, Nilou Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Alireza Ronagh
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Pediatrics Neurologists, Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hossein Shojaaldini Ardakani
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Medical, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Solat Eslami
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Sharifi Z, Taheri M, Fallah MS, Abiri M, Golnabi F, Bagherian H, Zeinali R, Farahzadi H, Alborji M, Tehrani PG, Amini M, Asnavandi S, Hashemi M, Forouzesh F, Zeinali S. Comprehensive Mutation Analysis and Report of 12 Novel Mutations in a Cohort of Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy in Iran. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2281-2298. [PMID: 33481221 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophies (SMAs) are a heterogeneous group of neuromuscular diseases characterized by loss of motor neurons, muscle weakness, hypotonia and muscle atrophy, with different modes of inheritance; however, the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene is predominantly involved. The aims of the current study were to clarify the genetic basis of SMA and determine the mutation spectrum of SMN1 and other associated genes, in order to provide molecular information for more accurate diagnosis and future prospects for treatment. We performed a comprehensive analysis of 5q SMA in 1765 individuals including 528 patients from 432 unrelated families with at least one child with suspected clinical presentation of SMA. Copy number variations of the SMN1 and SMN2 genes and linkage analysis were performed using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and short tandem repeat (STR) markers linked to the SMN1 gene. Cases without mutation in the SMA locus on 5q were analyzed for the DNAJB2, IGHMBP2, SIGMAR1 and PLEKHG5 genes using linked STR markers. Sanger sequencing of whole genes was performed for cases with homozygous haplotypes. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-exome analysis was conducted for some of the remaining cases. Mutations in the SMN1 gene were identified in 287 (66.43%) families including 269 patients (62.26%) with homozygous deletion of the entire SMN1 gene. Only one of the patients had a homozygous point mutation in the SMN1 gene. Among the remaining families, three families showed mutations in either the DNAJB2, SIGMAR1 or PLEKHG5 genes, which were linked using STR analysis and Sanger sequencing. From 10 families who underwent WGS, we found six homozygous point mutations in six families for either the TNNT1, TPM3, TTN, SACS or COL6A2 genes. Two mutations in the PLA2G6 gene were also found in another patient as compound heterozygous. This rather large cohort allowed us to identify genotype patterns in Iranian 5q SMA patients. The process of identifying 11 mutations (9 novel) in 9 different genes among non-5q SMA patients shows the diversity of genes involved in non-5q SMA in Iranians. Genotyping of patients with SMA is essential for prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), and may be very helpful for guiding treatment, with the advent of new, more effective, albeit very expensive, therapies. Also, combining linkage analysis was shown to be beneficial in many ways, including sample authenticity and segregation analysis, and for ruling out maternal cell contamination during prenatal diagnosis (PND).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Sharifi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Dr. Zeinali's Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Sadegh Fallah
- Dr. Zeinali's Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abiri
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Golnabi
- Dr. Zeinali's Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamideh Bagherian
- Dr. Zeinali's Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Zeinali
- Dr. Zeinali's Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Farahzadi
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Alborji
- Dr. Zeinali's Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Masoume Amini
- Dr. Zeinali's Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Asnavandi
- Dr. Zeinali's Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Flora Forouzesh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sirous Zeinali
- Dr. Zeinali's Medical Genetics Laboratory, Kawsar Human Genetics Research Center, Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Hassan HA, Zaki MS, Issa MY, El-Bagoury NM, Essawi ML. Genetic pattern of SMN1, SMN2, and NAIP genes in prognosis of SMA patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-019-0044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common autosomal recessive disorder in humans after cystic fibrosis. It is classified into five clinical grades based on age of onset and severity of the disease. Although SMN1 was identified as the SMA disease-determining gene, modifier genes mapped to 5q13 were affirmed to play a crucial role in determination of disease severity and used as a target for SMA therapy. In this study, we determined SMN2 copy number and NAIP deletion status in SMA Egyptian patients with different clinical phenotypes and had homozygous deletion of SMN1. We aimed at finding a prognostic genetic pattern including SMN1, SMN2, and NAIP gene genotypes to determine the clinical SMA type of the patient to help in genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis.
Results
Copy number variations (CNVs) of exon 7 of SMN2 gene were significantly decreased with the increase in disease severity. Homozygous deletion of exon 5 of NAIP was detected in 60% (12/20) of type I SMA and in 73% (8/11) of type III SMA cases. Combining the data of the SMN2 and NAIP genes showed 8 genotypes. Patients with D2 genotype (0 copies of NAIP and 2 copies of SMN2) were likely to have type I SMA. Type II SMA patients mostly had no homozygous deletion of NAIP and 2 copies of SMN2. However, patients with N3 genotype (> 1 copy of NAIP and 3 copies of SMN2) and patients with D3 genotype (0 copies of NAIP and > 3 copies of SMN2) had type III SMA.
Conclusion
SMN2 and NAIP are the most important modifier genes whose copy numbers can affect the severity of SMA. We concluded that the combination of modifier genes to provide prognostic genetic pattern for phenotype determination is preferable than using CNVs of exon 7 of SMN2 gene only. CNVs of exon 7 of SMN2 are of high importance to predict patients’ response to genetic therapy. On the other hand, deletion of exon5 of NAIP gene alone is not a sufficient predictor of SMA severity.
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Fang P, Li L, Zeng J, Zhou WJ, Wu WQ, Zhong ZY, Yan TZ, Xie JS, Huang J, Lin L, Zhao Y, Xu XM. Molecular characterization and copy number of SMN1, SMN2 and NAIP in Chinese patients with spinal muscular atrophy and unrelated healthy controls. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2015; 16:11. [PMID: 25888055 PMCID: PMC4328246 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-015-0457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is caused by SMN1 dysfunction, and the copy number of SMN2 and NAIP can modify the phenotype of SMA. The aim of this study was to analyze the copy numbers and gene structures of SMA-related genes in Chinese SMA patients and unrelated healthy controls. METHODS Forty-two Chinese SMA patients and two hundred and twelve unrelated healthy Chinese individuals were enrolled in our study. The copy numbers and gene structures of SMA-related genes were measured by MLPA assay. RESULTS We identified a homozygous deletion of SMN1 in exons 7 and 8 in 37 of 42 patients (88.1%); the other 5 SMA patients (11.9%) had a single copy of SMN1 exon 8. The proportions of the 212 unrelated healthy controls with different copy numbers for the normal SMN1 gene were 1 copy in 4 individuals (1.9%), 2 copies in 203 (95.7%) and 3 copies in 5 (2.4%). Three hybrid SMN genes and five genes that lack partial sequences were found in SMA patients and healthy controls. Distributions of copy numbers for normal SMN2 and NAIP were significantly different (P < 0.001) in people with and without SMA. CONCLUSION The copy numbers and gene structures of SMA-related genes were different in Chinese SMA patients and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Fang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Avenue North1838, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Avenue North1838, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fuzhou General Hospital, Nanjing Military Command, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wan-Jun Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Avenue North1838, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei-Qing Wu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ze-Yan Zhong
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Avenue North1838, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ti-Zhen Yan
- Liuzhou Key Laboratory of birth defects prevention and control, Liuzhou Municipal Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Liuzhou, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Sheng Xie
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jing Huang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Avenue North1838, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Zhao
- Prenatal Diagnostic Center, Dongguan Maternal and Children Health Hospital, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiang-Min Xu
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Avenue North1838, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Sedghi M, Behnam M, Fazel E, Salehi M, Ganji H, Meamar R, Hosseinzadeh M, Nouri N. Genotype-phenotype correlation of survival motor neuron and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein genes in spinal muscular atrophy patients from Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2014; 3:74. [PMID: 24627882 PMCID: PMC3950840 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.125872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proximal spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease characterized by symmetrical proximal muscle weakness and atrophy. According to the severity of the disease and the age of onset, SMA can be divided into three groups. The survival motor neuron (SMN) gene that is located on 5q13 is identified as the disease determining gene. Another gene in this region is neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), and its functional role in the pathogenesis of SMA has not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the correlation between deletions in SMN and NAIP genes with clinical features of SMA patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current study, 71 unrelated Iranian patients were investigated for the detection of deletions in SMN1 and NAIP genes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the deletions of exon 4 and 5 of the NAIP gene. Deletions in exon 7 and 8 of SMN1 gene were detected by RFLP-PCR with DraI and DdeI, respectively. RESULTS Our results showed that 51 patients have homozygous deletions in SMN1 and/or NAIP genes. Among these 51 patients, deletion in NAIP gene were found in 35 patients (65.7% of type I, 22.5% type II and 11.42% type III). CONCLUSION Defect in SMN1 gene plays a major role in manifesting of the disease and NAIP (4 and 5) gene acts as a modifying factor in severity of symptoms. Correlation between NAIP gene defect and severity of the disease is confirmed. However, the exact role of NAIP gene in SMA has yet to be fully clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sedghi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Pediatric Inherited Disease Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Behnam
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Esmat Fazel
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mansoor Salehi
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Ganji
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rokhsareh Meamar
- Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Hosseinzadeh
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nayereh Nouri
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, Alzahra University Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Pediatric Inherited Disease Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Rekik I, Boukhris A, Ketata S, Amri M, Essid N, Feki I, Mhiri C. Deletion analysis of SMN and NAIP genes in Tunisian patients with spinal muscular atrophy. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013; 16:57-61. [PMID: 23661964 PMCID: PMC3644783 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.107704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder involving degeneration of anterior horn cells of spinal cord, resulting in progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Aims: The purpose of our study was to determine the frequency of SMN and NAIP deletions in Tunisian SMA patients. Materials and Methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to detect the deletion of exon 7 and exon 8 of SMN1 gene, as well as multiplex PCR for exon 5 and 13 of NAIP gene. Results: Fifteen (45.4%) out of 33 SMA patients were homozygously deleted for exons 7 and/or 8 of SMN1. Homozygous deletion of NAIP gene was observed in 20% (3 / 15) of patients. Conclusions: The molecular diagnosis system based on PCR-RFLP analysis can conveniently be applied in the clinical testing, genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis, and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Rekik
- Department of Neurology, HabibBourguiba University Hospital, Faculté de medecine de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Kim WY, Lee SY, Jung YJ, Chae HB, Nawkar GM, Shin MR, Kim SY, Park JH, Kang CH, Chi YH, Ahn IP, Yun DJ, Lee KO, Kim YM, Kim MG, Lee SY. Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP)-like protein lacks a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain and attenuates cell death in plant and animal systems. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:42670-42678. [PMID: 21926169 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.262204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel Arabidopsis thaliana inhibitor of apoptosis was identified by sequence homology to other known inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. Arabidopsis IAP-like protein (AtILP) contained a C-terminal RING finger domain but lacked a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) domain, which is essential for anti-apoptotic activity in other IAP family members. The expression of AtILP in HeLa cells conferred resistance against tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/ActD-induced apoptosis through the inactivation of caspase activity. In contrast to the C-terminal RING domain of AtILP, which did not inhibit the activity of caspase-3, the N-terminal region, despite displaying no homology to known BIR domains, potently inhibited the activity of caspase-3 in vitro and blocked TNF-α/ActD-induced apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic activity of the AtILP N-terminal domain observed in plants was reproduced in an animal system. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing AtILP exhibited anti-apoptotic activity when challenged with the fungal toxin fumonisin B1, an agent that induces apoptosis-like cell death in plants. In AtIPL transgenic plants, suppression of cell death was accompanied by inhibition of caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. Overexpression of AtILP also attenuated effector protein-induced cell death and increased the growth of an avirulent bacterial pathogen. The current results demonstrated the existence of a novel plant IAP-like protein that prevents caspase activation in Arabidopsis and showed that a plant anti-apoptosis gene functions similarly in plant and animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woe Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Sun Yong Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Young Jun Jung
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Ganesh M Nawkar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Mi Rim Shin
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Yong Hun Chi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Il Pyung Ahn
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-856, Korea
| | - Dae Jin Yun
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Kyun Oh Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon 441-856, Korea; College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-751, Korea.
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, Korea.
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Sasongko TH, Salmi AR, Zilfalil BA, Albar MA, Mohd Hussin ZA. Permissibility of prenatal diagnosis and abortion for fetuses with severe genetic disorder: type 1 spinal muscular atrophy. Ann Saudi Med 2010; 30:427-31. [PMID: 21060155 PMCID: PMC2994156 DOI: 10.4103/0256-4947.72259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abortion has been largely avoided in Muslim communities. However, Islamic jurists have established rigorous parameters enabling abortion of fetuses with severe congenital abnormalities. This decision-making process has been hindered by an inability to predict the severity of such prenatally-diagnosed conditions, especially in genetic disorders with clinical heterogeneity, such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Heterogeneous phenotypes of SMA range from extremely severe type 1 to very mild type 4. Advances in molecular genetics have made it possible to perform prenatal diagnosis and to predict the types of SMA with its potential subsequent severity. Such techniques will make it possible for clinicians working in predominantly Muslim countries to counsel their patients accurately and in harmony with their religious beliefs. In this paper, we discuss and postulate that with our current knowledge of determining SMA types and severity with great accuracy, abortion is legally applicable for type 1 SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teguh H Sasongko
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Omrani O, Bonyadi M, Barzgar M. Molecular analysis of the SMN and NAIP genes in Iranian spinal muscular atrophy patients. Pediatr Int 2009; 51:193-6. [PMID: 19405914 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2008.02665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by degeneration of spinal cord anterior horn cells, leading to muscular atrophy. SMA is clinically classified into three subgroups based on the age of onset and severity. The majority of patients with SMA have homozygous deletions of exons 7 and 8 of the survival motor neuron (SMN) gene. The purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency of SMN and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) gene deletions in Iranian SMA patients. Experience in prenatal diagnosis of SMA in this population is also reported. METHODS To study the frequency of deletions of SMN and NAIP genes in an Iranian sample group, 75 unrelated SMA patients (54 type I, eight type II and 13 type III) were analyzed according to the methods described by van der Steege et al and Roy et al. RESULTS Homozygous deletion of SMN1 exons 7 and/or 8 were identified in 68 out of 75 patients (90%). Deletion of exon 5 of the NAIP gene was found in 40/54 of type I, 2/8 of type II and 1/13 of type III patients. CONCLUSIONS Deletion of the SMN1 gene is a major cause of SMA in Iran, and NAIP gene deletions were common in the present patients with type I SMA. Also, the incidence of NAIP deletion is higher in more severe SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Omrani
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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Liang YH, Chen XL, Yu ZS, Chen CY, Bi S, Mao LG, Zhou BL, Zhang XN. Deletion analysis of SMN1 and NAIP genes in Southern Chinese children with spinal muscular atrophy. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2009; 10:29-34. [PMID: 19198020 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b0820125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a disorder characterized by degeneration of lower motor neurons and occasionally bulbar motor neurons leading to progressive limb and trunk paralysis as well as muscular atrophy. Three types of SMA are recognized depending on the age of onset, the maximum muscular activity achieved, and survivorship: SMA1, SMA2, and SMA3. The survival of motor neuron (SMN) gene has been identified as an SMA determining gene, whereas the neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) gene is considered to be a modifying factor of the severity of SMA. The main objective of this study was to analyze the deletion of SMN1 and NAIP genes in southern Chinese children with SMA. Here, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was performed to detect the deletion of both exon 7 and exon 8 of SMN1 and exon 5 of NAIP in 62 southern Chinese children with strongly suspected clinical symptoms of SMA. All the 32 SMA1 patients and 76% (13/17) of SMA2 patients showed homozygous deletions for exon 7 and exon 8, and all the 13 SMA3 patients showed single deletion of SMN1 exon 7 along with 24% (4/17) of SMA2 patients. Eleven out of 32 (34%) SMA1 patients showed NAIP deletion, and none of SMA2 and SMA3 patients was found to have NAIP deletion. The findings of homozygous deletions of exon 7 and/or exon 8 of SMN1 gene confirmed the diagnosis of SMA, and suggested that the deletion of SMN1 exon 7 is a major cause of SMA in southern Chinese children, and that the NAIP gene may be a modifying factor for disease severity of SMA1. The molecular diagnosis system based on PCR-RFLP analysis can conveniently be applied in the clinical testing, genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and preimplantation genetic diagnosis of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hua Liang
- Department of Bioscience, Bengbu Medical College, China
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Hasanzad M, Golkar Z, Kariminejad R, Hadavi V, Almadani N, Afroozan F, Salahshurifar I, Shafeghati Y, Kahrizi K, Najmabadi H. Deletions in the Survival Motor Neuron Gene in Iranian Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2009. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v38n2p139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common neuromuscular disorder with progressive paralysis caused by the loss of -motor neurons in the spinal cord. The survival motor neuron (SMN) protein is encoded by 2 genes, SMN1 and SMN2. The most frequent mutation is the biallelic deletion of exon 7 of the SMN1 gene. In SMA, SMN2 cannot compensate for the loss of SMN1, due to the exclusion of exon 7. The aim of our study was to estimate the frequency of the common SMN1 exon 7 deletion in patients referred to our centre for carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis. Materials and Methods: We performed the detection of exon 7 deletion of the SMN1 gene for the affected patients and fetuses suspected to have SMA. Results: Of 243 families, 195 were classified as SMA type I, 30 as type II, and 18 as type III according to their family histories. The analysis of exon 7 deletion among living affected children showed that 94% of the patients with SMA type I, 95% with type II families and 100% with type III had homozygous deletions. Of the prenatal diagnoses, 21 (22.8%) of the 92 fetuses were found to be affected and these pregnancies were terminated. Conclusions: The homozygosity frequency for the deletion of SMN1 exon 7 for all 3 types was (94%), similar to those of Western Europe, China, Japan and Kuwait. Key words: Iranian patients, SMN1
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Hasanzad
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, 14665/154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Golkar
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, 14665/154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roxana Kariminejad
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, 14665/154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Valeh Hadavi
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, 14665/154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Almadani
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, 14665/154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Afroozan
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, 14665/154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Salahshurifar
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, 14665/154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Shafeghati
- University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, 14665/154, Tehran, Iran
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Neuro-muscular diseases: nerve. Curr Opin Neurol 2007; 20:600-4. [PMID: 17885452 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e3282efeb3b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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